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Xhanari K, Finšgar M. Recent advances in the modification of electrodes for trace metal analysis: a review. Analyst 2023; 148:5805-5821. [PMID: 37697964 DOI: 10.1039/d3an01252b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
This review paper summarizes the research published in the last five years on using different compounds and/or materials as modifiers for electrodes employed in trace heavy metal analysis. The main groups of modifiers are identified, and their single or combined application on the surface of the electrodes is discussed. Nanomaterials, film-forming substances, and polymers are among the most used compounds employed mainly in the modification of glassy carbon, screen-printed, and carbon paste electrodes. Composites composed of several compounds and/or materials have also found growing interest in the development of modified electrodes. Environmentally friendly substances and natural products (mainly biopolymers and plant extracts) have continued to be included in the modification of electrodes for trace heavy metal analysis. The main analytical performance parameters of the modified electrodes as well as possible interferences affecting the determination of the target analytes, are discussed. Finally, a critical evaluation of the main findings from these studies and an outlook discussing possible improvements in this area of research are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klodian Xhanari
- University of Maribor, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Smetanova ulica 17, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia.
- University of Tirana, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Boulevard "Zogu I", 1001 Tirana, Albania
| | - Matjaž Finšgar
- University of Maribor, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Smetanova ulica 17, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia.
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2
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Inobeme A, Mathew JT, Jatto E, Inobeme J, Adetunji CO, Muniratu M, Onyeachu BI, Adekoya MA, Ajai AI, Mann A, Olori E, Akhor SO, Eziukwu CA, Kelani T, Omali PI. Recent advances in instrumental techniques for heavy metal quantification. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 195:452. [PMID: 36892610 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-11058-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metals (HMs) are ubiquitous; they are found in soil, water, air, and all biological matrices. The toxicity, bioaccumulation potential, and deleterious effects of most of these metals on humans and the environment have been widely documented. Consequently, the detection and quantification of HMs in various environmental samples have become a pressing issue. The analysis of the concentrations of HMs is a vital component of environmental monitoring; hence, the selection of the most suitable analytical technique for their determination has become a topic of great interest in food, environment, and human health safety. Analytical techniques for the quantification of these metals have evolved. Presently, a broad range of HM analytical techniques are available with each having its outstanding merits as well as limitations. Most analytical scientists, therefore, adopt complementation of more than one method, with the choice influenced by the specific metal of interest, desired limits of detection and quantification, nature of the interference, level of sensitivity, and precision among others. Sequel to the above, this work comprehensively reviews the most recent advances in instrumental techniques for the determination of HMs. It gives a general overview of the concept of HMs, their sources, and why their accurate quantification is pertinent. It highlights various conventional and more advanced techniques for HM determination, and as one of its kind, it also gives special attention to the specific merits and demerits of the analytical techniques. Finally, it presents the most recent studies in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abel Inobeme
- Department of Chemistry, Edo State University Uzairue, Edo State, Nigeria.
