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Kuntoji G, Kousar N, Gaddimath S, Koodlur Sannegowda L. Macromolecule-Nanoparticle-Based Hybrid Materials for Biosensor Applications. BIOSENSORS 2024; 14:277. [PMID: 38920581 PMCID: PMC11201996 DOI: 10.3390/bios14060277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Biosensors function as sophisticated devices, converting biochemical reactions into electrical signals. Contemporary emphasis on developing biosensor devices with refined sensitivity and selectivity is critical due to their extensive functional capabilities. However, a significant challenge lies in the binding affinity of biosensors to biomolecules, requiring adept conversion and amplification of interactions into various signal modalities like electrical, optical, gravimetric, and electrochemical outputs. Overcoming challenges associated with sensitivity, detection limits, response time, reproducibility, and stability is essential for efficient biosensor creation. The central aspect of the fabrication of any biosensor is focused towards forming an effective interface between the analyte electrode which significantly influences the overall biosensor quality. Polymers and macromolecular systems are favored for their distinct properties and versatile applications. Enhancing the properties and conductivity of these systems can be achieved through incorporating nanoparticles or carbonaceous moieties. Hybrid composite materials, possessing a unique combination of attributes like advanced sensitivity, selectivity, thermal stability, mechanical flexibility, biocompatibility, and tunable electrical properties, emerge as promising candidates for biosensor applications. In addition, this approach enhances the electrochemical response, signal amplification, and stability of fabricated biosensors, contributing to their effectiveness. This review predominantly explores recent advancements in utilizing macrocyclic and macromolecular conjugated systems, such as phthalocyanines, porphyrins, polymers, etc. and their hybrids, with a specific focus on signal amplification in biosensors. It comprehensively covers synthetic strategies, properties, working mechanisms, and the potential of these systems for detecting biomolecules like glucose, hydrogen peroxide, uric acid, ascorbic acid, dopamine, cholesterol, amino acids, and cancer cells. Furthermore, this review delves into the progress made, elucidating the mechanisms responsible for signal amplification. The Conclusion addresses the challenges and future directions of macromolecule-based hybrids in biosensor applications, providing a concise overview of this evolving field. The narrative emphasizes the importance of biosensor technology advancement, illustrating the role of smart design and material enhancement in improving performance across various domains.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Lokesh Koodlur Sannegowda
- Department of Studies in Chemistry, Vijayanagara Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Jnanasagara, Vinayakanagara, Ballari 583105, India; (G.K.); (N.K.); (S.G.)
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2
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Rajendrachari S, Arslanoglu H, Yaras A, Golabhanvi SM. Electrochemical Detection of Uric Acid Based on a Carbon Paste Electrode Modified with Ta 2O 5 Recovered from Ore by a Novel Method. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:46946-46954. [PMID: 38107930 PMCID: PMC10720014 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c06749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Except for well-known commercial production procedures, this study demonstrates that Ta2O5 particles can be produced. Through a series of steps, highly pure Ta2O5 particles (99.45%) were produced from the raw ore. We have electrochemically detected one of the important nitrogenous compounds present in urine, "uric acid", by a Ta2O5 particle-modified carbon paste electrode (Ta2O5-MCPE) using cyclic voltammetry. The prepared electrode has shown excellent current sensitivity at a pH of 6.0 phosphate-buffered solution. We have found that 4 mg Ta2O5-MCPE has recorded the highest current sensitivity of 75.75 μA. The oxidation peak current was varied with the uric acid concentration in the range from 1 to 5 mM at 4 mg Ta2O5-MCPE. We have calculated the electrode-active surface area for a bare carbon paste electrode and 4 mg Ta2O5-MCPE using the Randles-Sevcik equation, and the values were found to be 0.0202 and 0.0450 cm2, respectively. On the other hand, the calculated values of limit of detection and limit of quantification were reported as 0.5937 × 10-8 M and 1.9791 × 10-8 M, respectively, for the prepared 4 mg Ta2O5-MCPE. The interfere studies revealed that the variation in the electrochemical signal of uric acid in the presence of different metal ions was found to be less than ±5%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashanka Rajendrachari
- Department
of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering
Architecture and Design, Bartin University, Bartin 74100, Turkey
| | - Hasan Arslanoglu
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale 17100, Turkey
| | - Ali Yaras
- Department
of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering
Architecture and Design, Bartin University, Bartin 74100, Turkey
| | - Shailesh M. Golabhanvi
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, KLE Dr. M. S.
