Chemometric optimization of an HPLC method for the simultaneous analysis of a multi component drug product by the help of central composite design

Drilling into "Quality by Design" Approach for Analytical Methods

The need for consistency in analytical method development reinforces the dependence of pharmaceutical product development and manufacturing on robust analytical data. The Analytical Quality by Design (AQbD), akin to the product Quality by Design (QbD) endows a high degree of confidence to the method quality developed. AQbD involves the definition of the analytical target profile as starting point, followed by the identification of critical method variables and critical analytical attributes, supported on risk assessment and design of experiment tools for the establishment of a method operable design region and control strategy of the method. This systematic approach moves away from reactive troubleshooting to proactive failure reduction. The objective of this review is to highlight the elements of the AQbD framework and provide an overview of their implementation status in various analytical methods used in the pharmaceutical field. These methodologies include but are not limited to, high-performance liquid chromatography, UV-Vis spectrophotometry, capillary electrophoresis, supercritical fluid chromatography, and high-performance thin-layer chromatography. Finally, a critical appraisal is provided to highlight how regulators have encouraged AQbD principles application to boost the prevention of method failures and a better understanding of the method operable design region (MODR) and control strategy, ultimately resulting in cost-effectiveness and regulatory flexibility.

Optimization of High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic Method Using Central Composite Design for the Simultaneous Estimation of Ciprofloxacin and Loteprednol

A simple, rapid, precise and accurate stability indicating high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method was developed for simultaneous quantification of Ciprofloxacin (CIP) and Loteprednol (LOT) along with their forced degradation products using central composite design (CCD) approach. CCD was prepared with three independent variables in a gradient HPLC method. In gradient program (GP) the ratio of phosphate buffer in the mobile phase was 70%, 75%, 80%, 85% and 90%, the pH of phosphate buffer was 2.6, 2.8, 3.0, 3.2 and 3.4, flow rate was 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.1 and 1.2 mL/min. Resolution, tailing factor (CIP) and tailing factor (LOT) were selected as response factor. The effective separation of LOT and CIP was achieved on Phenomenex EVO-C18 column (4.6 mm × 250 mm × 5 μm particle size) opting gradient mode of elution. The mobile phase composed of 10 mM Phosphate buffer pH 3.2 with ortho-phosphoric acid and the organic phase composed of mixture of acetonitrile and methanol in 50:50% v/v with flow rate of 1 mL/min and diode array detection at 258 nm. The optimized variables found were flow rate of 1.0 mL/min, ratio of phosphate buffer in GP 80% at pH 3.0. The method was validated as per ICH guidelines and applied for analysis of stability samples.

Application of Chemometrics-assisted HPLC-DAD Strategies for Simultaneous Determination of Paracetamol, Pseudoephedrine HCl, Dextromethorphan HBr, Doxylamine Succinate and Saccharin in Syrup Formulation

Introduction:

This study introduces an effective strategy, which combines high performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) with multivariate calibration methods for the simultaneous determination of paracetamol (PAR), pseudoephedrine HCl (PSE), dextromethorphan HBr (DEX) and doxylamine succinate (DOX) along with sweetener saccharin (SAC) in syrup formulation.

Methods:

PLS-2 and PCR calibration algorithms were selected for data processing. Based on the strategy, all target analytes were rapidly quantified within 5.3 min under the simple isocratic elution (water: methanol, 20/80, v/v) without a complete separation. The performances of the proposed methods were confirmed by analyzing a series of synthetic solutions including different concentrations of analytes.

Results:

The average recovery values were in the range of 100.33 to 103.70%, and the REP (relative error of prediction) values ranged from 1.96 to 4.36% showed that these methods could provide satisfactory predictions.

Conclusion:

Novel HPLC methods coupled with PLS and PCR algorithm enable a simple, fast and low-cost analysis of similar pharmaceutical products for simultaneous determination of the target compounds.

Experimental design in HPLC separation of pharmaceuticals

Design of Experiments (DoE) is an indispensable tool in contemporary drug analysis as it simultaneously balances a number of chromatographic parameters to ensure optimal separation in High Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). This manuscript briefly outlines the theoretical background of the DOE and provides step-by-step instruction for its implementation in HPLC pharmaceutical practice. It particularly discusses the classification of various design types and their possibilities to rationalize the different stages of HPLC method development workflow, such as the selection of the most influential factors, factors optimization and assessment of the method robustness. Additionally, the application of the DOE-based Analytical Quality by Design (AQbD) concept in the LC method development has been summarized. Recent achievements in the use of DOE in the development of stability-indicating LC and hyphenated LC-MS methods have also been briefly reported. Performing of Quantitative structure retention relationship (QSRR) study enhanced with DOE-based data collection was recomended as a future perspective in description of retention in HPLC system.

Application of Plackett-Burman and central composite designs for screening and optimization of factor influencing the chromatographic conditions of HPTLC method for quantification of efonidipine hydrochloride

We report here an analytical method for expeditious estimation of efonidipine hydrochloride in tablet formulation with statistical screening and optimization designs using NP-HPTLC. TLC silica gel 60 F254 aluminum plates and ethyl acetate to dichloromethane to triethylamine (3:2:0.5 v/v) were chosen for chromatographic separation of efonidipine hydrochloride. The Rf value for efonidipine hydrochloride turned out to be 0.35 ± 0.25 and quantitative evaluation was done at 251 nm. Plackett-Burman and face-centered central composite design (CCD) were used to obtain the most peak area and well-resolved compact band with an adequate retention factor of efonidipine hydrochloride. Plackett-Burman design at two-level with six independent variables has been employed for screening of prominent factors that affect the responses. The prominent factors have been selected and are optimized through face-centered CCD. The results obtained from face-centered CCD showed that most peak area can be obtained with development distance 8.50 cm and chamber saturation 17 min. Furthermore, the current NP-HPTLC investigation has been validated according to the ICH guidelines for accuracy, precision, sensitivity, robustness, ruggedness, and specificity. The detection and quantification limit was found that 10.41 ng and 31.57 ng, suggesting that the analysis could be accurately and precisely detected the analyte up to nanogram quantity. The current NP-HPTLC investigation is rugged, accurate, and highly sensitive and could be used for routine analysis of efonidipine hydrochloride.