| | - John Tsado Mathew
- Department of Chemistry, Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida University Lapai, Lapai, Nigeria
| | - Ejeomo Jatto
- Department of Chemistry, Ambrose Alli University Ekpoma, Ekpoma, Nigeria
| | - Jonathan Inobeme
- Department of Geography, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji
- Applied Microbiology, Biotechnology and Nanotechnology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Edo State University Uzairue, Edo State, Nigeria
| | - Maliki Muniratu
- Department of Chemistry, Edo State University Uzairue, Edo State, Nigeria
| | | | | | | | - Abdullahi Mann
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Technology Minna, Minna, Nigeria
| | - Eric Olori
- Department of Chemistry, Edo State University Uzairue, Edo State, Nigeria
| | - Sadiq Oshoke Akhor
- Department of Accounting, Edo State University Uzairue, Edo State, Nigeria
| | | | - Tawakalit Kelani
- Department of Chemistry, Edo State University Uzairue, Edo State, Nigeria
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Dinçer R, Ulubay Karabiberoğlu Ş, Dursun Z. Simultaneous electrochemical determination of trace Zinc(II), Cadmium(II) and Lead (II) in lipsticks using a novel electrode covered with bismuth / over-oxidized poly(xylenol blue) film. Microchem J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2023.108548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
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Liu N, Ye W, Liu G, Zhao G. Improving the accuracy of stripping voltammetry detection of Cd2+ and Pb2+ in the presence of Cu2+ and Zn2+ by machine learning: Understanding and inhibiting the interactive interference among multiple heavy metals. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1213:339956. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.339956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Pungjunun K, Yakoh A, Chaiyo S, Siangproh W, Praphairaksit N, Chailapakul O. Smartphone-based electrochemical analysis integrated with NFC system for the voltammetric detection of heavy metals using a screen-printed graphene electrode. Mikrochim Acta 2022; 189:191. [PMID: 35420315 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-022-05281-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The electrochemical determination of five heavy metals is demonstrated using a wireless and card-sized potentiostat coupled with a smartphone through near-field communication (NFC) technology. A smartphone application was customized to command the NFC potentiostat, collect real-time signals, process the data, and ultimately display the quantities of the selected elements. The screen-printed graphene electrode (SPGE) was simply fabricated and modified using different nanomaterials for each heavy metal. Using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) mode on the smartphone, the signal peaks were presented at + 10 mV for As(III), + 350 mV for Cr(VI), 0 mV for Hg(II), - 900 mV for Cd(II), and - 680 mV vs. Ag/AgCl for Pb(II). The linear ranges were 25-500, 250-25,000, 100-1,500, 25-750, 25-750 ng mL-1 with detection limits of 3.0, 40, 16, 2.0, and 0.95 ng mL-1 for As(III), Cr(VI), Hg(II), Cd(II), and Pb(II), respectively. The reproducibility in terms of relative standard deviation was less than 8.8% (n = 5 devices) of the developed SPGE coupled with the NFC potentiostat. Various samples for different applications (e.g., food safety and environmental monitoring) were analyzed and quantified using the proposed sensors. The results from this sensor indicate that there is no significant difference (95% confidence level) compared with those obtained from the traditional ICP-OES method, while the recoveries were found in the acceptable range of 80-111%. Hence, it can be deduced that this recent advanced technology of the NFC potentiostat developed for heavy metal analysis offers a highly sensitive and selective detection, yet the sensor remains compact, low-cost, and readily accessible to end-users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kingkan Pungjunun
- Electrochemistry and Optical Spectroscopy Center of Excellence (EOSCE), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, 10330, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Abdulhadee Yakoh
- Electrochemistry and Optical Spectroscopy Center of Excellence (EOSCE), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, 10330, Bangkok, Thailand.,The Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Patumwan, 10330, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sudkate Chaiyo
- Electrochemistry and Optical Spectroscopy Center of Excellence (EOSCE), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, 10330, Bangkok, Thailand.,The Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Patumwan, 10330, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Weena Siangproh
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Sukhumvit 23, Wattana, 10110, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Narong Praphairaksit
- Electrochemistry and Optical Spectroscopy Center of Excellence (EOSCE), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, 10330, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Orawon Chailapakul
- Electrochemistry and Optical Spectroscopy Center of Excellence (EOSCE), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, 10330, Bangkok, Thailand.
