1
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Morales N, Thickett SC, Maya F. Effect of crosslinker/porogen ratio on sponge-nested polymer monoliths for solid-phase extraction. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1730:465124. [PMID: 38959657 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.465124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Polymer monoliths can be polymerised within different molds, but limited options are available for the preparation of free-standing polymer monoliths for analytical sample preparation, and in particular, solid-phase extraction (SPE). Commercial melamine-formaldehyde sponges can be used as supports for the preparation of polymer monoliths, due its flexibility, giving various shapes to monoliths. Herein, the crosslinker/porogen ratio of highly porous sponge-nested divinylbenzene (DVB) polymer monoliths has been evaluated. Monoliths prepared using different crosslinker/porogen ratios were applied to the extraction of bisphenol F, bisphenol A, bisphenol AF, and bisphenol B. Monoliths containing 50 wt % DVB and 50 wt % porogens presented the highest recovery of bisphenols. Under the optimised conditions, the developed method showed a linear range between 2.5 µg L-1 and 150 µg L-1 for BPA and BPAF, and between 5 µg L-1 and 150 µg L-1 for BPB and BPF. The limits of detection (LOD, S/N = 3) and limits of quantification (LOQ, S/N = 10) ranged from 0.36 µg L-1 to 1.09 µg L-1, and from 1.20 µg L-1 to 3.65 µg L-1, respectively. The recoveries for spiked bisphenols (10 µg L-1) in tap water and water contained in a polycarbonate containers were between 82 % and 114 %.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Morales
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia; School of Natural Sciences - Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Stuart C Thickett
- School of Natural Sciences - Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Fernando Maya
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia; School of Natural Sciences - Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia.
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2
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Nahandast M, Darvishnejad F, Raoof JB, Ghani M. Modification of cellulose substrate by in situ synthesis of metal-organic framework-5 for thin film microextraction of some non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and their measurement by high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detector. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1724:464924. [PMID: 38653038 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.464924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
This work, reports the successful preparation a thin film by a simple and inexpensive process for quantification of a model analytes in the urine sample using HPLC-UV. To this end, cellulose paper was employed as a substrate for the in-situ synthesis of MOF-5, to increase the resistance of the prepared film. The prepared film can be reused 26 times with no reduction in its performance. The thin film prepared by MOF-5 modified cellulose substrate was utilized in thin film microextraction (TFME) method for the extraction and preconcentration of naproxen, aspirin, tolmetin, and celecoxib. Under optimal conditions, the linear dynamic range of the target analytes was 2-500 µg L-1 with correlation coefficients (R2) ranging from 0.9961 to 0.9990. Also, the limits of detection (LODs), the limits of quantification (LOQs) and relative standard deviation (RSD%) of the proposed method for selected analytes ranged between 0.57 and 0.77 µg L-1, 1.7 to 2.3 and 3.5 % to 6.2 %, respectively. Moreover, relative recoveries varied from of 94 % to 108 %, indicating the absence of matrices effect in the proposed method. Eventually, the TFME was successfully used for the extraction of selected analytes from urine samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahyar Nahandast
- Electroanalytical Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Darvishnejad
- Electroanalytical Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
| | - Jahan Bakhsh Raoof
- Electroanalytical Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran.
| | - Milad Ghani
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
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3
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Batista LFA, Gonçalves SRS, Bressan CD, Grassi MT, Abate G. Evaluation of organo-vermiculites as sorbent phases for solid-phase extraction of ibuprofen from water. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2024; 16:1880-1886. [PMID: 38469698 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay02291a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
The study of ibuprofen (IBU) preconcentration was carried out making use of a homemade column for solid-phase extraction (SPE), using vermiculite (VT) or organo-vermiculites (OVTs) as sorbent phases. Aqueous samples (50.0 mL) percolated the column and IBU was sorbed onto the VT or OVT and then desorbed using acetonitrile. Employing this SPE system and OVT, calibration curves were generated for IBU, by spectrophotometric quantification using the α-naphthylamine method. R2 values higher than 0.9950 and LOD between 12 and 18 μg L-1 were observed, for real enrichment factors of 21 and 31, by using OVTs. The analytical protocol was applied to three water samples, which were spiked with IBU solutions to evaluate the precision and accuracy of the method. Recoveries between 77 and 110% at three different IBU concentrations and RSD lower than 18% were observed, even by using the spectrophotometric method. The protocol developed in this study demonstrated that the OVT was appropriate to work as a preconcentration phase for IBU determination in water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Fernando A Batista
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Centro Politécnico, C. P. 19032, Curitiba, PR, Brazil, CEP 81531-980.
