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Yang Y, Chen J, Liang X, Liu B, Quan K, Liu X, Qiu H. Adjustable chromatographic performance of silica-based mixed-mode stationary phase through the control of co-grafting amounts of imidazole and C18 chain. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1722:464889. [PMID: 38598894 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.464889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
In this paper, three imidazole- and C18- bifunctional silica stationary phases (Sil-Im-C18) were prepared by adjusting introduction interval of octadecyltrichlorosilane (ODS) and 3-imidazol-1-ylpropyl(trimethoxy)silane (TMPImS), which can be used for reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) and ion exchange chromatography (IEC) with adjustable performance. The successful preparation of Sil-Im-C18 were confirmed by the characterizations of elemental analysis, infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and contact angle (CA). Chromatographic performance of Sil-Im-C18 were evaluated by the separation of Tanaka test mixture, alkylbenzenes, linear PAHs and a set of analytes with different properties (uracil, phenol, 1,2-dinitrobenzene and naphthalene), and compared with commonly used C18 column. It was found that the chromatographic performance of Sil-Im-C18 changed significantly with the difference in bonding amount of imidazole and C18. Sil-Im-C18 demonstrated the excellent separation performance towards polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), phenylesters, phenylamines, phenols and inorganic anions, and notably, nucleobases and nucleosides can be separated using pure water as mobile phases. The van Deemter plot showed that the column efficiency of Sil-Im-C18-3 was 64,933 plate·m-1 for naphthalene, indicated that Sil-Im-C18 was reasonably chromatographic columns. The RSD values of retention time were 0.22 %-0.61 % for 10 needles alkylbenzenes injected continuously at 50 °C to investigate thermal stability and repeatability, all the fluctuations of k of naphthalene were less than 2.3 % for Sil-Im-C18-1 during flushing 24 h with the mobile phase at different pH values (pH = 3 and 8), the retention time of alkylbenzenes were almost same for Sil-Im-C18-1 at different time, the RSD values of retention time of alkylbenzenes were 0.45 %-2.28 % for two batches Sil-Im-C18-1, revealing the excellent repeatability, thermal stability, durability and reproducibility of Sil-Im-C18, and implying a commercial prospect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; Key Laboratory of Bioelectrochemistry & Environmental Analysis of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Jia Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Xiaojing Liang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Bei Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Kaijun Quan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xiuhui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bioelectrochemistry & Environmental Analysis of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China.
| | - Hongdeng Qiu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; Ganjiang Innovation Academy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ganzhou 341119, China.
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Luo K, Zhao L, Liu Y, Zhang Y, Chen W, Tang S. Hydrophobic/hydrophilic separation performance evaluation of a mixed-mode ionic liquid embedded stearyl thioglycolate functionalized silica stationary phase. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1706:464279. [PMID: 37567003 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a novel imidazolium ionic liquid embedded multifunctional chromatographic stationary phase (Sil-AVI-ST) was synthesized by the radical-mediated thiol-ene click reaction. A wide range of samples including hydrophilic sulfonamides, vitamins and nucleosides/bases as well as hydrophobic phthalates, bisphenols, alkylphenols and steroid hormones were selected to evaluate the separation ability of the newly obtained Sil-AVI-ST. As expected, an efficient separation of the above tested analytes was successfully achieved in different chromatographic modes. It was proved that multiple stationary phase-analyte interaction forces promoted the selective separation. The Sil-AVI-ST column provided multiple retention mechanisms, enabling the efficient separation of diverse analytes with different polarity. More importantly, embedding a polar ligand (1-allyl-3-vinyl-imidazolium) could improve the separation efficiency of long-chain alkyl bonded stationary phases for hydrophilic analytes, and the developed Sil-AVI-ST column could also realize the detection of hydrophobic analytes under water-rich conditions, which is impossible for the conventional hydrophobic columns. Therefore, the newly prepared Sil-AVI-ST stationary phase has a good practical application potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaixing Luo
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Lulu Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Yanjuan Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Linyi University, Shuangling Road, Linyi 276000, Shandong, China
| | - Yuefei Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Wei Chen
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Sheng Tang
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China.