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Suarez O, Olaya JJ, Rodil SE. Structural and electrochemical characterization of sulfonated styrene-divinyl benzene/Bismuth-Tin electrodes. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.126975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Li H, Zhao J, Zhao S, Cui G. Simultaneous determination of trace Pb(II), Cd(II), and Zn(II) using an integrated three-electrode modified with bismuth film. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Majer D, Finšgar M. Single-Drop Analysis of Epinephrine and Uric Acid on a Screen-Printed Carbon Electrode. BIOSENSORS 2021; 11:bios11080285. [PMID: 34436086 PMCID: PMC8392267 DOI: 10.3390/bios11080285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
This work demonstrates the analysis of epinephrine (EP) and uric acid (UA) in a single drop (the volume of the test solution was only 50 µL) using a screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) sensor and square-wave voltammetry (SWV). The limit of detection, limit of quantification, linearity, accuracy, precision, and robustness were validated. The normality of the experimental data was tested and confirmed for both methods. Heteroscedasticity was checked by residual analysis followed by a statistical F-test. The latter was confirmed for both analytes. The low relative standard deviations (RSD) at all calibration points and repetitive slopes justified the use of a calibration curve; therefore, the standard addition methodology was avoided (the latter is common in electroanalysis, but time-consuming). Since the conditions for using an ordinary least squares (OLS) regression were not met, weighted linear regression (WLR) was used to improve the accuracy of the analytical results at low concentrations of the analytes. In this manner, the best weighted model was determined and used for the quantification. A comparison was made between the OLS and WLR methods to show the necessity of using the WLR method for EP and UA analysis. The newly developed and validated methods were also shown to be effective in the analysis of real samples. The content of EP in an EP auto-injector and UA in human urine was tested by employing the best weighted model. For EP and UA, the accuracy in terms of the average recovery value was 101.01% and 94.35%, and precision in terms of RSD was 5.65% and 2.75%, respectively. A new analytical methodology is presented that uses a low volume (a single drop), and it offers the advantage of electroanalysis for on-site analysis, where conventional chromatographic techniques cannot be easily employed. Furthermore, the developed technique has additional advantages in terms of speed, cost, and miniaturization.
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Zhang D, Xiang Q. Electrophoretic assembly of Sn-Bi film for the voltammetric determination of Cd(II) and Pb(II). Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Research Progress of Electrochemical Detection of Heavy Metal Ions. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2040(21)60083-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Zhang D, Xiang Q. Nafion-Assisted Electrophoretic Deposition and Its Application in Bismuth Film Electrodes for Metal Ion Detection. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c04616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daixiong Zhang
- College of Environment and Resources, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Catalysis and New Environmental Materials, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing 400067, PR China
| | - Qing Xiang
- School of Materials and Architectural Engineering, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550001, PR China
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Rojas-Romo C, Aliaga ME, Arancibia V, Gomez M. Determination of Pb(II) and Cd(II) via anodic stripping voltammetry using an in-situ bismuth film electrode. Increasing the sensitivity of the method by the presence of Alizarin Red S. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Wang Y, Zhai W, Liu Y. Study on Cd
2+
Determination Using Bud‐like Poly‐L‐Tyrosine/Bi Composite Film Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode Combined with Eliminating of Cu
2+
Interference by Electrodeposition. ELECTROANAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.202060213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan‐Ru Wang
- Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Energy South China Agricultural University Guangzhou 510642 P.R. China
| | - Wen‐Ying Zhai
- Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Energy South China Agricultural University Guangzhou 510642 P.R. China
| | - You‐Qin Liu
- Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Energy South China Agricultural University Guangzhou 510642 P.R. China
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Zhu CC, Bao N, Huo XL. Paper-based electroanalytical devices for stripping analysis of lead and cadmium in children's shoes. RSC Adv 2020; 10:41482-41487. [PMID: 35516589 PMCID: PMC9057795 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra07096c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Children's shoes are potential sources of toxic heavy metals, especially for younger children. Electrochemical detection could be applied for effective stripping analysis of heavy metals (such as Cd and Pb). However, the substrates of working electrodes are still limited and it is not well known which property is critical. Herein ITO glass was used as the substrate and the working electrode was modified with carbon cement for stripping analysis of Cd and Pb. The electrochemical impedance spectra of the ITO modified electrodes suggested the connection between the resistance and the electrochemical responses of heavy metals in stripping analysis, depending on the dilution ratio of the carbon cement. After optimization, the ITO modified electrodes in paper-based analytical devices could be used to sensitively quantify Cd and Pb with the concentration ranging from 10 to 1000 ppb. The detection limit of Pb2+ could reach less than 1 ppb while that of Cd2+ could reach 5 ppb, depending on the pH value of the sample solution. The paper-based electroanalytical devices could be used to quantify the concentration of Cd and Pb in children's shoes. This study implied the impact of the electric conductivity of the electrode substrates on stripping analysis, which might help to find more materials for the fabrication of the working electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Chen Zhu
