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Abdul Keyon AS, Ng N, Breadmore MC. Advancements in Multiple-Step On-Line Preconcentration Techniques for Enhanced Sensitivity in Capillary Electrophoresis. J Sep Sci 2024; 47:e202400519. [PMID: 39304608 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202400519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2024] [Revised: 08/27/2024] [Accepted: 09/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024]
Abstract
Multiple-step on-line preconcentration, a combination of at least two stacking techniques has been developed to increase the sensitivity in capillary electrophoresis (CE) for analytes in various samples. It is usually conducted sequentially, or in some cases, synergistically, where different stacking modes occur simultaneously. Multiple-step techniques allow simultaneous preconcentration and separation of various kinds of analytes in different complex samples in a single CE run. This review aims to provide recent advances in multiple-step on-line preconcentration techniques in CE. We critically review technical papers published for the last 7 years up until July 2024, subsequently organized according to the combination of the main stacking techniques, that is, field amplification, large volume sample stacking, transient isotachophoresis, micelle to solvent or micelle to cyclodextrin stacking, and others. The procedures, fundamental mechanism, analytical figures of merits achieved, and their feasibility for complicated sample matrices are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aemi Syazwani Abdul Keyon
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
- Centre for Sustainable Nanomaterials, Ibnu Sina Institute for Scientific and Industrial Research, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
| | - NyukTing Ng
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
| | - Michael Charles Breadmore
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
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KITAGAWA F, SOMA Y. Recent Applications of Dynamic On-Line Sample Preconcentration Techniques in Capillary Electrophoresis. CHROMATOGRAPHY 2022. [DOI: 10.15583/jpchrom.2022.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fumihiko KITAGAWA
- Department of Frontier Materials Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Hirosaki University
| | - Yuta SOMA
- Department of Frontier Materials Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Hirosaki University
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Almeida AS, Silva B, de Pinho PG, Remião F, Fernandes C. Synthetic Cathinones: Recent Developments, Enantioselectivity Studies and Enantioseparation Methods. Molecules 2022; 27:2057. [PMID: 35408456 PMCID: PMC9000803 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27072057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
New psychoactive substances represent a public health threat since they are not controlled by international conventions, are easily accessible online and are sold as a legal alternative to illicit drugs. Among them, synthetic cathinones are widely abused due to their stimulant and hallucinogenic effects. To circumvent the law, new derivatives are clandestinely synthesized and, therefore, synthetic cathinones keep emerging on the drug market, with their chemical and toxicological properties still unknown. In this review, a literature assessment about synthetic cathinones is presented focusing on the recent developments, which include more than 50 derivatives since 2014. A summary of their toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic properties are also presented. Furthermore, synthetic cathinones are chiral compounds, meaning that they can exist as two enantiomeric forms which may present different biological and toxicological activities. To analyze the enantiomers, the development of enantiomeric resolution methods for synthetic cathinones is crucial. Many methods have been reported over the years that include mostly chromatographic and electromigration techniques, with liquid chromatography using chiral stationary phases being the technique of choice. This review intended to present an overview of enantioselectivity studies and enantioseparation analysis regarding synthetic cathinones, highlighting the relevance of chirality and current trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Sofia Almeida
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira nº 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (A.S.A.); (B.S.)
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira nº 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (P.G.d.P.); (F.R.)
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Bárbara Silva
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira nº 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (A.S.A.); (B.S.)
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira nº 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (P.G.d.P.); (F.R.)
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula Guedes de Pinho
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira nº 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (P.G.d.P.); (F.R.)
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Fernando Remião
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira nº 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (P.G.d.P.); (F.R.)
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Carla Fernandes
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira nº 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (A.S.A.); (B.S.)