| | - Sara Renata S Gonçalves
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Centro Politécnico, C. P. 19032, Curitiba, PR, Brazil, CEP 81531-980.
| | - Carolina D Bressan
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Centro Politécnico, C. P. 19032, Curitiba, PR, Brazil, CEP 81531-980.
| | - Marco T Grassi
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Centro Politécnico, C. P. 19032, Curitiba, PR, Brazil, CEP 81531-980.
| | - Gilberto Abate
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Centro Politécnico, C. P. 19032, Curitiba, PR, Brazil, CEP 81531-980.
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4
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Zhou Y, Lin JY, Bian Y, Ren CJ, Xiao-Li N, Yang CY, Xiao-Xue X, Feng XS. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in the environment: Updates on pretreatment and determination methods. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 267:115624. [PMID: 37890254 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are widely used in human and animal health care to reduce persistent inflammation, pain and fever because of their anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic effects. However, the improper discharge and disposal make it becomes a major contaminant in the environment, which poses a big threat to the ecosystem. For this reason, accurate, sensitive, effective, green, and economic techniques are urgently required and have been rapidly developed in recent years. This review summarizes the advancement of sample preparation technologies for NSAIDs involving solid-phase extraction, solid-phase microextraction, liquid-phase microextraction, QuEChERS, and matrix solid-phase dispersion. Meanwhile, we overview and compare analytical technologies for NSAIDs, including liquid chromatography-based methods, gas chromatography-based methods, capillary electrophoresis, and sensors, particularly the development of liquid chromatography-based methods. Furthermore, we focus on their progress and conduct a comparison between their advantages and disadvantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Jia-Yuan Lin
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China; Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yu Bian
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Chen-Jie Ren
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Ni Xiao-Li
- Division of Chemical Metrology and Analytical Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Chun-Yu Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110032, China.
| | - Xu Xiao-Xue
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China.
| | - Xue-Song Feng
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China.
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5
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Hsen EB, Latrous L. Magnetic Solid-Phase Extraction Based on Magnetite-Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatories from Water Followed by LC-ESI-MS/MS. J Chromatogr Sci 2023; 61:186-194. [PMID: 35091741 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmac006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
An analytical method based on liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry detection (LC-ESI-MS/MS) has been developed for the determination of pharmaceutical compounds in water samples. Five non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) namely Naproxen, Ketoprofen, Piroxicam, Diflunisal and Celecoxib were investigated. Magnetic solid phase extraction (MSPE) was used for sample pre concentration of water samples and magnetic carbon nanotubes (Fe3O4-MWCNTs) were considered as solid phase extraction sorbent. Important parameters influencing the extraction efficiency such as nature and volume of eluent, sample pH and adsorbent mass were optimized. The developed MSPE method involved 75 mg of Fe3O4-MWCNTs sorbent, 5 mL of water sample at pH = 4 and 5 mL of 10% ammonia in methanol in the elution step. Under the optimized extraction conditions, linearity, detection and quantification limits and reproducibility were evaluated. The proposed method was successfully applied to the analysis of NSAIDs in surface waters, and mean recoveries of all the NSAIDs were above 90% with relative standard deviations < 17%. The detection and quantification limits were comprised between 0.05-3.6 ng.mL-1 and 0.2-11.9 ng.mL-1, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ele Ben Hsen
