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Ali AMBH, Abdel-Aal FAM, Rageh AH, Mohamed AMI. A Comprehensive Review on Analytical Techniques for Determination of Sex Stimulants, PDE5 Inhibitors in Different Matrices with Special Focus on the Electroanalytical Methods. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2022:1-30. [PMID: 36508289 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2022.2152274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Erectile dysfunction (ED) is one of the most common chronic diseases affecting men and its incidence increases with aging. Due to its substantial influence on the quality of life, phosphodiesterase type-5 (PDE5) inhibitors have been implemented to treat ED by increasing the penile blood flow that results in improving erection. PDE5 inhibitors is a class of drugs that affects many pharmacological sectors, and it is essential to review the different analytical methods described for their determination. Few reviews were published concerning this group of drugs. For this reason, this review article gathers the different analytical methods used to determine PDE5 inhibitors in pharmaceutical and biological samples over the past 20 years. Different analytical techniques were used to analyze these compounds in different matrices such as separation methods (capillary electrophoresis, LC-MS, UPLC-MS/MS, and GC-MS), spectroscopic methods (UV-visible methods, FT-IR spectroscopy and spectrofluorometry) and electrochemical methods (polarography, voltammetry and potentiometry). This review focuses on the different electrochemical methods and their use in analytical determination of PDE5 inhibitors in pharmaceutical dosage forms and biological samples. Moreover, it discusses the different modified electrodes used for their electroanalytical determination and the behavior of the studied drugs at different modified electrodes. Additionally, this review discusses the pharmacokinetics of the studied compounds and their interactions with other co-administered drugs especially the metabolic interactions between the studied compounds and other co-administered drugs in different matrices. This literature survey would provide a beneficial guide for future analytical investigation of PDE5 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Al-Montaser Bellah H Ali
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Fatma A M Abdel-Aal
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Azza H Rageh
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Abdel-Maaboud I Mohamed
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
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Ayad MM, Hosny MM, Metias YM. Green micellar liquid chromatographic analysis of alfuzosin hydrochloride and sildenafil citrate in a binary mixture compared to classical RPLC with stability indicating studies. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2022; 48:41-51. [PMID: 35754330 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2022.2093896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Two simple and validated chromatographic studies were performed for simultaneous estimation of sildenafil citrate and alfuzosin hydrochloride in bulk, pharmaceuticals, and in the presence of their main degradation products. Two systems of mobile phase were applied isocratically for their first chromatographic separation using conventional and micellar mobile phases. Methanol, acetonitrile, and 0.02 M potassium dihydrogen phosphate (43:14:43 v/v; pH 4.66) were pumped at 1.3 mL/min in method I. Meanwhile, method II was based on less hazardous micellar mobile phase of nonionic surfactant (0.005 M Brij-35 in water; pH 2.5 adjusted with 0.1% orthophosphoric acid) with a flow rate of 1 mL/min. Both methods were carried on C18 column and coupled with UV detection at 225 nm at ambient temperature. The first method was rectilinear over the concentration range of 5-62.5 μg/mL for both drugs, while the second method showed higher linearity ranges of 0.5-40, 2.5-62.5 μg/mL for alfuzosin hydrochloride and sildenafil citrate, respectively. The developed methods successfully enabled the quantification of the studied binary mixture in their tablets dosage form and evaluation their stabilities. Validation of the proposed methods according to ICH guidelines and system suitability were ascertained. Moreover, the applied methods were evaluated and compared from the perspective of green analytical chemistry, employing the National Environmental Methods Index, analytical Eco-Scale score, and Green Analytical Procedure Index, as three assessment tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magda Mohamed Ayad
- Department of Analytical chemistry, Faculty of pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 4451, Egypt
| | - Mervat Mohamed Hosny
- Department of Analytical chemistry, Faculty of pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 4451, Egypt
| | - Youstina Mekhail Metias
- Department of Analytical chemistry, Faculty of pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 4451, Egypt.,Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Moto-oka 744, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka-shi, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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Wasąg J, Grabarczyk M. Copper Film Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode and Copper Film with Carbon Nanotubes Modified Screen-Printed Electrode for the Cd(II) Determination. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14185148. [PMID: 34576372 PMCID: PMC8466203 DOI: 10.3390/ma14185148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A copper film modified glassy carbon electrode (CuF/GCE) and a novel copper film with carbon nanotubes modified screen-printed electrode (CuF/CN/SPE) for anodic stripping voltammetric measurement of ultratrace levels of Cd(II) are presented. During the development of the research procedure, several main parameters were investigated and optimized. The optimal electroanalytical performance of the working electrodes was achieved in electrolyte 0.1 M HCl and 2 × 10−4 M Cu(II). The copper film modified glassy carbon electrode exhibited operation in the presence of dissolved oxygen with a calculated limit of detection of 1.7 × 10−10 M and 210 s accumulation time, repeatability with RSD of 4.2% (n = 5). In the case of copper film with carbon nanotubes modified screen-printed electrode limit of detection amounted 1.3 × 10−10 M for accumulation time of 210 s and with RSD of 4.5% (n = 5). The calibration curve has a linear range in the tested concentration of 5 × 10−10–5 × 10−7 M (r = 0.999) for CuF/GCE and 3 × 10−10–3 × 10−7 M (r = 0.999) for CuF/CN/SPE with 210 s accumulation time in both cases. The used electrodes enable trace determination of cadmium in different environmental water samples containing organic matrix. The validation of the proposed procedures was carried out through analysis certified reference materials: TM-25.5, SPS-SW1, and SPS-WW1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Wasąg
- Department of Materials Engineering, Institute of Engineering and Technical Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Health, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, 20-950 Lublin, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Malgorzata Grabarczyk
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, 20-031 Lublin, Poland;
