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Behzadi M, Bideshki MV, Ahmadi-Khorram M, Zarezadeh M, Hatami A. Effect of dark chocolate/ cocoa consumption on oxidative stress and inflammation in adults: A GRADE-assessed systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of controlled trials. Complement Ther Med 2024; 84:103061. [PMID: 38925412 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctim.2024.103061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxidative stress and inflammation play critical roles in the pathogenesis of many chronic diseases. Dark chocolate (DC)/cocoa, as a rich source of polyphenols like flavonoids, has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties that may confer health benefits, but findings in this context are inconsistent. OBJECTIVE This systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of the controlled trials (CTs) that have examined the effects of DC/cocoa on oxidative stress and inflammation biomarkers in adults. SEARCH METHODS Databases including PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus, were searched for relevant studies through April 2024. SELECTION CRITERIA Studies assessed C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), P-selectin, E-selectin and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in adults were included. DATA ANALYSIS Based on the random-effects model, we calculated WMDs, SMDs and 95 % confidence intervals (CIs). Sensitivity, sub-group, meta-regression and dose-response analyses were also conducted. RESULTS Thirty-three eligible CTs with 1379 participants were included. All studies reported the intervention types (cocoa powder, beverages and chocolate bars) and dosage. However, sixteen studies didn't do/report testing for purity and potency by independent groups. Also, none of the studies mentioned the risk of contamination with heavy metals. Another limitation was the lack of blinding assessment in studies. DC/cocoa significantly reduced MDA (SMD: -0.69, 95 %CI: -1.17, -0.2, p = 0.005) and increased NO levels (SMD: 2.43, 95 %CI: 1.11,3.75, p < 0.001); However, it has no significant effects on the other outcomes. Greater anti-inflammatory effects occurred at higher flavonoid doses (>450 mg/day) and for shorter durations (≤4 weeks) in the non-healthy participants. Non-linear dose-response relationships between cocoa dosage and CRP level and also between flavonoid dosage and IL-6 level were observed. Based on the GRADE evaluation, just CRP and MDA results were considered as high certainty evidence and the other outcomes results were categorized as very low to moderate certainty. CONCLUSIONS DC/cocoa may improve systemic oxidative status and inflammation in adults. However, further studies should be performed to determine its benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrdad Behzadi
- Student Research Committee, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Vesal Bideshki
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Biochemistry and Diet Therapy, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Maryam Ahmadi-Khorram
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Meysam Zarezadeh
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Nutrition Research Center, Department of Biochemistry and Diet Therapy, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Alireza Hatami
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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2
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Ncube N, Thatyana M, Tancu Y, Mketo N. Quantitative analysis and health risk assessment of selected heavy metals in pet food samples using ultrasound assisted hydrogen peroxide extraction followed by ICP-OES analysis. Food Chem Toxicol 2024; 192:114915. [PMID: 39127121 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2024.114915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2024] [Revised: 08/04/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
There is a lack of information regarding the presence of heavy metals in feed ingredients for animals. Therefore, this study examines 10 feed samples collected from commercial pet food in South African market. The optimal working parameters for ultrasound assisted hydrogen peroxide extraction (UA-HPE) confirmed by multivariate optimization were sonication temperature at 80 °C for 60 min, sample mass of 0.1 g, and H2O2 concentration of 5 mol/L. The UA-HPE results demonstrated high accuracy of (>95%), reproducibility (≤1.9%), low method of detection limits (0.3498 and 0.49 μg/g), and strong linearity as confirmed by regression analysis. The environmental friendliness of the UA-HPE method was assessed using AGREEPrep metric tool that resulted with a score of 0.74. The concentration levels of Cd, Pb and As, ranged between 0.86 and 11.34, 4.50-11.45, and 2.61-12.5 μg/g, respectively greater than the standardized limits, whilst Cr, and Sn were below the limits of detection in all pet food. The health index calculations (HI > 1) revealed that the cat, dog, and horse feed pose health risk for animal consumption. Consequently, this study demonstrated a green, efficient, and cost-effective method for the analysis of animal feed with high accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nomatter Ncube
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, Florida Science Campus, University of South Africa, Roodepoort, 1710, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Maxwell Thatyana
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, Florida Science Campus, University of South Africa, Roodepoort, 1710, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Yolanda Tancu
- Water Centre, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
| | - Nomvano Mketo
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, Florida Science Campus, University of South Africa, Roodepoort, 1710, Johannesburg, South Africa.
