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González-Martín R, Gutiérrez-Serpa A, Pino V, Sajid M. A tool to assess analytical sample preparation procedures: Sample preparation metric of sustainability. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1707:464291. [PMID: 37582319 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Sample preparation is a key step in most analytical methods, generally regarded as the least green step of the entire procedure. The existing green metrics assess the greenness of sample preparation techniques through the evaluation of the whole analytical procedure: including sampling, sample preparation, and the final detection/quantitation. Such inclusion of the entire method makes assessing the sustainability of a newly developed sample preparation technique quite challenging, as many aspects not solely linked to the sample preparation step are unavoidably considered. Thus, an alternative metric that can explicitly and exclusively evaluate the sample preparation is proposed. The metric is simple; it reports the result with a clock-like diagram, displaying the greenness outcome of main sample preparation parameters and a total score. This new metric can differentiate closely related microextraction approaches in terms of sustainability. The metric is also open-source and can be used by downloading the Excel sheet provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl González-Martín
- Laboratorio de Materiales para Análisis Químico (MAT4LL), Unidad Departamental de Química Analítica, Departamento de Química, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Tenerife 38206, Spain; Unidad de Investigación de Bioanalítica y Medio Ambiente, Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Tenerife 38206, Spain
| | | | - Verónica Pino
- Laboratorio de Materiales para Análisis Químico (MAT4LL), Unidad Departamental de Química Analítica, Departamento de Química, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Tenerife 38206, Spain; Unidad de Investigación de Bioanalítica y Medio Ambiente, Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Tenerife 38206, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain.
| | - Muhammad Sajid
- Applied Research Center for Environment and Marine Studies, Research Institute, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia.
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2
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Polybutylene succinate/modified cellulose bionanocomposites as sorbent for needle trap microextraction. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1689:463715. [PMID: 36587587 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In this work, different polybutylene succinate/modified cellulose bio-nanocomposites were synthesized by solving the casting method and then used as a new sorbent for needle trap microextraction of some polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from the water samples in headspace mode. The surface of cellulose nanocrystalline was modified using aminosilane groups to improve the dispersion of nanoparticles in the polybutylene succinate matrix. The characterization of synthesized nanocomposites, were performed using TGA, SEM, BET analysis and FT-IR spectroscopy. Adding modified nanocrystalline cellulose to a polybutylene succinate matrix increased the surface area, and thermal and mechanical stabilities. The significant parameters of the sorbent extraction process, including the amount of modified cellulose nanoparticles, the extraction time, and temperatures and salt content, were studied and optimized. Under the optimized extraction conditions (extraction time of 25 min, and extraction temperature of 50 °C), an analytical method for selected polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with low detection limits (0.75-1 ng L-1) and the quantification limit (3-5 ng L-1), good repeatability (3-7% at 20 ng L-1), and reproducibility (9%-14%, n = 3) was developed. The linearity of the method was obtained in the range of 5-1000 ng L-1 with R2 > 0.9996. The enrichment factor was obtained for the spiked real aqueous samples (at 50 ng L-1) in the range of 276-311. Also, the performance of the developed method was studied via the extraction of selected analytes in real water samples, and the relative recovery values were found to be in the range of 98-103%.