- Département de Chimie, Université de Tunis El Manar, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Laboratoire de Chimie Analytique et Electrochimie Campus Universitaire Farhat Hached, Tunis 2092, Tunisia
| | - Latifa Latrous
- Département de Chimie, Université de Tunis El Manar, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Laboratoire de Chimie Minérale Appliquée (LR19ES02), Campus Universitaire Farhat Hached, Tunis 2092, Tunisia.,Département de Chimie, Université de Tunis El Manar, Institut Préparatoire aux Etudes d'Ingénieurs d'El Manar, B.P.244 El Manar II, Tunis 2092, Tunisia
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6
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A composite adsorbent of graphene quantum dots, mesoporous carbon, and molecularly imprinted polymer to extract nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in milk. Mikrochim Acta 2022; 189:446. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-022-05550-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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7
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Critto EF, Medina G, Reta M, Acquaviva A. Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface waters by high performance liquid chromatography previous to preconcentration through solid-phase extraction by using polymeric monoliths. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1679:463397. [PMID: 35973336 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A simple, sensitive and reproducible solid-phase extraction method using plastic cartridges containing a monolithic sorbent (m-SPE), coupled to reverse phase liquid chromatography analysis, aiming to determine fifteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface water samples, was developed. The sorbent was easily prepared through a thermal polymerization reaction by using a mixture of n-butyl methacrylate as non-polar monomer and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as crosslinker contained in a typical Polypropylene syringe cartridge. The effect of different parameters (type of hydrophobic monomer, elution solvent, sample volume, sorbent amount and sorbent load capacity) on the extraction efficiency was optimized. The optimal conditions were achieved by using n-butyl methacrylate as monomer, tetrahydrofurane (THF) as solvent for sorbent cleaning, THF:acetone (1:1) as elution solvent, 25.00 mL of sample volume, 600 µL of the polymerization mixture and 60 µg L-1 as sample loading capacity. Finally, the sorbent charge capacity, the reusability of the cartridges and the extraction efficiency of the m-SPE monolith, as compared with a typical C8 cartridge, were evaluated. Under the optimized experimental conditions, enrichment factors were between 76 and 103, relative recovery factors from 78 to 103%, accuracy values in the range of 58 to 98%, and inter-batch reproducibility values from between 2 and 10%, were obtained. The limits of detection and quantification were obtained by two different procedures: the signal to noise (S/N) ratios (3 and 10, respectively) and the IUPAC convention. The lowest LOD and LOQ values, obtained with the S/N ratios, were between 0.02 and 1.00 µg L-1, respectively whereas with the IUPAC convention the values were between 0.07 and 5 µg L-1. Using this procedure, several PAHs could be detected in the surface water sample taken from a river stream located in La Plata city (Buenos Aires Province, Argentina).
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Frickel Critto
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, UNLP, CONICET, Laboratorio de Investigación y Desarrollo de Métodos Analíticos (LIDMA) y División Química Analítica, Calle 47 esq. 115, La Plata B1900AJL, Argentina
| | - Giselle Medina
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, UNLP, CONICET, Laboratorio de Investigación y Desarrollo de Métodos Analíticos (LIDMA) y División Química Analítica, Calle 47 esq. 115, La Plata B1900AJL, Argentina
| | - Mario Reta
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, UNLP, CONICET, Laboratorio de Investigación y Desarrollo de Métodos Analíticos (LIDMA) y División Química Analítica, Calle 47 esq. 115, La Plata B1900AJL, Argentina
| | - Agustín Acquaviva
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, UNLP, CONICET, Laboratorio de Investigación y Desarrollo de Métodos Analíticos (LIDMA) y División Química Analítica, Calle 47 esq. 115, La Plata B1900AJL, Argentina.
