Handy cloud point extraction coupled with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for analysis of trace zirconium in complex biological samples

The assessment of the usability of selected instrumental techniques for the elemental analysis of biomedical samples

The fundamental role of major, minor and trace elements in different physiological and pathological processes occurring in living organism makes that elemental analysis of biomedical samples becomes more and more popular issue. The most often used tools for analysis of the elemental composition of biological samples include Flame and Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (F-AAS and GF-AAS), Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES) and Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). Each of these techniques has many advantages and limitations that should be considered in the first stage of planning the measurement procedure. Their reliability can be checked in the validation process and the precision, trueness and detection limits of elements belong to the most frequently determined validation parameters. The main purpose of this paper was the discussion of selected instrumental techniques (F-AAS, GF-AAS, ICP-OES and ICP-MS) in term of the achieved validation parameters and the usefulness in the analysis of biological samples. The focus in the detailed literature studies was also put on the methods of preparation of the biomedical samples. What is more based on the own data the usefulness of the total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy for the elemental analysis of animal tissues was examined. The detection limits of elements, precision and trueness for the technique were determined and compared with the literature data concerning other of the discussed techniques of elemental analysis. Reassuming, the following paper is to serve as a guide and comprehensive source of information concerning the validation parameters achievable in different instrumental techniques used for the elemental analysis of biomedical samples.

A monolithic copolymer prepared from N-(4-vinyl)-benzyl iminodiacetic acid, divinylbenzene and N,N'-methylene bisacrylamide for preconcentration of cadmium(II) and cobalt(II) from biological samples prior to their determination by ICP-MS

A capillary monolith consisting of poly[N-(4-vinyl)-benzyl iminodiacetic acid-co-divinylbenzene-co-N,N'-methylene bisacrylamide), referred to as poly(VBIDA-DVB-Bis), has been prepared. It is shown to be an efficient sorbent for the enrichment of Co(II) and Cd(II). The two ions are completely retained by the monolith in the pH range from 4.0 to 9.0. The breakthrough curve tests were adopted to evaluate the adsorption performance of the monolith towards Co(II) and Cd(II). A dose-response model was used to describe the breakthrough curves of the two ions at different initial concentrations. The adsorption capacities for Co(II) and Cd(II) are 1.54 and 1.73 mg·m^-1 at a concentration level of 2.5 mg·L^-1, respectively. The enrichment factor is 100, and the required sample volume is 5 mL. Following elution of the two ions with 0.5 M HNO₃, they were quantified by ICP-MS. The limits of detection in a 1 mL sample are 0.35 ng·L^-1 for Co(II) and 0.44 ng·L^-1 for Cd(II). The method was applied to the determination of Co(II) and Cd(II) in spiked rice, human urine and seawater samples. Graphical abstract Schematic representation of a monolithic copolymer prepared from N-(4-vinyl)-benzyl iminodiacetic acid (VBIDA), divinylbenzene (DVB) and N,N'-methylene bisacrylamide (Bis) and its application for selective capturing of cadmium(II) and cobalt(II) from complex sample matrices prior to their determination by ICP-MS.