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3
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Sun M, Wang X, Ding Y, Feng J. Titania hybridized melamine–formaldehyde aerogel for online in-tube solid-phase microextraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons prior to HPLC–DAD. Mikrochim Acta 2022; 189:456. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-022-05572-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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4
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Hollow Fiber-Solid Phase Microextraction of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Environment Water Followed by Flash Evaporation GC/MS. Chromatographia 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-022-04150-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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5
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Development of hollow fiber-membrane microporous liquid–liquid extraction (HF-MMLLE) procedure based on palladium nanoparticles for determination of PAH in leached extracts. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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6
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Delińska K, Rakowska PW, Kloskowski A. Porous material-based sorbent coatings in solid-phase microextraction technique: Recent trends and future perspectives. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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7
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Derikvand A, Ghiasvand A, Dalvand K, Haddad PR. Fabrication and evaluation of a portable low-pressure headspace solid-phase microextraction device for on-site analysis. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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8
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Porphyrin-based covalent organic framework coated stainless steel fiber for solid-phase microextraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water and soil samples. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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9
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Tong Y, Zhou Q, Sun Y, Sheng X, Zhou B, Zhao J, Guo J. Magnetic polyamidoamine dendrimer grafted with 4-mercaptobenzoic acid as an adsorbent for preconcentration and sensitive determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from environmental water samples. Talanta 2021; 224:121884. [PMID: 33379093 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Polyamidoamine dendrimer decorated Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles was synthesized and grafted with 4-mercaptobenzoic acid (4-MBA). The resulting material was utilized to develop an effective magnetic solid phase extraction method in combination with high performance liquid chromatography for trace determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons including phenanthrene (PHE), anthracene (ANT), fluoranthene (FLT), pyrene (PYR) and benzo(a)pyrene (BaP). The MNPs@G3.0@4-MBA exhibited to be an efficient extracting medium due to the existence of terminal benzene ring groups, the internal pores, and strong hydrophobic interactions and π-π interactions. The experiments demonstrated that the proposed method possessed excellent linearity in the concentration range of 0.1-300 μg L-1 with correlation coefficients (R) larger than 0.997, and the limits of detection (LODs, S/N = 3) according to the ratio of signal to noise equal to three of PHE, ANT, FLT, PYR and BaP were 0.014 μg L-1, 0.032 μg L-1, 0.055 μg L-1, 0.027 μg L-1 and 0.039 μg L-1, respectively. The proposed method was applied to real water samples and the spiked recoveries were over the range of 92-99%. The results showed that the method earned good repeatability and high sensitivity, and the as-prepared materials were stable and reusable, which displayed that the proposed method would have a wonderful application prospect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yayan Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Chemical Engineering and Environment, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing, 102249, China
| | - Qingxiang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Chemical Engineering and Environment, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing, 102249, China.
| | - Yi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Chemical Engineering and Environment, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing, 102249, China
| | - Xueying Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Chemical Engineering and Environment, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing, 102249, China
| | - Boyao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Chemical Engineering and Environment, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing, 102249, China
| | - Jingyi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Chemical Engineering and Environment, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing, 102249, China
| | - Jinghan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Chemical Engineering and Environment, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing, 102249, China
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Workman J. The 2021 Winners of the Lifetime Achievement and Emerging Leader in Chromatography Awards. LCGC NORTH AMERICA 2021. [DOI: 10.56530/lcgc.na.fu2879f9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Paul Haddad and Erik L. Regalado are the winners of the 14th annual LCGC Lifetime Achievement and Emerging Leader in Chromatography Awards, respectively. We review their achievements.
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11
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Kataoka H. In-tube solid-phase microextraction: Current trends and future perspectives. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1636:461787. [PMID: 33359971 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In-tube solid-phase microextraction (IT-SPME) was developed about 24 years ago as an effective sample preparation technique using an open tubular capillary column as an extraction device. IT-SPME is useful for micro-concentration, automated sample cleanup, and rapid online analysis, and can be used to determine the analytes in complex matrices simple sample processing methods such as direct sample injection or filtration. IT-SPME is usually performed in combination with high-performance liquid chromatography using an online column switching technology, in which the entire process from sample preparation to separation to data analysis is automated using the autosampler. Furthermore, IT-SPME minimizes the use of harmful organic solvents and is simple and labor-saving, making it a sustainable and environmentally friendly green analytical technique. Various operating systems and new sorbent materials have been developed to improve its extraction efficiency by, for example, enhancing its sorption capacity and selectivity. In addition, IT-SPME methods have been widely applied in environmental analysis, food analysis and bioanalysis. This review describes the present state of IT-SPME technology and summarizes its current trends and future perspectives, including method development and strategies to improve extraction efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Kataoka
- School of Pharmacy, Shujitsu University, Nishigawara, Okayama 703-8516, Japan.