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Zhou J, Wan M, Dai X, Yang H, Yang Y, Ou J, Liao M, Liu J, Wang L. Polar-embedded phenyl dendritic stationary phase for multi-mode chromatographic separation. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.108303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Zhao C, Yan S, Liu J, Xiong Z, Zhao L. Octadecylamine and serine-derived carbon dots-modified silica gel for reversed phase/hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Comparing the chromatographic performance of benzene and aniline end capped stationary phase synthesized by click chemistry. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Pankajkumar-Patel N, Peris-García E, Ruiz-Angel M, García-Alvarez-Coque M. Interactions of basic compounds with ionic liquids used as oils in microemulsion liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1674:463142. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Le Droumaguet B, Guerrouache M, Carbonnier B. Contribution of the "Click Chemistry" Toolbox for the Design, Synthesis, and Resulting Applications of Innovative and Efficient Separative Supports: Time for Assessment. Macromol Rapid Commun 2022; 43:e2200210. [PMID: 35700224 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The last two decades have seen the rapid expansion of click chemistry methodology in various domains closely related to organic chemistry. It has notably been widely developed in the area of surface chemistry, mainly because of the high-yielding character of reactions of the "click" type. Especially, this powerful chemical reaction toolbox has been adapted to the preparation of stationary phases from the corresponding chromatographic supports. A plethora of selectors can thus be immobilized on either organic, inorganic, or hybrid stationary phases that can be used in different chromatographic modes. This review first highlights the few different chemical ligation strategies of the "click" type that are up to now mainly devoted to the development of functionalized supports for separation sciences. Then, it gives in a second part an up-to-date survey of the different studies dedicated to the preparation of click chemistry-based chromatographic supports while highlighting the powerful and versatile character of the "click" ligation strategy for the design, synthesis, and developments of more and more complex systems that can find promising applications in the area of analytical sciences, in domains as varied as enantioselective separation, glycomics, proteomics, genomics, metabolomics, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Le Droumaguet
- Univ Paris Est Creteil, CNRS, ICMPE, UMR 7182, 2 Rue Henri Dunant, Thiais, F-94320, France
| | - Mohamed Guerrouache
- Univ Paris Est Creteil, CNRS, ICMPE, UMR 7182, 2 Rue Henri Dunant, Thiais, F-94320, France
| | - Benjamin Carbonnier
- Univ Paris Est Creteil, CNRS, ICMPE, UMR 7182, 2 Rue Henri Dunant, Thiais, F-94320, France
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Qiao L, Sun R, Tao Y, Yu C, Yan Y. Surface-confined guanidinium ionic liquid as a new type of stationary phase for hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography. J Sep Sci 2021; 44:3357-3365. [PMID: 34270174 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Guanidinium-based ionic liquids possess lower toxicity and greater designability than commonly used species and have presented good performances in liquid-phase extraction and stationary phase for capillary gas chromatography. In the present work, a novel type of surface-confined guanidinium ionic liquid stationary phase was developed by bonding a hexaalkylguanidinium ionic liquid N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-N",N"-diallylguanidinium bromide onto the surface of 3-mercaptopropyl modified silica. The obtained surface-confined guanidinium ionic liquid silica materials were characterized by elemental analysis, infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis, and then packed as a high-performance liquid chromatography column for the evaluation of chromatographic retention behavior. Typical polar compounds were used to evaluate the separation performances, and the changes of retention with water content in mobile phase further suggested the hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography retention mechanism. Moreover, the effect of different chromatographic factors (salt concentration, mobile phase pH, and column temperature) on retention was investigated with a series of compounds as test solutes to gain insights into the retention mechanism. The results indicated that the surface-confined guanidinium ionic liquid stationary phase exhibited a hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography/anion-exchange mixed-mode retention behavior and possessed promising potential in separating a wide range of compounds as an alternative stationary phase for high-performance liquid chromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizhen Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, P. R. China.,School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, P. R. China
| | - Ruiting Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, P. R. China.,School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, P. R. China.,School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, P. R. China
| | - Chunmei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, P. R. China.,School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, P. R. China
| | - Yang Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, P. R. China.,School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, P. R. China
