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Landarani M, Nojavan S. Synthesis of green nanosorbent from bovine serum albumin and curcumin for magnetic solid phase extraction of pesticides from food samples. Food Chem 2024; 457:140116. [PMID: 38924914 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.140116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
For the first time, a magnetic carbon nanocomposite was synthesized using one-step hydrothermal procedure, employing bovine serum albumin, curcumin, and ferric ammonium citrate. Additionally, the application of this novel composite as an adsorbent for magnetic dispersive solid phase extraction of fungicides and pesticides from water and food samples is a unique aspect of this study. Under optimum conditions (salt concentration: 5.0% w/v, pH: 7.0, desorption solvent: ethanol, sorbent amount: 20 mg, extraction time: 20 min, desorption time: 3 min, stirring rate: 500 rpm, sample volume: 30 mL, extraction temperature: room temperature, and desorption solvent volume: 150 μL) linearity (2.5 to 1400 ng mL-1), coefficients of determination (R2 ≥ 0.997), limits of detection (0.75 to 1.5 ng mL-1), and limits of quantification (2.5 to 5.0 ng mL-1) were achieved. The method validation results showed extraction recovery ranging from 71.2% to 93.4%, and preconcentration factors ranging from 142.5 to 186.1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Landarani
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Pollutants, Shahid Beheshti University, Evin, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Nojavan
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Pollutants, Shahid Beheshti University, Evin, Tehran, Iran.
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2
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Lee H, An G, Lim W, Song G. Flusilazole induced developmental toxicity, neurotoxicity, and cardiovascular toxicity via apoptosis and oxidative stress in zebrafish. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2024; 284:109993. [PMID: 39106914 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2024.109993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2024] [Revised: 07/14/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/09/2024]
Abstract
Flusilazole is a well-known triazole fungicide applied to various crops and fruits worldwide. Flusilazole residues are frequently detected in the environment, and many researchers have reported the hazardous effects of flusilazole on non-target organisms; however, the developmental toxicity of flusilazole has not been fully elucidated. In this study, we investigated flusilazole-induced developmental defects in zebrafish, which are used in toxicology studies to assess the toxic effects of chemicals on aquatic species or vertebrates. We confirmed that flusilazole exposure affected the viability and hatching rate of zebrafish larvae, and resulted in morphological defects, reduced body length, diminished eye and head sizes, and inflated pericardial edema. Apoptosis, oxidative stress, and inflammation were also observed. These factors interrupted the normal organ formation during early developmental stages, and transgenic models were used to identify organ defects. We confirmed the effects of flusilazole on the nervous system using olig2:dsRed transgenic zebrafish, and on the cardiovascular system using cmlc2:dsRed and fli1:eGFP transgenic zebrafish. Our results demonstrate the developmental toxicity of flusilazole and its mechanisms in zebrafish as well as the detrimental effects of flusilazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hojun Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Garam An
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Whasun Lim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | - Gwonhwa Song
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
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3
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Zhang C, Tang J, Huang Y, Fan R, Zhou L. Dispersive solid phase extraction based on cross-linked hydroxypropyl β-cyclodextrin polymers for simultaneous enantiomeric determination of three chiral triazole fungicides in water. Mikrochim Acta 2023; 191:18. [PMID: 38087124 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-023-06091-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
An efficient method is presented for simultaneous enantioselective determination of three chiral triazole fungicides (namely paclobutrazol, hexaconazole, and diniconazole) in water samples by DSPE-HPLC-UV. The perfect chiral separation of the enantiomers was achieved on a Chiralpak IH column within 15 min. In order to adsorb and enrich the analytes from water matrices, a cross-linked hydroxypropyl β-cyclodextrin polymer was synthesized. The prepared material exhibited good adsorption capacity, which was assessed by adsorption kinetic and adsorption thermodynamic experiments. One-variable-at-a-time and the response surface methodology were used to optimize the extraction parameters. Under the optimum sample preparation conditions, good linearity (2.0 ~ 800 µg L-1, R2 ≥ 0.9978), detection limits (0.6 to 1.0 µg L-1), quantitation limits (2.0 to 3.2 µg L-1), recoveries (86.7 ~ 105.8%), and the relative standard deviation (intra-day RSD ≤ 3.7%, inter-day RSD ≤ 5.1%) were obtained, satisfying the requirements of pesticides residues determination. These results demonstrated that the proposed method was applicable for routine determination of chiral triazole fungicide residues in water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuhan Zhang
- Department of Sanitary Inspection, School of Public Health, Shenyang Medical College, No. 146, North Huanghe Street, Liaoning Province, Shenyang, 110034, China
| | - Jing Tang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 102218, China
| | - Yihe Huang
- Department of Sanitary Inspection, School of Public Health, Shenyang Medical College, No. 146, North Huanghe Street, Liaoning Province, Shenyang, 110034, China
| | - Ronghua Fan
- Department of Sanitary Inspection, School of Public Health, Shenyang Medical College, No. 146, North Huanghe Street, Liaoning Province, Shenyang, 110034, China.