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Wang L, Liu M, Sun F, Liu H, Yan H, Bai L. Extraction and determination of tussilagone from Farfarae Flos with online solid-phase extraction-high-performance liquid chromatography using a homemade monolithic cartridge doped with porous organic cage material. J Sep Sci 2021; 44:4412-4421. [PMID: 34687475 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A solid-phase extraction cartridge was fabricated using diallyl isophthalate as the monomer with the addition of porous organic cage material via in situ free-radical polymerization in a stainless-steel column. The resulting monolithic adsorbent exhibited a relatively uniform porous structure, a high specific surface area of 113.98 m2 /g, and multiple functional chemical groups according to the characterization results. An online solid-phase extraction-high-performance liquid chromatography procedure was fabricated to extract and determine tussilagone from Farfarae Flos. The results show that the complex sample matrices can be removed in the solid-phase extraction procedure. Simultaneously, tussilagone can remain, which can be subsequently switched to an octadecylsilane bonded analytical column. The methodological validation showed that the correlation coefficient was 0.9999 with a linear range of 0.6-200.0 µg/mL, the limit of detection was 0.2 µg/mL, the limit of quantification was 0.6 µg/mL, accuracy was 100.3-100.6%, and relative standard deviation of precision was ≤1.9%. The present monolithic cartridge exhibits good reusability of not more than 100 times. The real sample of Farfarae Flos was determined with a tussilagone content of 0.74 mg/g.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laisen Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Ministry of Education, Hebei University, Baoding, P. R. China
| | - Miaomiao Liu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Ministry of Education, Hebei University, Baoding, P. R. China
| | - Fanrong Sun
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Ministry of Education, Hebei University, Baoding, P. R. China
| | - Haiyan Liu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Ministry of Education, Hebei University, Baoding, P. R. China.,Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding, P. R. China
| | - Hongyuan Yan
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Ministry of Education, Hebei University, Baoding, P. R. China.,Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding, P. R. China
| | - Ligai Bai
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Ministry of Education, Hebei University, Baoding, P. R. China
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Al-Khateeb LA, Al-zahrani MA, El-Maghrabey M, Dahas FA, El-Shaheny R, El Hamd MA. Extra-thermodynamic study of the retention of anti-inflammatory 2-arylpropionic acid derivatives on a heat-resistive stationary phase: Application of HTLC approach for pharmaceutical and biological analysis. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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10
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Akay S, Öztürk S, Kalderis D, Kayan B. Degradation, solubility and chromatographic studies of Ibuprofen under high temperature water conditions. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 277:130307. [PMID: 33774244 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Ibuprofen (IBP) is an emerging environmental contaminant having low aqueous solubility which negatively affects the application of advanced oxidation and adsorption processes. It was determined that as the temperature increased to 473 K, the mole fraction solubility increased considerably from 0.02 × 10-3 to 212.88 × 10-3 (10600-fold). Calculation of the thermodynamic properties indicated an endothermic process, ΔsolH > 0, with relatively high ΔsolS values. Spectroscopic, thermal and chromatographic analyses established the IBP stability at subcritical conditions. In the second part of the study, the degradation of IBP in H2O2-modified subcritical was studied and the effect of each process variable was investigated. The optimum degradation of 88% was reached at an IBP concentration of 15 mg L-1, temperature of 250 °C, 105 min treatment time and 250 mM H2O2. The process was optimized by response surface methodology and a mathematical model was proposed and validated. Temperature was determined as the most influential parameter, followed by H2O2 concentration. At temperatures higher than 230 °C, a small but noticeable reduction in degradation % suggested that the OH· radicals are consumed at a higher rate than they are produced, through side reactions with other radicals and/or IBP by-products. Finally, potential by-products were determined by gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis and potential by-products were proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sema Akay
- Department of Chemistry, Arts and Sciences Faculty, Aksaray University, Aksaray, 68100, Turkey
| | - Serpil Öztürk
- Department of Chemistry, Arts and Sciences Faculty, Aksaray University, Aksaray, 68100, Turkey
| | - Dimitrios Kalderis
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Chania, 73100, Crete, Greece
| | - Berkant Kayan
- Department of Chemistry, Arts and Sciences Faculty, Aksaray University, Aksaray, 68100, Turkey.
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Exploration of a Molecularly Imprinted Polymer (MIPs) as an Adsorbent for the Enrichment of Trenbolone in Water. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9020186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of endocrine disruptors in surface waters can have negative implications on wildlife and humans both directly and indirectly. A molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) was explored for its potential to enhance the UV-Vis determination of trenbolone in water using solid-phase extraction (SPE). The synthesized MIP was studied using Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Using the MIP resulted in a preconcentration and enrichment factor of 14 and 8, respectively. Trenbolone binding on the MIP was shown to follow a Langmuir adsorption and had a maximum adsorption capacity of 27.5 mg g−1. Interference studies showed that the MIP selectivity was not compromised by interferences in the sample. The MIP could be recycled three times before significant loss in analyte recovery.
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