1
|
Pourshabanian M, Nasseri S, Nodehi RN, Hosseini SS, Mahvi AH. Radon measurement and age-independent effective dose attributed to ingestion of bottled water in Iran: sensitivity analysis. Sci Rep 2023; 13:12717. [PMID: 37543701 PMCID: PMC10404218 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39679-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A comprehensive study was made to measure the radon concentration in bottled water available in Iran market. The 222Rn concentration in 70 bottled water samples were measured by the sniffing mode technique and RTM 1688-2 (SARAD, Germany) in immediate sampling time and 3 months later for determination of radon decay. The measured radon concentration ranged from 0.003 to 0.618 Bq L-1 in bottled water samples, which were much lower than the recommended value for radon in drinking water by WHO (100 Bq L-1) and United states environmental protection agency (USEPA) (11.1 Bq L-1). The annual effective dose of 222Rn due to ingestion bottled water was also evaluated in this research. The mean annual effective dose due to ingestion of radon in bottled water for adults, children, and infants were estimated to vary from 5.30 × 10-4 mSv-1, 4.90 × 10-4 mSv-1, and 2.15 × 10-4 mSv-1, respectively. Overall, this study indicated that the Iranian people receive no significant radiological risk due to exposure to radon concentration in bottled water brands common consumed in Iranian market.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mina Pourshabanian
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Center for Solid Waste Research, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Simin Nasseri
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Center for Solid Waste Research, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ramin Nabizadeh Nodehi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Center for Solid Waste Research, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Sadat Hosseini
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Hossein Mahvi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Center for Solid Waste Research, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Pourfadakari S, Dobaradaran S, De-la-Torre GE, Mohammadi A, Saeedi R, Spitz J. Evaluation of occurrence of organic, inorganic, and microbial contaminants in bottled drinking water and comparison with international guidelines: a worldwide review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:55400-55414. [PMID: 35668268 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21213-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the levels of inorganic and organic substances as well as microbial contaminants in bottled drinking water on a global scale. The findings were compared to WHO guidelines, EPA standards, European Union (EU) directive, and standards drafted by International Bottled Water Association (IBWA). Our review showed that 46% of studies focused on the organic contaminants, 25% on physicochemical parameters, 12% on trace elements, 7% on the microbial quality, and 10% on microplastics (MPs) and radionuclides elements. Overall, from the 54 studies focusing on organic contaminants (OCs) compounds, 11% of studies had higher OCs concentrations than the standard permissible limit. According to the obtained results from this review, several OCs, inorganic contaminants (IOCs), including CHCl3, CHBrCl2, DEHP, benzene, styrene, Ba, As, Hg, pb, Ag, F, NO3, and SO4 in bottled drinking water of some countries were higher than the international guidelines values that may cause risks for human health in a long period of time. Furthermore, some problematic contaminants with known or unknown health effects such as EDCs, DBP, AA, MPs, and some radionuclides (40K and 222Rn) lack maximum permissible values in bottled drinking water as stipulated by international guidelines. The risk index (HI) for OCs and IOCs (CHBrCl2, Ba, As, and Hg) was higher than 1 in adults and children, and the value of HI for CHCl3 in children was more than 1. Thus, further studies are required to have a better understanding of all contaminants levels in bottled drinking water.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sudabeh Pourfadakari
- Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Boostan 19 Alley, Imam Khomeini Street, Bushehr, 7514763448, Iran
| | - Sina Dobaradaran
- Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Boostan 19 Alley, Imam Khomeini Street, Bushehr, 7514763448, Iran.
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health and Niutrition, Bushehr, Iran.
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry and Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
| | | | - Azam Mohammadi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Public Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Reza Saeedi
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health, Safety and Environment, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jorg Spitz
- Akademie für Menschliche Medizin GmbH, Krauskopfallee 27, 65388, Schlangenbad, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Radiological and physicochemical properties of drinking waters consumed in the Western Black Sea Region of Turkey. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-021-07736-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
5
|
Abstract
AbstractThere is little available information on the radioactivity concentrations in the thermal and drinking water sources in North Vietnam. In the current study, the gross alpha and gross beta activity concentrations were determined in 8 water sources in the area. The average activities of gross alpha and beta in the 8 sources are 38.7 mBq L− 1 and 88.0 mBq L− 1. These activity concentrations are lower than WHO recommendations for drinking water. In this study, the gross alpha and gross beta show a weak correlation.
Collapse
|