Chemiluminescence reaction of graphene oxide – luminol – dissolved oxygen and its application for determination of isoniazid and paracetamol

VS4 Nanodendrites with Narrow Bandgaps in Activating Dissolved Oxygen for Boosted Chemiluminescence and Hemin Detection by Unexpected Quenching

Chemiluminescence (CL)-based analytical methods utilize luminophores that need to be activated with an oxidizing agent to trigger CL emission. Despite its susceptibility to decomposition when exposed to external light or trace metals, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) has been widely used to develop chemiluminescent methods due to the limited number of suitable alternatives for activating chemiluminescent luminophores. Also, analytical methods based on the well-known luminol/H2O2 CL system have low sensitivity. Dissolved oxygen (DO) is a naturally abundant and environmentally benign alternative oxidant for luminol and other CL luminophores. However, DO alone is inactive and needs an efficient catalyst or a coreaction accelerator for its activation. Because of the narrow bandgap of VS4 (ca. 1.12 eV), it can facilitate fast electron-transfer kinetics with an acceptor molecule such as DO. Here, we introduce vanadium tetrasulfide (VS4) to boost CL for the first time. Under the optimized conditions, VS4 nanodendrite catalyzes the generation of reactive oxygen species by activating DO which subsequently reacts with luminol to generate intense CL. It enhances the CL intensity of luminol/DO by about 10,000 times. Surprisingly, hemin remarkably quenches the generated CL of luminol/DO/VS4 nanodendrites, which is completely opposite to its typical enhancement of luminol CL. Based on the remarkable concentration-dependent quenching of the luminol/DO/VS4 nanodendrite CL by hemin, we have developed a sensitive CL method that can selectively detect hemin in the linear concentration range of 1-250 nM and achieved a limit of detection of 0.11 nM. The practical utility of the developed method was demonstrated by the determination of hemin in a pharmaceutical drug for the treatment of acute intermittent porphyria and in human serum. This study demonstrates that VS4 holds great promise in analytical method development.

Development of recycled and miniaturized electroanalytical sensor: Probing isoniazid determination in environmental water matrices

Surface water pollution has become relevant because growing population and intense industrial activities. Thus, to protect the environment from contamination, recently the electroanalytical sensors that require small sample volume and easy preparation have shown a prominent performance for pharmaceuticals monitoring. For this purpose, a miniaturized electrochemical platform was developed based on recycling obsolete computer integrated circuits (microchips), fitting with the ideals of green chemistry and circular economy. The gold microelectrodes array (Au-μEA) was easily exposed by polishing the device surface and then characterized by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and cyclic voltammetry. To enhance the analytical performance for isoniazid detection, the Au-μEA was modified with electrochemically reduced graphene oxide (ERGO). The developed sensor presented a linear range between 5 and 100 μmol L-1 and a limit of detection of 1.38 μmol L-1 demonstrating a reliable performance. Looking to its environmental application, the ERGO/Au-μEA sensor was used for isoniazid quantification in lagoon, river, tap water and synthetic effluent spiked samples with recovery values between 92.5 and 108.4%. Thus, this research field opens up new possibilities in global water-related issues contributing with innovative sustainable solutions.

Sensitive and selective determination of paracetamol in antipyretic children's syrup with a polyglycine modified glassy carbon electrode

A sensitive and selective electrochemical sensor for the determination of paracetamol (acetaminophen) is proposed based on a polyglycine-coated glassy carbon electrode. The electrochemical behavior of paracetamol was studied by cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry. Under optimal experimental conditions, the peak oxidation current of paracetamol increases linearly in the range of 0.5-75 μM. The limit of detection of paracetamol was 0.03 μM and the limit of quantitation was 0.09 μM. In addition, modified glassy carbon with polyglycine as the sensor was successfully used for the determination of paracetamol in antipyretic children's syrup samples, with a recovery rate of over 95.3%, showing its great application potential in drug analysis.

Recent Advances in Nanomaterial-Based Chemiluminescence Probes for Biosensing and Imaging of Reactive Oxygen Species

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play important roles in organisms and are closely related to various physiological and pathological processes. Due to the short lifetime and easy transformation of ROS, the determination of ROS content in biosystem has always been a challenging task. Chemiluminescence (CL) analysis has been widely used in the detection of ROS due to its advantages of high sensitivity, good selectivity and no background signal, among which nanomaterial-related CL probes are rapidly developing. In this review, the roles of nanomaterials in CL systems are summarized, mainly including their roles as catalysts, emitters, and carriers. The nanomaterial-based CL probes for biosensing and bioimaging of ROS developed in the past five years are reviewed. We expect that this review will provide guidance for the design and development of nanomaterial-based CL probes and facilitate the wider application of CL analysis in ROS sensing and imaging in biological systems.

