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Kuntoji G, Kousar N, Gaddimath S, Koodlur Sannegowda L. Macromolecule-Nanoparticle-Based Hybrid Materials for Biosensor Applications. BIOSENSORS 2024; 14:277. [PMID: 38920581 PMCID: PMC11201996 DOI: 10.3390/bios14060277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Biosensors function as sophisticated devices, converting biochemical reactions into electrical signals. Contemporary emphasis on developing biosensor devices with refined sensitivity and selectivity is critical due to their extensive functional capabilities. However, a significant challenge lies in the binding affinity of biosensors to biomolecules, requiring adept conversion and amplification of interactions into various signal modalities like electrical, optical, gravimetric, and electrochemical outputs. Overcoming challenges associated with sensitivity, detection limits, response time, reproducibility, and stability is essential for efficient biosensor creation. The central aspect of the fabrication of any biosensor is focused towards forming an effective interface between the analyte electrode which significantly influences the overall biosensor quality. Polymers and macromolecular systems are favored for their distinct properties and versatile applications. Enhancing the properties and conductivity of these systems can be achieved through incorporating nanoparticles or carbonaceous moieties. Hybrid composite materials, possessing a unique combination of attributes like advanced sensitivity, selectivity, thermal stability, mechanical flexibility, biocompatibility, and tunable electrical properties, emerge as promising candidates for biosensor applications. In addition, this approach enhances the electrochemical response, signal amplification, and stability of fabricated biosensors, contributing to their effectiveness. This review predominantly explores recent advancements in utilizing macrocyclic and macromolecular conjugated systems, such as phthalocyanines, porphyrins, polymers, etc. and their hybrids, with a specific focus on signal amplification in biosensors. It comprehensively covers synthetic strategies, properties, working mechanisms, and the potential of these systems for detecting biomolecules like glucose, hydrogen peroxide, uric acid, ascorbic acid, dopamine, cholesterol, amino acids, and cancer cells. Furthermore, this review delves into the progress made, elucidating the mechanisms responsible for signal amplification. The Conclusion addresses the challenges and future directions of macromolecule-based hybrids in biosensor applications, providing a concise overview of this evolving field. The narrative emphasizes the importance of biosensor technology advancement, illustrating the role of smart design and material enhancement in improving performance across various domains.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Lokesh Koodlur Sannegowda
- Department of Studies in Chemistry, Vijayanagara Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Jnanasagara, Vinayakanagara, Ballari 583105, India; (G.K.); (N.K.); (S.G.)
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Luis-Sunga M, Carinelli S, García G, González-Mora JL, Salazar-Carballo PA. Electrochemical Detection of Bisphenol A Based on Gold Nanoparticles/Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes: Applications on Glassy Carbon and Screen Printed Electrodes. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:2570. [PMID: 38676187 PMCID: PMC11054518 DOI: 10.3390/s24082570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) has been classified as an endocrine-disrupting substance that may cause adverse effects on human health and the environment. The development of simple and sensitive electrochemical biosensors is crucial for the rapid and effective quantitative determination of BPA. This work presents a study on electrochemical sensors utilizing gold nanoparticle-modified multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CNT/AuNPs). Glassy carbon electrodes (GCEs) and screen-printed electrodes (SPEs) were conveniently modified and used for BPA detection. AuNPs were electrodeposited onto the CNT-modified electrodes using the galvanostatic method. The electrodes were properly modified and characterized by using Raman spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry (CV), and electrochemical impedance analysis (EIS). The electrochemical response of the sensors was studied using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) and constant potential amperometry (CPA) for modified GCE and SPE electrodes, respectively, and the main analytical parameters were studied and optimized. Problems encountered with the use of GCEs, such as sensor degradation and high limit of detection (LOD), were overcome by using modified SPEs and a flow injection device for the measurements. Under this approach, an LOD as low as 5 nM (S/N = 3) was achieved and presented a linear range up to 20 μM. Finally, our investigation addressed interference, reproducibility, and reusability aspects, successfully identifying BPA in both spiked and authentic samples, including commercial and tap waters. These findings underscore the practical applicability of our method for accurate BPA detection in real-world scenarios. Notably, the integration of SPEs and a flow injection device facilitated simplified automation, offering an exceptionally efficient and reliable solution for precise BPA detection in water analysis laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximina Luis-Sunga
- Laboratory of Sensors, Biosensors and Advanced Materials, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad de la Laguna, Campus de Ofra s/n, 38071 La Laguna, Spain; (M.L.-S.); (J.L.G.-M.); (P.A.S.-C.)