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Characterization and comparison of mixed-mode and reversed-phase columns; interaction abilities and applicability for peptide separation. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1648:462182. [PMID: 33979757 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In this work, two mixed-mode columns from a different manufacturers and one marketed as a reversed-phase column were characterized and compared in the terms of their interaction abilities, retentivity, peak symmetry, and applicability for peptide separation. All the tested columns contain octadecyl ligand and positively charged modifier, i.e. pyridyl group for the reversed-phase column XSelect CSH C18, quaternary alkylamine for mixed-mode column Atlantis PREMIER BEH C18 AX, and permanently charged moiety (details not available from the manufacturer) for mixed-mode column Luna Omega PS C18. For detailed characterization and comparison of their interaction potential, several approaches were used. First, a simple Walters test was performed to estimate hydrophobic and silanophilic interactions of the tested columns. The highest values of both parameters were observed for column Atlantis PREMIER BEH C18 AX. To investigate the effect of pH and buffer concentration on retention, mobile phases composed of acetonitrile and buffer (ammonium formate, pH 3.0; ammonium acetate pH 4.7 and pH 6.9) in various concentrations (5mM; 10mM; 15mM and 20mM) were used. The analysis of permanently charged compounds was used to describe the electrostatic interaction abilities of the stationary phases. The most significant contribution of electrostatic interactions to the retention was observed for Atlantis PREMIER BEH C18 AX column in the mobile phase with buffer of pH 3.0. A set of ten dipeptides, three pentapeptides and one octapeptide was used to investigate the effects of pH and buffer concentration on retention and peak symmetry. Each of the tested columns provides the optimal peak shape under different buffer pH and concentration. The gradient separation of the 14 tested peptides was used to verify the application potential of the tested columns for peptide separation. The best separation was achieved within 4 minutes on column Atlantis PREMIER BEH C18 AX.
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Kadlecová Z, Kalíková K, Ansorge M, Gilar M, Tesařová E. The effect of particle and ligand types on retention and peak shape in liquid chromatography. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Paranamana N, El Rassi Z. Imidazolium ionic liquid bonded silica stationary phases. Part II. 1-Ethylimidazolium stationary phase. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2020.1827427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nilushi Paranamana
- Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Ziad El Rassi
- Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
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Zhou H, Chen J, Li H, Quan K, Zhang Y, Qiu H. Imidazolium ionic liquid-enhanced poly(quinine)-modified silica as a new multi-mode chromatographic stationary phase for separation of achiral and chiral compounds. Talanta 2020; 211:120743. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.120743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Treder N, Bączek T, Wychodnik K, Rogowska J, Wolska L, Plenis A. The Influence of Ionic Liquids on the Effectiveness of Analytical Methods Used in the Monitoring of Human and Veterinary Pharmaceuticals in Biological and Environmental Samples-Trends and Perspectives. Molecules 2020; 25:E286. [PMID: 31936806 PMCID: PMC7024248 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25020286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent years have seen the increased utilization of ionic liquids (ILs) in the development and optimization of analytical methods. Their unique and eco-friendly properties and the ability to modify their structure allows them to be useful both at the sample preparation stage and at the separation stage of the analytes. The use of ILs for the analysis of pharmaceuticals seems particularly interesting because of their systematic delivery to the environment. Nowadays, they are commonly detected in many countries at very low concentration levels. However, due to their specific physiological activity, pharmaceuticals are responsible for bioaccumulation and toxic effects in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems as well as possibly upsetting the body's equilibrium, leading to the dangerous phenomenon of drug resistance. This review will provide a comprehensive summary of the use of ILs in various sample preparation procedures and separation methods for the determination of pharmaceuticals in environmental and biological matrices based on liquid-based chromatography (LC, SFC, TLC), gas chromatography (GC) and electromigration techniques (e.g., capillary electrophoresis (CE)). Moreover, the advantages and disadvantages of ILs, which can appear during extraction and separation, will be presented and attention will be given to the criteria to be followed during the selection of ILs for specific applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Treder
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland; (N.T.); (T.B.)
| | - Tomasz Bączek
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland; (N.T.); (T.B.)
| | - Katarzyna Wychodnik
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Faculty of Health Sciences with Institute of Maritime and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębowa 23 A, 80-204 Gdańsk, Poland; (K.W.); (J.R.); (L.W.)
| | - Justyna Rogowska
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Faculty of Health Sciences with Institute of Maritime and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębowa 23 A, 80-204 Gdańsk, Poland; (K.W.); (J.R.); (L.W.)
| | - Lidia Wolska
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Faculty of Health Sciences with Institute of Maritime and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębowa 23 A, 80-204 Gdańsk, Poland; (K.W.); (J.R.); (L.W.)
| | - Alina Plenis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland; (N.T.); (T.B.)
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