A new NiS nanoparticles-enhanced chemiluminescence method for determination of cephalexin in the pharmaceuticals and spiked human serum

It is reported that NiS nanoparticles (NPs) can enhance the light emission from chemiluminescence (CL) reaction of luminol-O₂ (λ_max = 425 nm), remarkably. Additionally, it was shown that cephalexin (CEF) could further increase the intensity of light emitted from NiS NPs-luminol-O₂ CL reaction. Inspired in these findings, we intended to develop a new and straightforward CL method for the determination of CEF. A calibration graph over the range of 1.00 × 10^-6 - 4.00 × 10^-5 mol L^-1 was established. The limit of detection (LOD) of the CL method was 8.00 × 10^-7 mol L^-1 . The coefficient of variation (CV) of the CL methods was 2.20% (n = 6) for the measurement of 6.00 × 10^-6 mol L^-1 CEF. NiS NPs were produced by exploiting the precipitation method and identified by employing several spectroscopic approaches. The proposed CL method was successfully used to measure CEF in some pharmaceutical and spiked human serum. The chemical mechanism governing the CL reaction was briefly explained.

Novel Self-assembly Pd(II)-Schiff Base Complex Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode for Electrochemical Detection of Paracetamol

A self-assembly Pd-Schiff base complex was synthesized and used as an electrochemical sensor in phosphate buffer solution, where it enhanced the electrocatalytic activity toward the paracetamol detection. The Schiff base {(HL) = (4-(((Z)-3-(hydroxyimino) butan-2-ylidene) amino)-1,5-dimethyl-2-phenyl-1,2-dihydro-3H-pyrazol-3-one)} was selected to prepare Pd-based complexes due to its high antimicrobial activity. A linear calibration curve was constructed using GC/Pd-SB in paracetamol concentration range of 1–50 μM and its detection limit was calculated as 0.067 μM. The modified electrode, GC/Pd-SB, could successfully determine the paracetamol concentration in human blood serum and commercial drug tablets with high sensitivity. The prepared metal complex was characterized using techniques, namely, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). In addition, electrochemical studies were performed using different electrochemical techniques like cyclic voltammetry (CV), linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), chronoamperometry (CA), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). DFT calculations were used to estimate the equilibrium geometry, molecular orbital, ground-state properties, and interaction energy between paracetamol and palladium.

Graphical Abstract

Nickel oxide hollow microsphere for the chemiluminescence determination of tuberculostatic drug isoniazid

In this paper, NiO hollow microspheres (HMSs) were fabricated and used to catalyze chemiluminescence (CL) reaction. The studied CL reaction is the luminol-O₂ reaction that was used as a sensitive analytical tool for measuring tuberculostatic drug isoniazid (IND) in pharmaceutical formulations and water samples. The CL method was established based on the suppression impact of IND on the CL reaction. The NiO HMSs were produced by a simple hydrothermal method and characterized by several spectroscopic techniques. The result of essential parameters on the analytical performance of the CL method, including concentrations of NaOH, luminol, and NiO HMSs were investigated. At the optimum conditions, the calibration curve for isoniazid was linear in the range of 8.00 × 10^-7 - 1.00 × 10^-4 mol L^-1 (R² =0.99). A detection limit (3S) of 2.00 × 10^-7 mol L^-1 was obtained for this method. The acceptable relative standard deviation (RSD) was obtained for the proposed CL method (2.63%, n=10) for a 5.00 ×10^-6 mol L^-1 IND solution. The mechanism of the CL reaction was also discussed.

Poly (Orange CD) sensor for paracetamol in presence of folic acid and dopamine

In the present work, Orange CD was chosen as an intriguing modifier for the electropolymerization on the surface of CPE by the CV technique. A novel, sensitive, and cost-effective poly (Orange CD) MCPE (PoOCD/MCPE) sensor was utilized for the selective detection of paracetamol (PA) in 0.2 M phosphate buffer solution (PBS) of pH 7.4. The oxidation peak current of PA was vastly enhanced at the sensor. The scan rate study is suggested that electro-oxidation of PA was adsorption-controlled. The pH study testifies the redox pathways transport with the same quantity of electrons and protons. The detection limit of PA is found to be 2.64 µM. DPV results show that substantial peak separation between PA, folic acid (FA), and dopamine (DA) could be facilitating their individual and simultaneous determination on the sensor. The decorated sensor demonstrates high sensitivity, stability, reproducibility, repeatability and has been successfully exploited for the detection of PA in a tablet with promising results.

CuS nanoparticles-enhanced luminol-O2 chemiluminescence reaction used for determination of paracetamol and vancomycin

A new chemiluminescence (CL) method was proposed to measure two widely used drugs, including paracetamol (PCM) and vancomycin (VAN). The CL reaction used was the CuS nanoparticles (CuS NPs)-luminol-O₂ system. In this system, CuS NPs played the role of catalyst and increased the CL intensity. CuS NPs were easily synthesized by quick-precipitation. CuS NPs were characterized by spectroscopic techniques, and the mean size of NPs was estimated to be about 9 nm. In the developed CL methods, PCM and VAN decreased the CL intensity. In the proposed method, the linear concentration ranges were 4.0 × 10^-5-4.0 × 10^-4 mol L^-1 of PCM and 2.0 × 10^-5-6.0 × 10^-4 mol L^-1 of VAN. The limit of detections were 2.9 × 10^-5 mol L^-1 and 8.9 × 10^-6 mol L^-1 for PCM and VAN, respectively. The relative standard deviations (RSD) of the CL method were 2.99 and 4.31 (n = 6) for the determination of 3.0 × 10^-4 mol L^-1 PCM and VAN, respectively. It was also shown that the CL methods can measure PCM and VAN concentrations in various real samples.