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3
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Rovasi Adolfo F, Balczareki Lucena N, Trombe Do Valle L, Machado De Carvalho L, Noremberg Kunz S. A new method based on extraction induced by emulsion breaking for determination of Co and Ni in chocolate bars by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Food Chem 2024; 448:139139. [PMID: 38554583 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
This paper describes a new experimental configuration of extraction induced by emulsion breaking method to extract and determine Ni and Co in chocolate bars by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. At optimized conditions, the sample (0.08 g) was mixed with 4 mL of extractant solution (4% m/v Triton X-100 and 10% v/v HNO3) in a plastic syringe to form a solid-oil-water emulsion. Then, emulsion breaking was assisted by membrane filtration. The total extraction procedure took approximately 1 min, in opposition to 25 (centrifugation) and 50 min (heating). Extraction yields ranged from 94.8 to 114.3% for Co and from 85.9 to 108.4% for Ni. The limits of detection and quantification were, respectively, 24.73 and 82.45 μg Kg-1 for Co and 49.05 and 163.5 μg Kg-1 for Ni. Recoveries ranged from 92.1 (Ni) to 105.4% (Co).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lucas Trombe Do Valle
- Departamento de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
| | | | - Simone Noremberg Kunz
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
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4
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Alotaibi RF, AlTilasi HH, Al-Mutairi AM, Alharbi HS. Chromatographic and spectroscopic methods for the detection of cocoa butter in cocoa and its derivatives: A review. Heliyon 2024; 10:e31467. [PMID: 38882372 PMCID: PMC11176802 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Currently, there is fierce competition in the cocoa industry to develop products that possess distinctive sensory characteristics and flavours. This is because cocoa and its derivatives provide numerous health and functional advantages, which is essential to their economics. The fatty acid and triglyceride composition of cocoa determines its quality. This review emphasises the necessity of developing precise, adaptable analytical techniques to identify and quantify cocoa butter in cocoa and its derived products, from cocoa beans to chocolate bars. Key chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques play crucial roles in understanding the fundamental principles underlying the production of cocoa with desirable flavours. This significantly impacts the sustainability, traceability, and authenticity of cocoa products while also supporting the battle against adulteration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razan F Alotaibi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hissah H AlTilasi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adibah M Al-Mutairi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hibah S Alharbi
- Saudi Food and Drug Authority, Riyadh, 0112038222, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Bakircioglu D, Bakircioglu Kurtulus Y, Topraksever N. Extraction Induced by Emulsion Breaking for Ca, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, and Zn Determination in Chocolate by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. J AOAC Int 2022; 105:1299-1308. [DOI: 10.1093/jaoacint/qsac048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Chocolate is a rich source of essential and non-essential elements. A new liquid–liquid extraction (LLE) approach, extraction induced by emulsion breaking (EIEB), is proposed in which the analyzed elements are transferred from the organic phase to the aqueous phase before measurement by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS).
Objective
To compare EIEB to microwave digestion (MWD) for extraction of elements from chocolate prior to FAAS.
Methods
EIEB parameters were varied to optimize the procedure. EIEB-FAAS was then compared to MWD-FAAS for the analysis of Ca, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, and Zn in milk and dark chocolate samples. A certified reference material (NIST 2384, baking chocolate) was analyzed to determine the recoveries of Ca, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn by the two methods.