- Departamento de Química, Instituto Universitario de Materiales y Nanotecnología, Universidad de la Laguna, P.O. Box 456, 38200 La Laguna, Spain;
| | - Soledad Carinelli
- Laboratory of Sensors, Biosensors and Advanced Materials, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad de la Laguna, Campus de Ofra s/n, 38071 La Laguna, Spain; (M.L.-S.); (J.L.G.-M.); (P.A.S.-C.)
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básicas and Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas, Universidad de La Laguna, 38200 La Laguna, Spain
| | - Gonzalo García
- Departamento de Química, Instituto Universitario de Materiales y Nanotecnología, Universidad de la Laguna, P.O. Box 456, 38200 La Laguna, Spain;
| | - José Luis González-Mora
- Laboratory of Sensors, Biosensors and Advanced Materials, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad de la Laguna, Campus de Ofra s/n, 38071 La Laguna, Spain; (M.L.-S.); (J.L.G.-M.); (P.A.S.-C.)
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básicas and Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas, Universidad de La Laguna, 38200 La Laguna, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Neurociencia, Universidad de la Laguna, 38071 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Pedro A. Salazar-Carballo
- Laboratory of Sensors, Biosensors and Advanced Materials, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad de la Laguna, Campus de Ofra s/n, 38071 La Laguna, Spain; (M.L.-S.); (J.L.G.-M.); (P.A.S.-C.)
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M. Visagamani A, Harb M, Kaviyarasu K, Muthukrishnaraj A, Ayyar M, A. Alzahrani K, Althomali RH, Althobaiti SA. Electrochemical Detection of 4-Nitrophenol Using a Novel SrTiO 3/Ag/rGO Composite. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:42479-42491. [PMID: 38024753 PMCID: PMC10652362 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c05111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
In this study, an eco-friendly strategy was used to prepare a novel SrTiO3/Ag/rGO composite. A SrTiO3/Ag/rGO composite-modified screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) was applied for the electrochemical detection of 4-nitrophenol. A simple ultrasonic method with an ultrasonic frequency of 20 kHz was used for the synthesis of SrTiO3/Ag/rGO composite material. The obtained SrTiO3/Ag/rGO composite was characterized by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared, Raman spectroscopy, field emission electron microscopy, and UV-visible spectroscopy. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was used to determine the electrical conductivity of the SrTiO3/Ag/rGO composite. The electrochemical properties of the modified electrode were studied using cyclic voltammetry as well as linear sweep voltammetry techniques. In comparison to SrTiO3/SPCE, SrTiO3/Ag/SPCE, and SrTiO3/rGO/SPCE electrodes, SrTiO3/Ag/rGO/SPCE demonstrates a considerable increase in 4-nitrophenol redox peak current. At optimum conditions, a large linear response range of 0.1-1000 M, with a relatively low limit of detection (0.03 M), outperforms the previously published modified electrode for 4-nitrophenol. Moreover, the SrTiO3/Ag/rGO/SPCE electrode-based 4-nitrophenol sensor is distinguished by good selectivity, high stability, and repeatability. Furthermore, SrTiO3/Ag/rGO/SPCE contributed to the detection of 4-nitrophenol in river water and drinking water with the recovery range from 97.5 to 98.7%. The experimental finding was supported by density functional theory calculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arularasu M. Visagamani
- Department
of Electronic Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan (R.O.C)
| | - Moussab Harb
- QSARLab
Ltd., Trzy Lipy 3, Gdańsk 80-172, Poland
| | - Kasinathan Kaviyarasu
- UNESCO-UNISA
Africa Chair in Nanosciences/Nanotechnology Laboratories, College
of Graduate Studies, University of South
Africa (UNISA), Muckleneuk
Ridge, Pretoria 0003, South Africa
- Nanosciences
African Network (NANOAFNET), Materials Research Group (MRG), iThemba LABORATORIES-National Research Foundation
(NRF), 1 Old Faure Road, Somerset West, Western Cape Province 7129, South Africa
| | - Appusamy Muthukrishnaraj
- Department
of Science and Humanities (Chemistry), Faculty of Engineering, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641 021, India
| | - Manikandan Ayyar
- Department
of Chemistry, Karpagam Academy of Higher
Education, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641 021, India
- Centre
for Material Chemistry, Karpagam Academy
of Higher Education, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641 021, India
- Department
of Chemistry, Bharath Institute of Higher
Education and Research (BIHER), Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600
073, India
| | - Khalid A. Alzahrani
- Chemistry
Department, Faculty of Science King Abdulaziz