- School of Public Health, Nantong University Nantong Jiangsu 226019 China
| | - Ning Bao
- School of Public Health, Nantong University Nantong Jiangsu 226019 China
| | - Xiao-Lei Huo
- School of Public Health, Nantong University Nantong Jiangsu 226019 China
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Finšgar M, Jezernik K. The Use of Factorial Design and Simplex Optimization to Improve Analytical Performance of In Situ Film Electrodes. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E3921. [PMID: 32674513 PMCID: PMC7411898 DOI: 10.3390/s20143921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This work presents a systematic approach to determining the significance of the individual factors affecting the analytical performance of in-situ film electrode (FE) for the determination of Zn(II), Cd(II), and Pb(II). Analytical parameters were considered simultaneously, where the lowest limit of quantification, the widest linear concentration range, and the highest sensitivity, accuracy, and precision of the method evidenced a better analytical method. Significance was evaluated by means of a fractional factorial (experimental) design using five factors, i.e., the mass concentrations of Bi(III), Sn(II), and Sb(III), to design the in situ FE, the accumulation potential, and the accumulation time. Next, a simplex optimization procedure was employed to determine the optimum conditions for these factors. Such optimization of the in situ FE showed significant improvement in analytical performance compared to the in situ FEs in the initial experiments and compared to pure in situ FEs (bismuth-film, tin-film, and antimony-film electrodes). Moreover, using the optimized in situ FE electrode, a possible interference effect was checked for different species and the applicability of the electrode was demonstrated for a real tap water sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matjaž Finšgar
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova ulica 17, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia;
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Casanueva-Marenco MJ, Díaz-de-Alba M, Herrera-Armario A, Galindo-Riaño MD, Granado-Castro MD. Design and optimization of a single-use optical sensor based on a polymer inclusion membrane for zinc determination in drinks, food supplement and foot health care products. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 110:110680. [PMID: 32204108 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.110680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A single-use optical sensor was designed for Zn(II) determination based on the immobilisation of the colorimetric reagent 2-acetylpyridine benzoylhydrazone (2-APBH) in a polymer inclusion membrane (PIM) adhered on the surface of an inert rectangular strip of polyester (Mylar). Different components for the membrane preparation were tested and those resulting in membrane with good appearance, proper physical and optical properties and ease of preparation were selected. Factorial design 23 with three replicates of the central point was applied for the optimisation of the membrane composition. The optimal composition consisted of 2.5 g of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), 4 mL of tributyl phosphate (TBP) and 0.04 g of 2-APBH. The optode showed a linear dynamic range from 0.03 (detection limit) to 1 mg L-1 of Zn(II) ions with a response time of 30 min in aqueous solution at pH 6 and a relative standard deviation of 3.90% for 0.4 mg L-1 of Zn(II). The sensor exhibited good selectivity to Zn(II) over other commonly ions. It was successfully applied to the determination of Zn(II) in a water certified reference material, spiked tap water, vitamin-mineral drink, food supplement and foot health care products, as contribution to the concern about this heavy metal due to its significant role in many biological and physiological processes although toxicant at high doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Casanueva-Marenco
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), Faculty of Sciences, CEI-MAR, University of Cadiz, Campus Rio San Pedro, ES-11510 Puerto Real, Cadiz, Spain
| | - M Díaz-de-Alba
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), Faculty of Sciences, CEI-MAR, University of Cadiz, Campus Rio San Pedro, ES-11510 Puerto Real, Cadiz, Spain
| | - A Herrera-Armario
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), Faculty of Sciences, CEI-MAR, University of Cadiz, Campus Rio San Pedro, ES-11510 Puerto Real, Cadiz, Spain
| | - M D Galindo-Riaño
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), Faculty of Sciences, CEI-MAR, University of Cadiz, Campus Rio San Pedro, ES-11510 Puerto Real, Cadiz, Spain.
| | - M D Granado-Castro
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), Faculty of Sciences, CEI-MAR, University of Cadiz, Campus Rio San Pedro, ES-11510 Puerto Real, Cadiz, Spain
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Adsorptive stripping voltammetry determination of hexavalent chromium by a pyridine functionalized gold nanoparticles/three-dimensional graphene electrode. Microchem J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2019.104022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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