Results
The optimized EIEB extraction method involves dilution of tempered chocolate with toluene, ultrasonic emulsification with acidified Triton X-114, breaking the emulsion by heating, and centrifugation to produce two well-defined phases. Analysis of dark and milk chocolate samples showed similar repeatability by EIEB-FAAS (RSDr 0.3 to 6.6% in dark and 0.5 to 8.7% in milk) and MWD-FAAS (RSDr 0.5 to 5.4% in dark and 0.7 to 10.2% in milk), with no significant difference detected between the methods for analysis of Ca, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, and Zn based on Student’s t-test. Analysis of NIST 2384 baking chocolate certified reference material for Ca, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn demonstrated recoveries of 98.6 to 99.5% for EIEB-FAAS compared to 95.8 to 98.6% for MWD-FAAS.
Conclusion
EIEB-FAAS was shown to provide high recovery and excellent repeatability for accurate determination of Ca, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, and Zn from dark and milk chocolates.
Highlight
The EIEB-FAAS method is simpler and requires fewer reagents compared to other sample preparation methods and allows the calibration to be carried out using aqueous calibration solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilek Bakircioglu
- Trakya University, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry , Edirne, Turkey
| | | | - Nukte Topraksever
- Trakya University, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry , Edirne, Turkey
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6
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Bustos DE, Toro JA, Briceño M, Rivas RE. Use of slow atomization ramp in high resolution continuum source graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry for the simultaneous determination of Cd and Ni in slurry powdered chocolate samples. Talanta 2022; 247:123547. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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7
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Antioxidant Activity and Multi-Elemental Analysis of Dark Chocolate. Foods 2022; 11:foods11101445. [PMID: 35627015 PMCID: PMC9141620 DOI: 10.3390/foods11101445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cocoa beans are part of the cocoa plant fruit (Theobroma cacao L.) used to prepare various products such as chocolate, cocoa butter, jelly, liqueurs, cosmetics, etc. Dark chocolate is consumed worldwide by different populations and is known for its good taste, making it one of the most favoured food products. This work aimed to determine the content of total polyphenols (TPC), total flavonoids (TFC), and the antioxidant potential measured through the ability to scavenge DPPH free radicals (DPPH), ferric reducing power (FRAP), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC), as well as major and trace elements contained in twelve commercially available dark chocolate samples, with cocoa content ranging from 40% to 99%. The total polyphenols content ranged between 10.55 and 39.82 mg/g GAE, while the total flavonoid content was from 10.04 to 37.85 mg/g CE. All applied antioxidant assays indicate that the sample with the highest cocoa percentage shows the greatest antioxidant activity (DPPH: 48.34% of inhibition; FRAP: 89.00 mg/g GAE; TAC: 83.86 mg/g AAE). Statistical methods were applied to establish the differences between the samples concerning TPC, TFC, DPPH, FRAP and TAC, as well as to differentiate the samples according to the mineral content. The results indicated that the differences in TPC and TFC between different samples depended on the cocoa content and the addition of dried fruit pieces. A good correlation between antioxidant potency composite index (ACI) and declared cocoa content was noticed (R2 = 0.8034), indicating that the declared percentage of cocoa is a reliable indicator for antioxidant activity of analysed dark chocolate samples. The nutritional evaluation proved that the studied chocolate samples were an excellent source of Mg, Fe, Mn and Cu.