Selective Electrochemical Sensing Platform Based on the Synergy between Carbon Black and Single-Crystalline Bismuth Sulfide for Rapid Analysis of Antipyretic Drugs

Nanomaterials are of significant interest in acetaminophen (APAP) detection in pharmaceutical samples. Herein, a carbon black/single-crystalline rodlike bismuth sulfide (CB/Bi₂S₃) composite prepared by an ultrasonic method is reported and utilized for the rapid analysis of APAP. The highly oriented edge reactive sites of the CB/Bi₂S₃ composite promoted synergy and good electrochemical sensing performance with a fast electron transfer rate and low overpotential (0.35 V). Therefore, a CB/Bi₂S₃ composite-modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was applied to the selective determination of APAP by the voltammetric technique. The CB/Bi₂S₃ composite-modified electrode showed the lowest limit of detection of APAP (1.9 nM) with excellent sensitivity. The proposed CB/Bi₂S₃/GCE platform exhibited high selectivity, excellent stability (87.15%), and reproducibility. Also, the CB/Bi₂S₃/GCE sensor was then successfully used to analyze an APAP pharmaceutical sample and exhibited satisfactory outcomes. Therefore, the CB/Bi₂S₃-modified GCE sensor platform would be a low-cost and robust GCE electrode material for APAP detection.

Enhanced chemiluminescence determination of paracetamol

Due to the severe consequences of potential overdoses of paracetamol (PCM) on the human body, the measurement of PCM in pharmaceutical and biological samples is essential.

Simultaneous detection of ethambutol and pyrazinamide with IL@CoFe2O4NPs@MWCNTs fabricated glassy carbon electrode

For the first time, we report a novel electrochemical sensor for the simultaneous detection of ethambutol (ETB) and pyrazinamide (PZM) using 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([Emim][BF₄]) ionic liquid (IL) assimilated with multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) decorated cobalt ferrite nanoparticles (CoFe₂O₄NPs) on the surface of glassy carbon electrode (GCE). The surface morphological and electrochemical properties of the IL@CoFe₂O₄NPs@MWCNTs was characterized with X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscope (TEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and cyclic voltammetry (CV), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) respectively. Moreover, the obtained results of CV demonstrated that the 9-folds enhancement in the electrochemical signals was achieved with IL@CoFe₂O₄NPs@MWCNTs@GCE compared to that of a bare GCE. Additionally, the simultaneous electrochemical detection of ETB and PZM was successfully accomplished using IL@CoFe₂O₄NPs@MWCNTs over a wide-range of concentration with good limit of detection (3S/m) of 0.0201 and 0.010 μM respectively. The findings of this study identify IL@CoFe₂O₄NPs@MWCNTs@GCE has promising abilities of simultaneous detection of ETB and PZM in pharmaceutical formulations.

Rod-like Co based metal-organic framework embedded into mesoporous carbon composite modified glassy carbon electrode for effective detection of pyrazinamide and isonicotinyl hydrazide in biological samples

Herein, we report a novel composite fabricated via embedding rod-like Co based metal-organic framework (Co-MOF-74) crystals into MC matrix for the first time. The introduction of MC astricts the size of Co-MOF-74 crystals, enlarges the pore size and improves the electrical conductivity, which lead to the good electrochemical properties of the composite. The fabricated sensor based on Co-MOF-74@MC exhibits superior electrocatalytic activity toward the reduction of pyrazinamide (PZA) and the oxidation of isonicotinyl hydrazide (INZ). Under optimized conditions, the sensor shows two linear ranges from 0.3 to 46.5 μM and 46.5-166.5 μM with a high sensitivity of 7.2 μA μM^-1 cm^-2 and a detection limit of 0.21 μM for the determination of PZA. The electroanalytical sensing of INZ also gives two linear ranges of 0.15-1.55 μM and 1.55-592.55 μM with a detection limit of 0.094 μM. The mechanism involved was also discussed, briefly. The sensor is assessed toward the detection of PZA and INZ in human serum and urine samples. Recovery values varied from 97.08 to 103.20% for PZA sensing and 96.67-102.90% for INZ sensing, revealing the promising practicality of sensor for PZA and INZ detection.

Synergistic design of a tin phosphate-entrapped graphene flake nanocomposite as an efficient catalyst for electrochemical determination of the antituberculosis drug isoniazid in biological samples

A SnP/GRF-modified electrode has potential application in the electrochemical detection of ISZ.