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12
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Nanostructured octadecylsilica chemically coated stainless-steel fiber for vacuum-assisted HS-SPME sampling of PAHs in soil. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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13
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Ji X, Feng J, Li C, Han S, Sun M, Feng J, Sun H, Fan J, Guo W. Application of biocharcoal aerogel sorbent for solid-phase microextraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water samples. J Sep Sci 2020; 43:4364-4373. [PMID: 32979006 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A facile method was introduced for preparing a biocharcoal aerogel, which was derived from pomelo peel as the only raw material. The inner spongy layer of pomelo peel was freeze-dried for maintaining three-dimensional structure and then carbonized under high temperature and oxygen-limited conditions. The morphological structure and graphitization degree of biocharcoal aerogel were characterized using a scanning electron microscope and Raman spectrum. After sifting and grinding, the biocharcoal aerogel as an adsorbent was coated onto the surface of stainless steel wires. Through placing the wires into a polyetheretherketone tube, the in-tube solid-phase microextraction device was obtained. Coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography, it exhibited good extraction performance for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, then an online analytical method was established with low limits of detection (0.005-0.050 ng/mL), wide linear ranges (0.017-15 ng/mL) with superior correlation coefficients higher than 0.9990, high enrichment factors (1128-3425), and acceptable intra- and inter-day repeatabilities (relative standard deviations ≤ 6.7%, n = 3). The method was applied to detect polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in bottled water samples, environmental water samples, and soft drinks with satisfactory recoveries (83.3-120.9%). This research not only developed a new carbon aerogel but also evaluated its adsorption performance in sample preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangping Ji
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, P. R. China
| | - Juanjuan Feng
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, P. R. China
| | - Chunying Li
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, P. R. China
| | - Sen Han
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, P. R. China
| | - Min Sun
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, P. R. China
| | - Jiaqing Feng
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, P. R. China
| | - Haili Sun
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, P. R. China
| | - Jing Fan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, P. R. China
| | - Wenjuan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, P. R. China
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Jalili V, Barkhordari A, Ghiasvand A. Solid-phase microextraction technique for sampling and preconcentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: A review. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.104967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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15
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Manousi N, Zachariadis GA. Recent Advances in the Extraction of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Environmental Samples. Molecules 2020; 25:E2182. [PMID: 32392764 PMCID: PMC7249015 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25092182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) comprise a group of chemical compounds consisting of two or more fused benzene rings. PAHs exhibit hydrophobicity and low water solubility, while some of their members are toxic substances resistant to degradation. Due to their low levels in environmental matrices, a preconcentration step is usually required for their determination. Nowadays, there is a wide variety of sample preparation techniques, including micro-extraction techniques (e.g., solid-phase microextraction and liquid phase microextraction) and miniaturized extraction techniques (e.g., dispersive solid-phase extraction, magnetic solid-phase extraction, stir bar sorptive extraction, fabric phase sorptive extraction etc.). Compared to the conventional sample preparation techniques, these novel techniques show some benefits, including reduced organic solvent consumption, while they are time and cost efficient. A plethora of adsorbents, such as metal-organic frameworks, carbon-based materials and molecularly imprinted polymers, have been successfully coupled with a wide variety of extraction techniques. This review focuses on the recent advances in the extraction techniques of PAHs from environmental matrices, utilizing novel sample preparation approaches and adsorbents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Manousi
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - George A. Zachariadis
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
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Li J, Xiao Z, Wang W, Zhang S, Wu Q, Wang C, Wang Z. Rational integration of porous organic polymer and multiwall carbon nanotube for the microextraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Mikrochim Acta 2020; 187:284. [PMID: 32323029 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-020-04261-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
By integration of benzene-constructed porous organic polymer (KBF) and multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT), a MWCNT-KBF hybrid material was constructed through in situ knitting benzene with formaldehyde dimethyl acetal in the presence of MWCNTs to form a network. MWCNT-KBF was then adopted as a novel solid-phase microextraction (SPME) fiber coating. Coupled to gas chromatography-flame ionization detection, the MWCNT-KBF-assisted SPME method showed large enhancement factors (483-2066), low limits of detection (0.04-0.12 μg L-1), good linearity (0.13-50 μg L-1), and acceptable reproducibility (4.2-10.2%) for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The method recoveries of seven PAHs were in the range 80.1-116.3%, with relative standard deviations (RSDs) ranging from 3.5 to 11.9%. The SPME method was successfully applied to the determination of PAHs in river, pond, rain, and waste water, providing a good alternative for monitoring trace level of PAHs in environmental water. Graphical abstract Schematic representation of the rational integration of porous organic polymer (KBF) and multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) to form a MWCNT-KBF hybrid material through in situ knitting benzene with formaldehyde dimethyl acetal at the presence of MWCNT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinqiu Li
- College of Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, Hebei, China
| | - Zhichang Xiao
- College of Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, Hebei, China
| | - Wenjin Wang
- College of Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, Hebei, China
| | - Shuaihua Zhang
- College of Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, Hebei, China.
| | - Qiuhua Wu
- College of Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, Hebei, China.
| | - Chun Wang
- College of Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, Hebei, China
| | - Zhi Wang
- College of Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, Hebei, China
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