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Rodrigues T, Ferreira KC, Isquibola G, Franco DF, Anderson JL, Merib JDO, Lima Gomes PCFD. Investigating a new approach for magnetic ionic liquids: Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction coupled to pyrolysis gas-chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine flame retardants in sewage sludge samples. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1730:465038. [PMID: 38905945 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.465038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
This study addresses the analysis of emerging contaminants, often using chromatographic techniques coupled to mass spectrometry. However, sample preparation is often required prior to instrumental analysis, and dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) is a viable strategy in this context. DLLME stands out for its ability to reduce sample and solvent volumes. Notably, dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction using magnetic ionic liquids (MILs) has gained relevance due to the incorporation of paramagnetic components in the chemical structure, thereby eliminating the centrifugation step. A pyrolizer was selected in this work to introduce sample onto the GC column, since the MIL is extremely viscous and incompatible with direct introduction through an autosampler. This study is the first to report the use of a DLLME/MIL technique for sample introduction through a pyrolizer in gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). This approach enables the MIL to be compatible with gas chromatography systems, resulting in optimized analytical and instrument performance. The analysis of polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants (PBDEs) was focused on the PBDE congeners 28, 47, 99, 100, and 153 in sewage sludge samples. The [P6,6,6,14+]2[MnCl42-] MIL was thoroughly characterized using UV-Vis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and Raman spectroscopy, as well as thermal analysis. In the chromatographic method, a pyrolyzer was used in the sample introduction step (Py-GC-MS), and critical injection settings were optimized using multivariate approaches. Optimized conditions were achieved with a temperature of 220 °C, a pyrolysis time of 0.60 min, and an injection volume of 9.00 μL. DLLME optimization was performed through central compound planning (CCD), and optimized training conditions were achieved with 10.0 mg of MIL, 3.00 μL of acetonitrile (ACN) as dispersive solvent, extraction time of 60 s, and volume of a sample of 8.50 mL. Precision was observed to range from 0.11 % to 12.5 %, with limits of detection (LOD) of 44.4 μg L-1 for PBDE 28, 16.9 μg L-1 for PBDE 47 and PBDE 99, 33.0 μg L-1 for PBDE 100 and 375 μg L-1 for PBDE 153. PBDE 28 was identified and analyzed in the sludge sample at a concentration of 800 μg L-1. The use of MIL in dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction combined with pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry enables identification and quantification of PBDEs in sewage sludge samples at concentrations down to the µg L-1 level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thais Rodrigues
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Inorganic Chemistry, National Institute for Alternative Technologies of Detection, Toxicological Evaluation and Removal of Micropollutants and Radioactives (INCT-DATREM), Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo 14800-060, Brazil
| | - Karen Chibana Ferreira
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Inorganic Chemistry, National Institute for Alternative Technologies of Detection, Toxicological Evaluation and Removal of Micropollutants and Radioactives (INCT-DATREM), Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo 14800-060, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Isquibola
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Inorganic Chemistry, National Institute for Alternative Technologies of Detection, Toxicological Evaluation and Removal of Micropollutants and Radioactives (INCT-DATREM), Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo 14800-060, Brazil
| | - Douglas Faza Franco
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Inorganic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, SP 14800-060, Brazil
| | - Jared L Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Josias de Oliveira Merib
- Departamento de Farmacociências, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS 90050-170, Brazil
| | - Paulo Clairmont Feitosa de Lima Gomes
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Inorganic Chemistry, National Institute for Alternative Technologies of Detection, Toxicological Evaluation and Removal of Micropollutants and Radioactives (INCT-DATREM), Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo 14800-060, Brazil.