Sheshagiri College of Engineering and Technology, Belagavi 590008, Karnataka, India
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3
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Well-dispersed strawberry-like PtCo nanocrystals/porous N-doped carbon nanospheres for multiplexed assays. Microchem J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2023.108421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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4
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Ismail S, Abdullahi AB, Alshana U, Ertaş N. Switchable-hydrophilicity solvent liquid-liquid microextraction combined with smartphone digital image colorimetry for the determination of palladium in catalytic converters. ANAL SCI 2023; 39:97-108. [PMID: 36264450 DOI: 10.1007/s44211-022-00204-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Switchable-hydrophilicity solvent liquid-liquid microextraction was coupled with smartphone digital image colorimetry for the determination of palladium as its metal chelate with N,N-diethyl-N'-benzoylthiourea. Images of the colored extract were captured in a homemade colorimetric box, which were split into their red-green-blue channels. The blue channel was used to determine the concentration of palladium. Optimum extraction conditions were achieved using 600 μL of triethylamine as the extraction solvent and 4.0 mL of 10 M sodium hydroxide as the hydrophilicity-switching trigger within 1.0 min extraction time. Optimum complexation conditions were obtained at a sample pH of 4.50, and metal/ligand mole ratio of 1:2 within 3.0 min. Optimum detection conditions were achieved at a distance of 7.0 cm between the sample solution and the detection camera, a region of interest of 175.0 px2 at a detection wavelength of 480.0 nm and 30.0% brightness of the monochromatic light source. Limits of detection and quantitation were found to be less than 0.7 and 1.8 µg g-1, respectively. A good linearity with coefficients of determination above 0.9974 was obtained. Accuracy was checked via a single-factor analysis of variance (ANOVA) test by comparing the results with the ones obtained using flame-atomic absorption spectrometry and the results were statistically in a good agreement (P > 0.05). The proposed method was applied for the determination of palladium in catalytic converters with percentage relative recoveries ranging between 95.7 and 103.7% and percentage relative standard deviations below 4.0%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salihu Ismail
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Near East University, 99138, Nicosia, TRNC, Mersin 10, Turkey.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Yusuf Maitama Sule University, PMB 3220, Kano, Nigeria
| | - Aliyu B Abdullahi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Near East University, 99138, Nicosia, TRNC, Mersin 10, Turkey.,Department of Chemistry, Kano State College of Education and Preliminary Studies, PMB 3145, Kano, Nigeria
| | - Usama Alshana
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Near East University, 99138, Nicosia, TRNC, Mersin 10, Turkey. .,Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Sultan Qaboos University, 123 Al Khod, Muscat, Oman.
| | - Nusret Ertaş
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, 06330, Ankara, Turkey
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5
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Akyüz D, Demirbaş Ü. Sensor performances of novel piperidine substituted cobalt(II) and copper(II) phthalocyanines for detection of dopamine, ascorbic acid and uric acid. J Organomet Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2022.122537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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6
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Luhana C, Moyo I, Tshenkeng K, Mashazi P. In-sera selectivity detection of catecholamine neurotransmitters using covalent composite of cobalt phthalocyanine and aminated graphene quantum dots. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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7
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A low-cost high-entropy porous CrO/CrN/C biosensor for highly sensitive simultaneous detection of dopamine and uric acid. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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8
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Shantharaja, Nemakal M, Giddaerappa, Gopal Hegde S, Koodlur Sannegowda L. Novel biocompatible amide phthalocyanine for simultaneous electrochemical detection of adenine and guanine. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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9
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Koczorowski T, Cerbin-Koczorowska M, Rębiś T. Azaporphyrins Embedded on Carbon-Based Nanomaterials for Potential Use in Electrochemical Sensing-A Review. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:2861. [PMID: 34835626 PMCID: PMC8620011 DOI: 10.3390/nano11112861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Phthalocyanines and porphyrazines as macrocyclic aza-analogues of well-known porphyrins were deposited on diverse carbon-based nanomaterials and investigated as sensing devices. The extended π-conjugated electron system of these macrocycles influences their ability to create stable hybrid systems with graphene or carbon nanotubes commonly based on π-π stacking interactions. During a 15-year period, the electrodes modified by deposition of these systems have been applied for the determination of diverse analytes, such as food pollutants, heavy metals, catecholamines, thiols, glucose, peroxides, some active pharmaceutical ingredients, and poisonous gases. These procedures have also taken place, on occasion, in the presence of various polymers, ionic liquids, and other moieties. In the review, studies are presented that were performed for sensing purposes, involving azaporphyrins embedded on graphene, graphene oxide or carbon nanotubes (both single and multi-walled ones). Moreover, possible methods of electrode fabrication, limits of detection of each analyte, as well as examples of macrocyclic compounds applied as sensing materials, are critically discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Koczorowski
- Chair and Department of Chemical Technology of Drugs, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznan, Poland
| | - Magdalena Cerbin-Koczorowska
- Department of Medical Education, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 7 Rokietnicka Str., 60-806 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Tomasz Rębiś
- Institute of Chemistry and Technical Electrochemistry, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60-965 Poznan, Poland;
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10
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Prabhu C P K, Nemakal M, Managa M, Nyokong T, Koodlur Sannegowda L. Symmetrically Substituted Zn and Al Phthalocyanines and Polymers for Photodynamic Therapy Application. Front Chem 2021; 9:647331. [PMID: 34249856 PMCID: PMC8263923 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.647331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
N4 macrocyclic complexes of Al and Zn phthalocyanines with symmetrical imine and imidazole moiety at the periphery were synthesized. The synthesized ligands, complexes, and polymers were purified and characterized to study the structure of the molecule. These synthesized complexes were used for photodynamic therapy application as the diamagnetic Zn and Al have the ability to produce and stabilize singlet oxygen species. The synthesized N4 molecules of aluminum iminomethoxy phenyl phthalocyanine and aluminum ethyl phenyl benzimidazolephthalocyanine showed better activity against MCF-7 cells. These results suggest that this assay may be used as an early biomarker of clinical response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keshavananda Prabhu C P