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
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Meng L, Ye S, Wu Y, You L. Determination of multiple drugs of abuse in human urine using dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction and capillary electrophoresis with PDA detection. Forensic Sci Res 2021; 7:265-271. [PMID: 35784428 PMCID: PMC9245984 DOI: 10.1080/20961790.2021.1986771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
A new method was developed for pre-concentration and determination of multiple drugs of abuse in human urine using dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME) and capillary electrophoresis (CE) with photodiode array detection. The method was based on the formation of tiny droplets of an organic extractant in the prepared sample solution using water-immiscible organic solvent (chloroform) dissolved in water-miscible organic dispersive solvent (isopropyl alcohol). The organic phase, which extracted eight drugs of abuse from the prepared urine solution, was separated by centrifugation. The sedimented phase was transferred into a small volume CE auto-sampler vial with 10 µL of 1% HCl methanol solution and evaporated to dryness. The residue was reconstituted in lidocaine hydrochloride (internal standard) aqueous solution and introduced by electrokinetic injection into CE. Under the optimum conditions, acceptable linear relationship was observed in the range of 3.0–500 ng/mL with the correlation coefficient (r) of 0.9982–0.9994 for spiked urine samples. The limit of detection (LOD) (S/N = 3) was estimated to be 1.0 ng/mL. A recovery of 75.7%–90.6% was obtained for spiked samples. The mean relative error (MRE) was within ±7.0% and the relative standard deviation (RSD) was less than 6.9%. The proposed DLLME-CE procedure offers an alternative analytical approach for the sensitive detection of drugs of abuse in real urine samples.Key points The dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) was involved for the determination of drugs in urine with capillary electrophoresis with photodiode array detection (CE-PDA). Good linearity, sensitivity, recovery and precision were achieved. The proposed method was eco-friendly with microliter scale solvent consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Meng
- Department of Forensic Science, Fujian Police College, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shuhai Ye
- Institute of Forensic Science, Fujian Provincial Public Security Department, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yilin Wu
- Department of Forensic Science, Fujian Police College, Fuzhou, China
| | - Linda You
- Department of Forensic Science, Fujian Police College, Fuzhou, China
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Pérez-Alcaraz A, Borrull F, Aguilar C, Calull M, Benavente F. Enantiodetermination of R,S-3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone in urine samples by high pressure in-line solid-phase extraction capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry. Talanta 2021; 225:121994. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Emonts P, Servais AC, Ziemons E, Hubert P, Fillet M, Dispas A. Development of a sensitive MEKC-LIF method for synthetic cathinones analysis. Electrophoresis 2021; 42:1127-1134. [PMID: 33482013 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202000331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic cathinones are phenylalkylamine compounds related to natural cathinone from Catha edulis leaves. Due to their sympathomimetic effects comparable to common illicit drugs, these substances are mainly drugs of abuse and constitute the second most frequently seized group of new psychoactive substances. In order to ensure their regulation and to promote public health, reliable analytical tools are required to track these substances. In the present study, we developed a CE hyphenated to laser-induced fluorescence detection method to demonstrate its suitability to perform fast and cost-effective synthetic cathinones analysis. Fourteen compounds including isobaric compounds and position isomers were selected to encompass the large panel of chemical structures. To separate the FITC-labeled analytes (presenting the same negative charge and close mass to charge ratios), MEKC separation mode was selected. Method selectivity was not suitable using common surfactants. In this context, alkyl polyethylene glycol ether surfactants were successfully used as neutral surfactant to overcome this analytical challenge. The effect of surfactant nature on separation performances and migration behaviors of the analytes was also studied. Optimal BGE composition included 75 mM borate buffer at pH 9.3 and 0.4 mM of C12E10 surfactant. Final MEKC separation conditions were proposed to analyze a large panel of synthetic cathinones. This method helped to reach a sensitivity with LOD from 0.1 to 0.4 nM (pg/mL order).
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Emonts
- Laboratory for the Analysis of Medicines, CIRM, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | | | - Eric Ziemons
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, CIRM, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Philippe Hubert
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, CIRM, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Marianne Fillet
- Laboratory for the Analysis of Medicines, CIRM, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Amandine Dispas
- Laboratory for the Analysis of Medicines, CIRM, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.,Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, CIRM, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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