University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Raed H. Althomali
- Department
of Chemistry, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz
University, College of Arts and Science, Wadi Al-Dawasir 11991, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saja Abdulrahman Althobaiti
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts
and Science, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz
University, Wadi Addawasir 18510, Saudi Arabia
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Kapoor A, Rajput JK. A Prompt Electrochemical Monitoring Platform for Sensitive and Selective Determination of Thiamethoxam Based Using Fe2O3@g-C3N4@MSB Composite Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode. J Food Compost Anal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2022.105033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Abdel-Aziz AM, Hassan HH, Badr IHA. Activated Glassy Carbon Electrode as an Electrochemical Sensing Platform for the Determination of 4-Nitrophenol and Dopamine in Real Samples. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:34127-34135. [PMID: 36188318 PMCID: PMC9520556 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c03427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was electrochemically activated using a repetitive cyclic voltammetric technique to develop an activated glassy carbon electrode (AGCE). The developed AGCE was optimized and utilized for the electrochemical assay of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) and dopamine (DA). Cyclic voltammetry (CV) was employed to investigate the electrochemical behavior of the AGCE. Compared to the bare GCE, the developed AGCE exhibits a significant increase in redox peak currents of 4-NP and DA, which indicates that the AGCE significantly improves the electrocatalytic reduction of 4-NP and oxidation of DA. The electrochemical signature of the activation process could be directly associated with the formation of oxygen-containing surface functional groups (OxSFGs), which are the main reason for the improved electron transfer ability and the enhancement of the electrocatalytic activity of the AGCE. The effects of various parameters on the voltammetric responses of the AGCE toward 4-NP and DA were studied and optimized, including the pH, scan rate, and accumulation time. Differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) was also utilized to investigate the analytical performance of the AGCE sensing platform. The optimized AGCE exhibited linear responses over the concentration ranges of 0.04-65 μM and 65-370 μM toward 4-NP with a lower limit of detection (LOD) of 0.02 μM (S/N = 3). Additionally, the AGCE exhibited a linear responses over the concentration ranges of 0.02-1.0 and 1.0-100 μM toward DA with a lower limit of detection (LOD) of 0.01 μM (S/N = 3). Moreover, the developed AGCE-based 4-NP and DA sensors are distinguished by their high sensitivity, excellent selectivity, and repeatability. The developed sensors were successfully applied for the determination of 4-NP and DA in real samples with satisfactory recovery results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali M. Abdel-Aziz
- Chemistry
Department, Faculty of Science, Ain-Shams
University, Cairo 11566, Egypt
| | - Hamdy H. Hassan
- Chemistry
Department, Faculty of Science, Ain-Shams
University, Cairo 11566, Egypt
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Galala
University, New Galala
City, Suez 43511, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim H. A. Badr
- Chemistry
Department, Faculty of Science, Ain-Shams
University, Cairo 11566, Egypt
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Galala
University, New Galala
City, Suez 43511, Egypt
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Shantharaja, Nemakal M, Giddaerappa, Gopal Hegde S, Koodlur Sannegowda L. Novel biocompatible amide phthalocyanine for simultaneous electrochemical detection of adenine and guanine. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Sullam EM, Adam KM, NSANZAMAHORO STANISLAS, Cai M, Gao Z, Liu J, Chen H, Xiao J. One-pot synthesis of poly(vinylpyrrolidone)-encapsulated color-emitting silicon quantum dots for sensitive and selective detection of 2,4,6-trinitrophenol. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj02703h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Here, we illustrate an efficient, convenient, and simple method for the sensitive and selective detection of nitro explosive 2,4,6-trinitrophenol (TNP) in 100% water medium by bright cyan-blue color emitting colloidal...
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Peng X, Wang Y, Luo Z, Zhang B, Mei X, Yang X. Facile synthesis of fluorescent sulfur quantum dots for selective detection of p-nitrophenol in water samples. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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