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Di Tullio V, Pigliapochi R, Zumbulyadis N, Centeno SA, Catalano J, Wagner M, Dybowski C. Dynamics of diffusion, evaporation, and retention of organic solvents in paints by unilateral NMR and HR-MAS NMR spectroscopy. Microchem J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2023.108582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
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Nardelli F, Martini F, Lee J, Lluvears-Tenorio A, La Nasa J, Duce C, Ormsby B, Geppi M, Bonaduce I. The stability of paintings and the molecular structure of the oil paint polymeric network. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14202. [PMID: 34244532 PMCID: PMC8270892 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93268-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A molecular-level understanding of the structure of the polymeric network formed upon the curing of air-drying artists' oil paints still represents a challenge. In this study we used a set of analytical methodologies classically employed for the characterisation of a paint film-based on infrared spectroscopy and mass spectrometry-in combination with solid state NMR (SSNMR), to characterise model paint layers which present different behaviours towards surface cleaning with water, a commonly applied procedure in art conservation. The study demonstrates, with the fundamental contribution of SSNMR, a relationship between the painting stability and the chemical structure of the polymeric network. In particular, it is demonstrated for the first time that a low degree of cross-linking in combination with a high degree of oxidation of the polymeric network render the oil paint layer sensitive to water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Nardelli
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesca Martini
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy
- Centro Per L'Integrazione Della Strumentazione Scientifica Dell'Università Di Pisa (CISUP), Lungarno Pacinotti 43, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Judith Lee
- Conservation Department, Tate, Millbank, London, SW1P 4RG, UK
| | - Anna Lluvears-Tenorio
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Jacopo La Nasa
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Celia Duce
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Bronwyn Ormsby
- Conservation Department, Tate, Millbank, London, SW1P 4RG, UK
| | - Marco Geppi
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy
- Centro Per L'Integrazione Della Strumentazione Scientifica Dell'Università Di Pisa (CISUP), Lungarno Pacinotti 43, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Ilaria Bonaduce
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy.
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Taugeron P, Bricaud S, Kehlet C, Dittmer J. Profiles of paint layer samples obtained in the fringe field of a high field magnet by means of very short broadband frequency-modulated pulses. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2020; 58:870-879. [PMID: 32384575 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.5038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this article, we describe the acquisition of depth profiles, in particular of paint layers, in the static gradient of a high field magnet, providing a superior sensitivity. The main objective are reference profiles that help to understand scans made with noninvasive unilateral nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), which often suffers from poor signal-to-noise ratio when working with real samples. Various technical aspects like the coil geometry and the limit of resolution are investigated. A major advancement is the use of frequency-modulated pulses that are very broadband and at the same time very short (25 μs). The latter is necessary to allow the acquisition of a CPMG echo train of old, rigid paint material. Despite being far from adiabatic, they provide uniform excitation and refocusing over 1 MHz, which corresponds to about 400 μm with the used gradient. We show that the uniformity is even sufficient to obtain biexponential relaxation profiles. With these tools, a paint sample from a restoration campaign is analyzed with different contrast criteria: The original and two layers from former restoration attempts can be visualized, and furthermore, the relaxation profiles allow to study the migration of plasticizing molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Taugeron
- Institut des Molécules et Matériaux du Mans (IMMM), UMR 6283 CNRS - Le Mans Université, Le Mans, France
| | - Sullivan Bricaud
- Institut des Molécules et Matériaux du Mans (IMMM), UMR 6283 CNRS - Le Mans Université, Le Mans, France
| | - Cindie Kehlet
- Department of Mathematics and Science, Pratt Institute, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Jens Dittmer
- Institut des Molécules et Matériaux du Mans (IMMM), UMR 6283 CNRS - Le Mans Université, Le Mans, France
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New Insights to Characterize Paint Varnishes and to Study Water in Paintings by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (NMR). MAGNETOCHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/magnetochemistry6020021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Paintings are complex multi-layered systems made of organic and inorganic materials. Several factors can affect the degradation of paintings, such as environmental conditions, past restoration works and, finally, the type of painting technique and the art materials used over the centuries. The chemical–physical characterization of paintings is a constant challenge that requires research into and the development of novel analytical methodologies and processes. In recent years, solvents and water-related issues in paintings are attracting more attention, and several studies have been focused on analyzing the interaction between water molecules and the constitutive materials. In this study, recent applications applying different NMR methodologies were shown, highlighting the weakness and the strength of the techniques in analyzing paintings. In particular, the study of water and its diffusive interactions within wall and oil paintings was performed to prove how the portable NMR can be used directly in museums for planning restoration work and to monitor the degradation processes. Furthermore, some preliminary results on the analysis of varnishes and binders, such us linseed oil, shellac, sandarac and colophony resins, were obtained by 1H HR-MAS NMR spectroscopy, highlighting the weakness and strengths of this technique in the field of conservation science.
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Kehlet C, Nunberg S, Alcala S, Dittmer J. Nuclear magnetic resonance analysis for treatment decisions: The case of a white sculptural environment by Louise Nevelson. Microchem J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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