Switchable solvent liquid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-quadrupole isotope dilution mass spectrometry for the determination of 4‑n‑nonylphenol in municipal wastewater

Application of Recently used Green Solvents in Sample Preparation Techniques: A Comprehensive Review of Existing Trends, Challenges, and Future Opportunities

Green solvents (GSs) has gained significant attention in recent years due to their potential as safer and more sustainable alternatives to traditional organic solvents. Solvents are used in a wide range of applications, from industrial processes to everyday products. Solvent emissions and losses can have a significant impact on the environment and human health, which is why many initiatives are being undertaken to get rid of or switch to eco-friendly alternatives. A key area of green chemistry that led to the concept of "green" solvents is the development of alternative solvents that are less toxic and more environmentally friendly than traditional organic solvents. The advantages of using green solvents over conventional ones are their environmental friendliness, biocompatibility, biodegradability, and simplicity of preparation. Different sample preparation techniques have successfully utilized green solvents to offer a sustainable separation media for the extraction of a variety of inorganic and organic compounds which are crucial for research in environmental samples. Recent developments in green analytical chemistry (GAC) have focused on how to prepare and use samples using environmentally sustainable solvents. The current study covers the advance and currently used green solvents with an emphasis on environmentally friendly sample preparation methods. This review aims to briefly summarize the current state of knowledge about the use of green solvents particularly ionic liquids, deep eutectic solvents and switchable solvents (SSs) with the perspective of GAC in sample preparation methods.

Combination of switchable hydrophilic solvent liquid-liquid microextraction with QuEChERS for trace determination of triazole fungicide pesticides by GC-MS

This work first proposed a novel green and efficient method based on Quick, Easy, Cheap, Efficient, Rugged, and Safe pretreatment (QuEChERS) combined with switchable hydrophilic solvent homogeneous liquid-liquid microextraction (SHS-HLLME) for trace determination of triazole fungicides (TFs) in agricultural products such as vegetables and fruits by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). N,N-Dimethyl benzylamine was used for the synthesis of SHS. Box-Behnken design was applied for the optimization of extraction conditions and a mathematical model was obtained. Ultimately, 0.50 mL SHS, 1.0 mL 10 mol L^-1 sodium hydroxide, and 45 s ultrasonic time were determined as optimal conditions for the SHS-HLLME method. The limit of detection and limit of quantification determined using the optimal method (SHS-HLLME/GC-MS) were 0.13-0.27 ng mL^-1 and 0.43-0.90 ng mL^-1, respectively. In addition, the SHS-HLLME method under optimal conditions was combined with the traditional QuEChERS method to realize the advancement of the SHS-HLLME method from simple to complex matrix analysis, and the QuEChERS-SHS-HLLME method was successfully applied to the analysis of TFs in cucumbers, tomatoes, watermelon and grapes in agricultural products. Matrix-matched calibration standards were used to improve the accuracy of TFs in spiked cucumber samples to obtain recovery results close to 100%. It was shown that the new method is green and rapid, enabling fast and inexpensive sample pretreatment with up to 100-fold enrichment factor and low detection limit compared with the original QuEChERS method.

Ultrasound-assisted switchable hydrophilic solvent-based homogeneous liquid-liquid microextraction for the determination of triazole fungicides in environmental water by GC-MS

A new method was developed for the determination of three triazole fungicides in environmental water samples by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) based on ultrasonic assisted switchable hydrophilic solvent homogeneous liquid-liquid microextraction. As a switchable hydrophilic solvent, N,N-dimethylcyclohexylamine (DMCHA) does not require a dispersant or centrifugation. Ultrasound assistance is helpful to speed up the extraction of target compounds and can reduce the pretreatment time. The entire pretreatment process of this method only takes 5 minutes. Using the Box-Behnken design as the means of optimization, optimal extraction conditions were obtained through a mathematical model. Good linearity was obtained in the range of 5-500 μg L^-1, and the correlation coefficient of target compounds was greater than 0.999. The matrix spiked recoveries were between 81.3% and 111.1% and the detection limit was between 0.46 and 0.99 μg L^-1. Intraday relative standard deviation (n = 3) was 13.0-13.9% at 100 μg L^-1. Finally, it was concluded that the method is a rapid, efficient and simple method for the analysis of triazole fungicides in water.