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8
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Effect of high-voltage electrical discharge treatment on multi-element content in cocoa shell and chocolates with cocoa shell. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.112944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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9
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Oliveira LB, de Melo JC, da Boa Morte ES, de Jesus RM, Teixeira LSG, Korn MGA. Multi-element determination in chocolate bars by microwave-induced plasma optical emission spectrometry. Food Chem 2021; 351:129285. [PMID: 33640775 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Macro- and microelement determination in chocolate bars by microwave-induced plasma optical emission spectrometry (MIP OES) was evaluated after microwave-assisted sample digestion. Optimization of the sample digestion was carried out, and the recommended conditions were obtained at a temperature of 190 °C, with a digestion time of 40 min and in a mixture constituted by 2.3 mL of nitric acid, 1.0 mL of hydrogen peroxide and 4.7 mL of water. The method was applied in the analysis of chocolate bars, and the concentration ranges of the elements determined were (in mg kg-1): Ca (653-3096); Cr (<0.6-2.8); Cu (<0.16-19.5); Fe (<1.6-227); Mg (147-2775); K (3554-8573); Mn (<0.03-25.2); Na (45.6-1095); Ni (3.2-10.2); P (1111-22594) and Zn (4.8-33.3). The association of the proposed microwave-assisted acid digestion with the MIP OES technique was adequate for multi-element determination in chocolate bars for routine analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciane B Oliveira
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Campus Universitário de Ondina, Ondina, 40170-115 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil; Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Baiano, Campus Catu, 48110-000 Catu, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Joelem C de Melo
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Campus Universitário de Ondina, Ondina, 40170-115 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Elane S da Boa Morte
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Baiano, Campus Catu, 48110-000 Catu, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Raildo M de Jesus
- Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Departamento de Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, Rodovia Jorge Amado km 16, 45662-900, Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil; INCT de Energia e Ambiente - Universidade Federal da Bahia, Campus Universitário de Ondina, 40170-115 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Leonardo S G Teixeira
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Campus Universitário de Ondina, Ondina, 40170-115 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil; INCT de Energia e Ambiente - Universidade Federal da Bahia, Campus Universitário de Ondina, 40170-115 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Maria Graças A Korn
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Campus Universitário de Ondina, Ondina, 40170-115 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil; INCT de Energia e Ambiente - Universidade Federal da Bahia, Campus Universitário de Ondina, 40170-115 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.
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10
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Silva LP, Campos NDS, Lisboa TP, de Faria LV, Matos MAC, Matos RC, de Sousa RA. Simultaneous determination of cadmium, lead and copper in chocolate samples by square wave anodic stripping voltammetry. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2021; 38:418-426. [PMID: 33493080 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2020.1857443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
In this work, an effective and simple method is proposed for the simultaneous determination of cadmium, lead and copper in chocolate samples by Square Wave Anodic Stripping Voltammetry (SWASV). An ultrasonic bath was used for the extraction of cadmium, lead and copper from fourteen chocolate samples using HNO3 solution (7 mol L-1). The electrochemical system consisted of a cell with three electrodes and HCl solution (10 mmol L-1) as the supporting electrolyte. An efficient extraction of the metals (~100%) was attained after 1 h of ultrasonic pre-treatment. Quantitative analysis was carried out by the standard addition method. Good linearity, precision and accuracy were obtained in the range of concentrations examined. The accuracy was evaluated by means of a reference sample of spiked skim milk powder (BCR 151) to prove the reliability of the method. Detection limits (LOD) of 0.089, 0.059 and 0.018 µg g-1 were found for cadmium, copper and lead, respectively, in the chocolate samples. Concentrations in chocolate samples were 4.30-138 µg g-1 for Cu and 0.83-27.9 µg g-1 for Pb, with no significant Cd. The simultaneous determination brings advantages to other methods already reported for chocolate analysis and the samples preparation proposed avoids the traditional sample mineralization step. These characteristics show this new method is especially attractive for case studies and routine analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Pinto Silva
- BACCAN (Grupo BACCAN De Química Analítica), Departamento De Química, Instituto De Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal De Juiz De Fora, Juiz de for A, MG, Brazil
| | - Náira Da Silva Campos
- BACCAN (Grupo BACCAN De Química Analítica), Departamento De Química, Instituto De Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal De Juiz De Fora, Juiz de for A, MG, Brazil
| | - Thalles Pedrosa Lisboa
- BACCAN (Grupo BACCAN De Química Analítica), Departamento De Química, Instituto De Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal De Juiz De Fora, Juiz de for A, MG, Brazil
| | - Lucas Vinícius de Faria