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Wu Q, Tian L, Shan X, Li H, Yang S, Li C, Song Y, Li R, Guo Y, Lu J. A molecule-imprinted electrochemiluminescence sensor based on CdS@MWCNTs for ultrasensitive detection of fenpropathrin. Mikrochim Acta 2024; 191:269. [PMID: 38630309 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-024-06296-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
A molecularly-imprinted electrochemiluminescence sensor was constructed for the determination of fenpropathrin (FPT) by molecular imprinting technology. In this sensing platform, the introduction of CdS@MWCNTs significantly enhanced the initial ECL signal of the luminol-O2 system. Specifically, MWCNTs was used as a carrier to adsorb more CdS, in which CdS acted as a co-reaction promoter for luminescence. Molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) containing specific recognition sites of FPT was used as the material for selective recognition. With increasing amount of FPT the ECL signal decreased. Under the optimum conditions, the ECL response was linearly related to the logarithm of FPT concentration. The developed ECL sensor allowed for sensitive determination of FPT and exhibited a wide linear range from 1.0 × 10- 10 mol L- 1 to 1.0 × 10- 6 mol L- 1. The limit of detection was 3.3 × 10- 11 mol L- 1 (S/N = 3). It can be used for the detection of FPT in vegetable samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wu
- College of Chemistry, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, 130032, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Tian
- College of Chemistry, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, 130032, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiangyu Shan
- College of Chemistry, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, 130032, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiling Li
- College of Chemistry, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, 130032, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuning Yang
- College of Chemistry, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, 130032, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Li
- College of Chemistry, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, 130032, People's Republic of China
| | - Yujia Song
- College of Chemistry, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, 130032, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruidan Li
- College of Chemistry, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, 130032, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanjia Guo
- College of Chemistry, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, 130032, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Lu
- College of Chemistry, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, 130032, People's Republic of China
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Wang H, Wang T, Hong M, Wang Z, Jin X, Wu H. Direct solidification of switchable-hydrophilicity salicylic acid: A design for the on-site dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction of benzoylurea insecticides in water and honey samples. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1688:463710. [PMID: 36528904 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This study describes the development of a fully manual method for on-site dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction based on the direct solidification of switchable-hydrophilicity salicylic acid (on-site DLLME-DSSA) coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography with an ultraviolet detector (HPLC-UVD) and its utilization for the detection of benzoylurea insecticides (BUs) in water and honey samples. Salicylic acid (SA), a switchable hydrophilic aromatic acid, was used as an extraction solvent. It can be converted into the hydrophobic/hydrophilic forms in pH-changeable solutions, facilitating facile and effective dispersion and phase separation. Moreover, the melting point of SA (significantly higher than room temperature) enables its direct solidification without an ice-water bath, facilitating its collection by filtration. The dispersion, separation, and collection of the extraction solvent were carried out entirely in a plastic syringe without requiring special apparatus or additional energy. Univariate and response surface analyses were used to optimize various parameters of the on-site DLLME-DSSA method. Under optimal conditions, the limits of determination (LODs) were 1.50 µg L-1 and 0.03-0.09 mg kg-1 in water and honey, respectively. The relative standard deviations (RSDs) for inter-day (n = 5) and intra-day (n = 5) precision were ≤8.4%, whereas the extraction recoveries and enrichment factors for the BUs ranged from 67.0 to 97.1% and 29 to 34, respectively. Furthermore, the proposed method was used for the on-site extraction and laboratory detection of BUs from real water and honey samples. Theoretical analyses indicated non-covalent interactions (such as hydrogen bonds, electrostatic interactions, van der Waals forces, and π-π interactions) to be the main driving force for extraction. This study introduces a switchable hydrophilic aromatic acid capable of direct solidification into on-site DLLME for the first time, opening new frontiers in the development of on-site sample pretreatment methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huazi Wang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang, Anhui 236037, PR China; Anhui Provincial Technology and Engineering Research Centre for Biomass Conversion and Pollution Prevention and Control, Fuyang, Anhui 236037, PR China
| | - Tiantian Wang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang, Anhui 236037, PR China
| | - MingXiu Hong
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang, Anhui 236037, PR China
| | - Ziyang Wang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang, Anhui 236037, PR China
| | - Xiaoyan Jin
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang, Anhui 236037, PR China.
| | - Hai Wu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang, Anhui 236037, PR China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Hormone and Reproduction, Fuyang, Anhui 236037, PR China.