- Department of Studies in Chemistry, Vijayanagara Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Ballari, India
| | - Manjunatha Nemakal
- Department of Studies in Chemistry, Vijayanagara Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Ballari, India
| | - Muthumuni Managa
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation, Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa
| | - Tebello Nyokong
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation, Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa
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11
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Sensitive acetaminophen electrochemical sensor with amplified signal strategy via non-covalent functionalization of soluble tetrahydroxyphthalocyanine and graphene. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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12
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Giddaerappa, Nemakal M, Mohammed I, Koodlur Sannegowda L. Mannich reaction derived phthalocyanine polymer for electrochemical detection of salicylic acid. Inorganica Chim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2020.119895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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13
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Sunil Kumar N, Krishnamurthy G, somegowda M, Pari M, Ravikumar Naik T, Jithedra Kumara K, Naik S, Kandagalla S, Naik N. Synthesis, characterization, electrochemistry, biological and molecular docking studies of the novel Co(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II) complexes derived from methanethiol bridged (2-((1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)methylthio)-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-6-yl)(phenyl)methanone. J Mol Struct 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.128586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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14
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Abstract
Phthalocyanines are aromatic or macrocyclic organic compounds and attract great attention due to their numerous properties. They have many high-tech applications in different areas of the industry such as dyestuffs, thermal printing screens, photovoltaic solar cells, membrane catalytic reactors, semiconductor materials and gas sensors. In the last decade, electrochemical sensor studies have accelerated with the catalytic lighting. It plays a dominant role in the development and implementation of new generation sensors. The aim of this study is to review the electrochemical methods based on electrode modification with phthalocyanines and to shed light on new application areas of phthalocyanines. The focal point was based on the sensor applications of phthalocyanines in the determination of drugs, pesticides, organic materials and metals etc. by electrochemical methods. Experimental conditions and some validation parameters of the sensor applications such as metal phthalocyanine types, indicator electrodes, selectivity, working ranges, detection limits, and analytical applications were discussed. Consequently, this is the first review dealing with the applications of phthalocyanines in electrochemical sensors for the sensitive determination of analytes in a variety of matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ersin Demir
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Afyonkarahisar Health Sciences University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| | - Hulya Silah
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Art & Science, Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Bilecik, Turkey
| | - Bengi Uslu
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
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15
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Abdi K, Ezoddin M, Pirooznia N. Temperature-controlled liquid–liquid microextraction using a biocompatible hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent for microextraction of palladium from catalytic converter and road dust samples prior to ETAAS determination. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.104999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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16
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Phthalocyanine sheet polymer based amperometric sensor for the selective detection of 2,4-dichlorophenol. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2020.114292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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17
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Nanomolar detection of lead using electrochemical methods based on a novel phthalocyanine. Inorganica Chim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2020.119564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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18
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Shetti NP, Malode SJ, Nayak DS, Bagihalli GB, Reddy KR, Ravindranadh K, Reddy CV. A novel biosensor based on graphene oxide-nanoclay hybrid electrode for the detection of Theophylline for healthcare applications. Microchem J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2019.103985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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19
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Keshavananda Prabhu CP, Nemakal M, Aralekallu S, Mohammed I, Palanna M, Sajjan VA, Akshitha D, Sannegowda LK. A comparative study of carboxylic acid and benzimidazole phthalocyanines and their surface modification for dopamine sensing. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2019.113262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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20
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Ngwenya V, Booysen IN, Mambanda A. A cobalt(II) phthalocyanine with indole substituents: formation, characterization and electrocatalytic studies. J COORD CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2019.1599108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vuyelwa Ngwenya
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - Irvin Noel Booysen
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - Allen Mambanda
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
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21
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Electropolymerized octabenzimidazole phthalocyanine as an amperometric sensor for hydrazine. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2019.03.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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22
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Sajjan VA, Mohammed I, Nemakal M, Aralekallu S, Hemantha Kumar K, Swamy S, Sannegowda LK. Synthesis and electropolymerization of cobalt tetraaminebenzamidephthalocyanine macrocycle for the amperometric sensing of dopamine. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2019.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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23
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Synthesis and characterization of novel imine substituted phthalocyanine for sensing of l-cysteine. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2018.12.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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