- Instituto De Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal De Juiz De Fora, Juiz de for A, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Renato Camargo Matos
- Instituto De Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal De Juiz De Fora, Juiz de for A, MG, Brazil
| | - Rafael Arromba de Sousa
- BACCAN (Grupo BACCAN De Química Analítica), Departamento De Química, Instituto De Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal De Juiz De Fora, Juiz de for A, MG, Brazil
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11
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Karaś K, Zioła-Frankowska A, Bartoszewicz M, Krzyśko G, Frankowski M. Investigation of chocolate types on the content of selected metals and non-metals determined by ICP-OES analytical technique. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2020; 38:293-303. [PMID: 33332983 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2020.1853821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Chocolate, one of the most popular sweets in the world, is consumed by people of all ages. Available data point to significant increases in consumption and production. However, successful determination of elements in chocolate is still difficult because of the characteristics of the matrix which contains a high content of organic compounds, like hydrogenated vegetable oil, vegetable fats, solids from malt extract, salts, emulsifiers, etc., causing problems with appropriate decomposition or digestion of sample. In this study, chocolate samples were prepared according to two procedures: water bath and microwave-assisted mineralisation. The use of Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES) allowed us to determine the elemental composition of dark, milk, and white chocolate bars available on the Polish market as well as a cacao sample (100% cocoa powder). The elements assessed were Al, Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, P, S, Sr, and Zn. The obtained results were used to compare the effectiveness of sample pre-treatment methods and to assess the correlation between the concentrations of specific elements and type of chocolate by the application of chemometric and statistical tools. The research showed that levels of analysed macro- and microelements are directly connected with the type of chocolate, characterised by the variable contents of cocoa paste and added milk. Data for all samples after mineralisation shown that among macroelements P was the most abundant, followed by Mg, Ca, Na, K, and S. The major essential element with the highest level was Fe, followed by Zn and Cu. In the group of toxic metals the highest content was obtained for Ba, then Al and Sr, but none exceeded permissible values prepared by health benefit organisations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Karaś
- Department of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University Poznań , Poznań, Poland
| | - Anetta Zioła-Frankowska
- Department of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University Poznań , Poznań, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Bartoszewicz
- Department of Chemistry Didactics, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University Poznań , Poznań, Poland
| | - Grzegor Krzyśko
- Department of Chemistry Didactics, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University Poznań , Poznań, Poland
| | - Marcin Frankowski
- Department of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University Poznań , Poznań, Poland
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Minimal-Invasive Analytical Method and Data Fusion: an Alternative for Determination of Cu, K, Sr, and Zn in Cocoa Beans. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-020-01904-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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13
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Orlando EA, Rebellato AP, Silva JGS, Andrade GC, Pallone JAL. Sodium in different processed and packaged foods: Method validation and an estimative on the consumption. Food Res Int 2020; 129:108836. [PMID: 32036929 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2019.108836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Excessive sodium (Na) consumption can lead to serious health problems such as hypertension, and cardiovascular and renal diseases. Therefore, the food industry in worldwide has been trying to reduce sodium levels in processed products. The aim of this study was to validate a method and quantify sodium in processed and packaged foods and to estimate its ingestion in the consumption. In the first step, for choose the adequate analytical procedure different samples preparations (mineralization) were evaluated as wet and dry ash mineralization, as well as CsCl concentration to suppress chemical interferences for apply FAAS technique. The best performance conditions were applied for the analytical method validation: mineralization by wet digestion and adding 0.1% CsCl, which characterized the method as simple and low cost. The method was validated and was applied in 12 different processed food matrices (5 brands, 3 batches), including products of vegetable and animal origins, different majority components and interferences for Na evaluation. The results showed that sausage, hamburger, ham, bread, tomato sauce, ketchup, mustard, mayonnaise and mashed potato were classified as high-sodium foods, with mean values above 460 mg 100 g-1. It was verified that 68% of the samples were regarded as having high sodium content and the maximum value found was 2851 mg 100 g-1 for a sample of mashed potatoes. In addition, it was found that 38% of the samples presented differences in Na concentration when compared to content declared on the label. It is also observed that is possible different sodium ingestion according the combinations of processed and packaged foods in the same meal and, in this case, the sodium consumption is above than the daily value as recommended by the regulatory agencies. It was concluded that the majority of processed and packaged foods presented high sodium concentration even with efforts of the food industry to reduce the levels of this mineral and its remains an important public health problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Adilson Orlando