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Magnetic deep eutectic solvent-based dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for enantioselectively determining chiral mefentrifluconazole in cereal samples via ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography. Food Chem 2022; 391:133220. [PMID: 35597037 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A simple, rapid, and efficient pretreatment method of mefentrifluconazole enantiomers in cereal samples was established by dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction coupled with ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector (UHPLC-DAD). In this study, a novel ternary magnetic deep eutectic solvent (MDES) [octyltrimethylammonium bromide][cobalt chloride][acetic acid] was synthesized as the extractant. Acetic acid was used as the dispersant to promote the in situ dispersion of binary MDES [octyltrimethylammonium bromide][cobalt chloride]. The microdroplets of binary MDES containing mefentrifluconazole were separated by an external magnet. Device-assisted dispersion and time-consuming centrifugation steps were eliminated to ensure simplicity and rapidity of the pretreatment. Good linearity ranging from 0.01 μg g-1 to 2 μg g-1 was obtained. The extraction recovery varied from 82.9 to 95.0%. The limit of detection was 0.003 μg g-1. Finally, this established approach has been applied for the enantioselective detection of chiral mefentrifluconazole in corn, rice, wheat, millet, and sorghum samples.
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Duan Y, Wang D, Xu Z, Yu Supplementary data S, Zhang X, Liu Z. Sensitive determination of pyrethroid insecticide residues in tea using a molecularly imprinted fiber array based on homemade solid-phase microextraction coatings. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Gao Y, Zhao C, Tan Q, Gao M, Chen G, Zhai R, Huang X, Xu X, Liu G, Wang J, Zhang Y, Xu D. Ternary magnetic Fe3O4@C3N4@covalent organic framework for facile extraction and determination of organophosphorus pesticides in fruit. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.107103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Silva TLR, de Queiroz MELR, de Oliveira AF, Rodrigues AAZ, Neves AA, Vieira PAF, de Queiroz JH, Barbosa VODP. Microextraction technique associated with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for determining pesticide residues in urine. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2022; 57:165-175. [PMID: 35175180 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2022.2038505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Urine is one of the biological matrices most used for detecting human contamination, as it is representative and easily obtained via noninvasive sampling. This study proposes a fast, accurate, and ecological method based on liquid-liquid microextraction with low-temperature partition (μLLE/LTP). It was validated to determine nine pesticides (lindane, alachlor, aldrin, chlorpyrifos, dieldrin, endrin, DDT, bifenthrin, and permethrin) in human urine, in association with gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The technique was optimized through a factorial design. The best conditions for the simultaneous extraction of the analytes comprised the addition of 600 µL of water and 600 µL of acetonitrile (extracting solvent) to a 500-µL urine sample, followed by vortexing for 60 s. By freezing the samples for 4 h, it was possible to extract the pesticides and perform the extract clean-up simultaneously. The parameters selectivity, linearity, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), precision, and accuracy were used to appraise the performance of the method. Good values of selectivity and linearity (R2 > 0.990), LOQ (0.39-1.02 μg L-1), accuracy (88-119% recovery), and precision (%CV ≤ 15%) were obtained. The μLLE/LTP-GC-MS method was applied to authentic urine samples collected from volunteers in Southeast Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaís L R Silva
- Department of Chemistry, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | | - Alessandra A Z Rodrigues
- Department of Chemistry, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Antônio Augusto Neves
- Department of Chemistry, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Patrícia A F Vieira
- Department of Nutrition and Health, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - José Humberto de Queiroz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Tie D, Chen X, Wang RQ, Hu S, Yang L, Zheng Y. Simultaneous preconcentration and determination of trace flavonoids in complex matrix by phosphatidylcholine supramolecular solvent-based dispersive liquid-phase microextraction. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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