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Zhou Y, Uddin W, Hu G, Shen X, Hu L. Identification of the different oxidation states of iron by using a formaldehyde clock system. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.108257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
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Pagnacco MC, Maksimović JP, Nikolić NT, Bajuk Bogdanović DV, Kragović MM, Stojmenović MD, Blagojević SN, Senćanski JV. Indigo Carmine in a Food Dye: Spectroscopic Characterization and Determining Its Micro-Concentration through the Clock Reaction. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27154853. [PMID: 35956810 PMCID: PMC9369777 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27154853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Indigo carmine is a commonly used industrial blue dye. To determine its concentration in a commercially available food dye composed of a mixture of indigo carmine and D-glucose, this paper characterizes it through (ATR, KBr) FTIR micro-Raman as well as UV/Vis and clock: Briggs–Rauscher (BR) oscillatory reaction methods. The indigo carmine was detected in the bulk food dye only by applying micro-Raman spectroscopy, indicating a low percentage of the indigo carmine present. This research provides an improvement in the deviations from the experimental Raman spectrum as calculated by the B97D/cc-pVTZ level of theory one, resulting in a better geometrical optimization of the indigo carmine molecule compared to data within the literature. The analytical curves used to determine indigo carmine concentrations (and quantities) in an aqueous solution of food dye were applied by means of UV/Vis and BR methods. BR yielded significantly better analytical parameters: 100 times lower LOD and LOQ compared to commonly used UV/Vis. The remarkable sensitivity of the BR reaction towards indigo carmine suggests that not only does indigo carmine react in an oscillatory reaction but also its decomposition products, meaning that the multiple oxidation reactions have an important role in the BR’s indigo carmine mechanism. The novelty of this research is the investigation of indigo carmine using a clock BR reaction, opening new possibilities to determine indigo carmine in other complex samples (pharmaceutical, food, etc.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja C. Pagnacco
- Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Njegoševa 12, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Correspondence: (M.C.P.); (J.V.S.)
| | - Jelena P. Maksimović
- Faculty of Physical Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski Trg 12-15, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (J.P.M.); (D.V.B.B.)
| | - Nenad T. Nikolić
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Research, University of Belgrade, Kneza Višeslava 1, 11030 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Danica V. Bajuk Bogdanović
- Faculty of Physical Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski Trg 12-15, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (J.P.M.); (D.V.B.B.)
| | - Milan M. Kragović
- “Vinča“ Institute of Nuclear Sciences, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Mike Petrovica Alasa 12-14, 11351 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.M.K.); (M.D.S.)
| | - Marija D. Stojmenović
- “Vinča“ Institute of Nuclear Sciences, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Mike Petrovica Alasa 12-14, 11351 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.M.K.); (M.D.S.)
| | - Stevan N. Blagojević
- Institute of General and Physical Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski Trg 12-15, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Jelena V. Senćanski
- Institute of General and Physical Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski Trg 12-15, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
- Correspondence: (M.C.P.); (J.V.S.)
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