- Department of Food Science, School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Monteiro Lobato Street, 80, ZIP CODE 13083-862, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Rebellato
- Department of Food Science, School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Monteiro Lobato Street, 80, ZIP CODE 13083-862, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Joyce Grazielle Siqueira Silva
- Department of Food Science, School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Monteiro Lobato Street, 80, ZIP CODE 13083-862, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Giovanna Castello Andrade
- Department of Food Science, School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Monteiro Lobato Street, 80, ZIP CODE 13083-862, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliana Azevedo Lima Pallone
- Department of Food Science, School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Monteiro Lobato Street, 80, ZIP CODE 13083-862, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Gamela RR, Costa VC, Babos DV, Araújo AS, Pereira-Filho ER. Direct Determination of Ca, K, and Mg in Cocoa Beans by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS): Evaluation of Three Univariate Calibration Strategies for Matrix Matching. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-020-01722-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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15
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Nascimento MM, Santos HM, Coutinho JP, Lôbo IP, da Silva Junior AL, Santos AG, de Jesus RM. Optimization of chromatographic separation and classification of artisanal and fine chocolate based on its bioactive compound content through multivariate statistical techniques. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2019.104342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Costa VC, Pinheiro FC, Amorim FAC, Paranhos da Silva EG, Pereira-Filho ER. Multivariate optimization for the development of a sample preparation procedure and evaluation of calibration strategies for nutrient elements determination in handmade chocolate. Microchem J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2019.104166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Direct Analysis of Cocoa Powder, Chocolate Powder, and Powdered Chocolate Drink for Multi-element Determination by Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-019-01565-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Multivariate Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction Procedure for the Determination of Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, P, and Zn in Pepper Samples by ICP OES. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-019-01524-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Direct determination by portable ED-XRF of mineral profile in cocoa powder samples. Food Chem 2018; 278:373-379. [PMID: 30583386 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.11.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The present study has exploited the rapidity of the analysis and the multi-elemental capability of the energy dispersive X- ray fluorescence (ED-XRF) technique for the mineral profile determination in cocoa powder. A fast, cheap and environmental sustainable method without reagent consumption or toxic waste generation has been proposed. The samples can be prepared in the form of pellets of 13 mm in diameter and 2-3 mm thickness. The different internal calibrations used by ED-XRF equipment did not provide accurate results when comparing the mineral profile with the concentration obtained by Inductively Couple Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES) after microwave assisted digestion of samples. For direct ED-XRF analysis of the cocoa samples, an external calibration using as standards the cocoa samples diluted with sugar was prepared. The analytical parameters of Relative Standard Deviation and Limit of Detection for the determined elements are adequate to the concentration levels found in the samples.
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Nascimento MM, da Rocha GO, de Andrade JB. A rapid low-consuming solvent extraction procedure for simultaneous determination of 34 multiclass pesticides associated to respirable atmospheric particulate matter (PM2.5) by GC–MS. Microchem J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2018.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Mrmošanin JM, Pavlović AN, Krstić JN, Mitić SS, Tošić SB, Stojković MB, Micić RJ, Đorđević MS. Multielemental quantification in dark chocolate by ICP OES. J Food Compost Anal 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2018.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Multivariate Optimization for the Development of a Fast and Simple Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction Procedure for Multielemental Determination in Tea Leaves by Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP OES). FOOD ANAL METHOD 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-018-1171-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Correia FO, Silva DS, Costa SSL, Silva IKV, da Silva DR, Alves JDPH, Garcia CA, Maranhão TDA, Passos EA, Araujo RG. Optimization of microwave digestion and inductively coupled plasma-based methods to characterize cassava, corn and wheat flours using chemometrics. Microchem J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2017.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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A review of multivariate designs applied to the optimization of methods based on inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES). Microchem J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2016.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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