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Faggiano A, Pironti C, Motta O, Miele Y, Fiorentino A, Marchettini N, Ricciardi M, Proto A. Insight on the deterioration of cultural objects: a multi-analytical approach to characterize degradation products of lead weights from a Steinway & sons piano. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:104633-104639. [PMID: 37707725 PMCID: PMC10567956 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-29790-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
The identification of the degradation products in objects of cultural significance, including musical instruments (e.g., a piano), is a key issue for the preservation and valorisation processes of cultural heritage. The aim of this study is to characterize the degradation products of lead weights from an important Steinway & sons piano using a multi-analytical approach that includes ionic chromatography (IC), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform-infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analyses. These techniques allowed us to identify hydrocerussite as the main degradation product on the superficial layer of lead weights, followed by lead acetate and formate. Moreover, accelerated corrosion experiments in closed environments were performed under acetic and formic acid atmospheres to evaluate the development of lead acetate and formate over time. Exposure of lead weights to formic and acetic acid vapours leads to the prevalent formation of basic lead formate, which promotes the formation of hydrocerussite. These results can help to limit the degradation of these piano components and consequently preserve the sound of the piano itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Faggiano
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084, Fisciano, (SA), Salerno, Italy
- Consorzio Interuniversitario per la Scienza e la Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), 50121, Firenze, Italy
| | - Concetta Pironti
- Consorzio Interuniversitario per la Scienza e la Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), 50121, Firenze, Italy
- Department of Medicine Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, via S. Allende, 84081, Baronissi, (SA), Salerno, Italy
| | - Oriana Motta
- Consorzio Interuniversitario per la Scienza e la Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), 50121, Firenze, Italy
- Department of Medicine Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, via S. Allende, 84081, Baronissi, (SA), Salerno, Italy
| | - Ylenia Miele
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084, Fisciano, (SA), Salerno, Italy
| | - Antonino Fiorentino
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084, Fisciano, (SA), Salerno, Italy
- Consorzio Interuniversitario per la Scienza e la Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), 50121, Firenze, Italy
| | - Nadia Marchettini
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Physical Sciences, University of Siena, Pian dei Mantellini 44, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Maria Ricciardi
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084, Fisciano, (SA), Salerno, Italy.
- Consorzio Interuniversitario per la Scienza e la Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), 50121, Firenze, Italy.
| | - Antonio Proto
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084, Fisciano, (SA), Salerno, Italy
- Consorzio Interuniversitario per la Scienza e la Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), 50121, Firenze, Italy
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Fiocco G, Invernizzi C, Grassi S, Davit P, Albano M, Rovetta T, Stani C, Vaccari L, Malagodi M, Licchelli M, Gulmini M. Reflection FTIR spectroscopy for the study of historical bowed string instruments: Invasive and non-invasive approaches. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 245:118926. [PMID: 32956933 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.118926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A micro-sample detached from a historical bowed string instrument represents a valuable record of the materials used by the great Masters of violin-making art. It allows researchers to collect a wealth of information and to disclose - at least partially - their procedures for finishing and varnishing. In the present work, a set of four cross-sectioned micro-samples - collected from well-preserved bowed string instruments made by Antonio Stradivari and Lorenzo Storioni - are investigated by Synchrotron Radiation (SR) FTIR micro-spectroscopy in reflection mode. SR-FTIR spectra are discussed both as point analysis and as univariate and multivariate chemical maps. The same cross-sections are also investigated by optical microscopy under UV light and SEM-EDX. Moreover, data obtained directly from the musical instruments by a non-invasive approach employing a portable reflection FTIR spectrometer are also considered. FTIR investigation of the cross-sections is a challenging task for such brittle and complex layered micro-samples. Nevertheless, the high intensity of the analytical SR beam used in reflection geometry allowed us to obtain informative FTIR spectra and to fully preserve the integrity of the samples. Both the non-invasive and the micro-invasive reflection FTIR approaches can reveal the materials spread on the wood surface to finish the musical instruments. The fingerprint of Lorenzo Storioni's production around 1790 emerged from the study of the cross-sectioned samples, definitely different from the technique of Stradivari.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Fiocco
- Laboratorio Arvedi di Diagnostica Non Invasiva, CISRiC, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Via Bell'Aspa 3, 26100 Cremona, Italy; Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy.
| | - Claudia Invernizzi
- Laboratorio Arvedi di Diagnostica Non Invasiva, CISRiC, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Via Bell'Aspa 3, 26100 Cremona, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze Matematiche, Fisiche e Informatiche, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 7/A, 43124 Parma, Italy.
| | - Silvia Grassi
- Dipartimento di Scienze per gli Alimenti, la Nutrizione e l'Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria, 2, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Patrizia Davit
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy.
| | - Michela Albano
- Laboratorio Arvedi di Diagnostica Non Invasiva, CISRiC, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Via Bell'Aspa 3, 26100 Cremona, Italy; Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133, Milano, Italy.
| | - Tommaso Rovetta
- Laboratorio Arvedi di Diagnostica Non Invasiva, CISRiC, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Via Bell'Aspa 3, 26100 Cremona, Italy.
| | - Chiaramaria Stani
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., S.S. 14 km 163.5, 34194 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy.
| | - Lisa Vaccari
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., S.S. 14 km 163.5, 34194 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy.
| | - Marco Malagodi
- Laboratorio Arvedi di Diagnostica Non Invasiva, CISRiC, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Via Bell'Aspa 3, 26100 Cremona, Italy; Dipartimento di Musicologia e Beni Culturali, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Corso Garibaldi 178, 26100 Cremona, Italy.
| | - Maurizio Licchelli
- Laboratorio Arvedi di Diagnostica Non Invasiva, CISRiC, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Via Bell'Aspa 3, 26100 Cremona, Italy.
| | - Monica Gulmini
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy.
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Invernizzi C, Fiocco G, Iwanicka M, Kowalska M, Targowski P, Blümich B, Rehorn C, Gabrielli V, Bersani D, Licchelli M, Malagodi M. Non-invasive mobile technology to study the stratigraphy of ancient Cremonese violins: OCT, NMR-MOUSE, XRF and reflection FT-IR spectroscopy. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.104754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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A Micro-Tomographic Insight into the Coating Systems of Historical Bowed String Instruments. COATINGS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings9020081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Musical instruments are tools for playing music, but for some of them—made by the most important historical violin makers—the myths hide the physical artwork. Ancient violin-making Masters developed peculiar construction methods and defined aesthetic canons that are still recognizable in their musical instruments. Recently, the focus of scientific investigations has been set on the characterization of materials and methods used by the ancient violin makers by means of several scientific approaches. In this work, the merits of synchrotron radiation micro-computed tomography and optical coherence tomography (OCT) for the investigation of complex coatings systems on historical bowed string musical instruments are discussed. Five large fragments removed during past restorations from instruments produced by Jacobus Stainer, Gasparo da Salò, Giovanni Paolo Maggini, and Lorenzo Guadagnini have been considered for a non-invasive insight by tomographic techniques and the results are discussed considering previous micro-invasive investigations. The tomographic approach allows to highlight the micro-morphology of the coating systems and offers preliminary information on the methods that were employed by the ancient Masters to treat the wood and finish the musical instrument.
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