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Ouranidis A, Tsiaxerli A, Vardaka E, Markopoulou CK, Zacharis CK, Nicolaou I, Hatzichristou D, Haidich AB, Kostomitsopoulos N, Kachrimanis K. Sildenafil 4.0-Integrated Synthetic Chemistry, Formulation and Analytical Strategies Effecting Immense Therapeutic and Societal Impact in the Fourth Industrial Era. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:365. [PMID: 33920975 PMCID: PMC8071249 DOI: 10.3390/ph14040365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sildenafil is a potent selective, reversible inhibitor of phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) approved for the treatment of erectile dysfunction and pulmonary arterial hypertension. Whilst twenty years have passed since its original approval by the US Food and Drug Administration (USFDA), sildenafil enters the fourth industrial era catalyzing the treatment advances against erectile dysfunction and pulmonary hypertension. The plethora of detailed clinical data accumulated and the two sildenafil analogues marketed, namely tadalafil and vardenafil, signify the relevant therapeutic and commercial achievements. The pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic behavior of the drug appears complex, interdependent and of critical importance whereas the treatment of special population cohorts is considered. The diversity of the available formulation strategies and their compatible administration routes, extend from tablets to bolus suspensions and from per os to intravenous, respectively, inheriting the associated strengths and weaknesses. In this comprehensive review, we attempt to elucidate the multi-disciplinary elements spanning the knowledge fields of chemical synthesis, physicochemical properties, pharmacology, clinical applications, biopharmaceutical profile, formulation approaches for different routes of administration and analytical strategies, currently employed to guide the development of sildenafil-based compositions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Ouranidis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.T.); (E.V.)
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Anastasia Tsiaxerli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.T.); (E.V.)
| | - Elisavet Vardaka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.T.); (E.V.)
| | - Catherine K. Markopoulou
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (C.K.M.); (C.K.Z.)
| | - Constantinos K. Zacharis
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (C.K.M.); (C.K.Z.)
| | - Ioannis Nicolaou
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Dimitris Hatzichristou
- Department of Urology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54635 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Anna-Bettina Haidich
- Department of Hygiene, Social-Preventive Medicine and Medical Statistics, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Nikolaos Kostomitsopoulos
- Center of Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece;
| | - Kyriakos Kachrimanis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.T.); (E.V.)
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Rouhani M, Soleymanpour A. Molecularly imprinted sol-gel electrochemical sensor for sildenafil based on a pencil graphite electrode modified by Preyssler heteropolyacid/gold nanoparticles/MWCNT nanocomposite. Mikrochim Acta 2020; 187:512. [PMID: 32833062 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-020-04482-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
An electrochemical sensor based on the imprinted sol-gel on pencil graphite electrode (PGE) modified with functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT), gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), and Preyssler heteropolyacid (PHPA) nanohybrid was fabricated for the determination of trace amounts of sildenafil. The pencil graphite electrode was first deposited by the AuNPs@PHPA-MWCNT nanohybrids, and then, the modified electrode of MIP-sol-gel/AuNPs@PHPA-MWCNTs was prepared by the electrochemical method. The synthesized nanohybrids and prepared modified electrodes were characterized with FE-SEM, FTIR, EDX, XRD, and UV/Vis. Cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and differential pulse voltammetry techniques were applied for the electrochemical analysis using the modified electrodes. By measuring the oxidation and reduction currents of the potassium ferricyanide probe, the efficiency of this sensor was evaluated for the detection of sildenafil. The anodic peak current was measured at 0.2 V vs. Ag/AgCl by differential pulse voltammetry in the potential range - 0.1 to 0.5 V (vs. Ag/AgCl). Under the optimum conditions, the current response for the detection of sildenafil was linear in two concentration ranges of 0.1-2 and 2-30 nM and the obtained limit of detection was 0.033 nM. The constructed sensor was used for the measurement of sildenafil in real samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Rouhani
- School of Chemistry, Damghan University, Damghan, 3671641167, Iran
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Yehia AM, Saad AS, Tantawy MA. USB multiplex analyzer employing screen-printed silver electrodes on paper substrate; A developed design for dissolution testing. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 186:113272. [PMID: 32305738 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Multiplex ion analyzers have been introduced recently for the assay of several inorganic ions, whilst electrochemists have extensively employed screen printed sensors for pharmaceutical analyses. This work aims to develop a USB pluggable sensor with a user-friendly design for multiplex analysis of oppositely charged co-formulated organic ions. The miniaturized screen-printed electrode was developed using silver ink on paper substrate. A compact sensor design was attained by including three electrodes, a single reference electrode along with an indicator electrode for each of the determined ions. Optimized PVC membranes were drop-casted over each of the indicator electrodes for the determination of phenylephrine HCl (PHE) and ibuprofen (IBU). The proposed multiplex potentiometric sensors exhibit Nernstian slopes of 59.2 ± 0.26 and -56.8 ± 0.16 mV/decade for PHE and IBU, respectively, with respective detection limits of 1.6 × 10-7 and 6.53 × 10-8 mol L-1. The fast and stable response of the developed sensor enabled the real-time monitoring of the combined dosage form dissolution. The dissolution profiles obtained by this potentiometric analyzer and an off-line separation technique were compared favourably, albeit our proposed in-line sensor reduced waste and time of analysis. The developed method successfully complies with the most demanding stipulations of green analytical chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali M Yehia
- Analytical chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, 11562, Egypt; Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Industries, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr City, 11829, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed S Saad
- Analytical chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, 11562, Egypt; Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, October 6 University, 6 October City, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud A Tantawy
- Analytical chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
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