| | - Li Zhou
- Department of Sanitary Inspection, School of Public Health, Shenyang Medical College, No. 146, North Huanghe Street, Liaoning Province, Shenyang, 110034, China.
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4
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Shahsavani A, Aladaghlo Z, Fakhari AR. Dispersive magnetic solid phase extraction of triazole fungicides based on polybenzidine/magnetic nanoparticles in environmental samples. Mikrochim Acta 2023; 190:377. [PMID: 37661209 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-023-05948-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
A polybenzidine-modified Fe3O4@SiO2 nanocomposite was successfully synthesized through a chemical oxidation method and employed as a novel sorbent in dispersive magnetic solid phase extraction (DMSPE) for the preconcentration and determination of three triazole fungicides (TFs), namely diniconazole, tebuconazole, and triticonazole in river water, rice paddy soil, and grape samples. The synthesis method involved a polybenzidine self-assembly coating on Fe3O4@SiO2 magnetic composite. Characterization techniques such as FT-IR, XRD, FESEM, EDX, and VSM were used to confirm the correctness of the synthesized nano-sorbent. The target TFs were determined in actual samples using the synthesized nanocomposite sorbent in combination with gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (FID). Several variables were carefully optimized , including the sample pH, sorbent dosage, extraction time, ionic strength, and desorption condition (solvent type, volume, and time). Under the optimized experimental conditions, the method exhibited linearity in the concentration range 5-1000 ng mL-1 for triticonazole and 2-1000 ng mL-1 for diniconazole and tebuconazole. The limits of detection (LOD) for the three TFs were in the range 0.6-1.5 ng mL-1. The method demonstrated acceptable precision with intra-day and inter-day relative standard deviation (RSD) values of less than 6.5%. The enrichment factors ranged from 248 to 254. Finally, the method applicability was evaluated by determining TFs in river water, rice paddy soil, and grape samples with recoveries in the range 90.5-106, indicating that the matrix effect was negligible in the proposed DMSPE procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abolfath Shahsavani
- Faculty of Chemistry, Shahid Beheshti University, G. C., P.O. Box 198396-3113, Evin, Tehran, I.R, Iran
| | - Zolfaghar Aladaghlo
- Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, 31587-77871, Iran
| | - Ali Reza Fakhari
- Faculty of Chemistry, Shahid Beheshti University, G. C., P.O. Box 198396-3113, Evin, Tehran, I.R, Iran.
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Bauer EM, Bogliardi G, Ricci C, Cecchetti D, De Caro T, Sennato S, Nucara A, Carbone M. Syntheses of APTMS-Coated ZnO: An Investigation towards Penconazole Detection. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:8050. [PMID: 36431536 PMCID: PMC9697174 DOI: 10.3390/ma15228050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Extrinsic chemiluminescence can be an efficient tool for determining pesticides and fungicides, which do not possess any intrinsic fluorescent signal. On this basis, (3-aminopropyl) trimethoxysilane (APTMS)-coated ZnO (APTMS@ZnO) was synthesized and tested as an extrinsic probe for the fungicide penconazole. Several synthetic routes were probed using either a one-pot or two-steps method, in order to ensure both a green synthetic pathway and a good signal variation for the penconazole concentration. The synthesized samples were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), infrared (IR), Raman and ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging and associated energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis. The average size of the synthesized ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) is 54 ± 10 nm, in line with previous preparations. Of all the samples, those synthesized in two steps, at temperatures ranging from room temperature (RT) to a maximum of 40 °C, using water solvent (G-APTMG@ZnO), appeared to be composed of nanoparticles, homogeneously coated with APTMS. Chemiluminescence tests of G-APTMG@ZnO, in the penconazole concentration range 0.7-1.7 ppm resulted in a quenching of the native signal between 6% and 19% with a good linear response, thus indicating a green pathway for detecting the contaminant. The estimated detection limit (LOD) is 0.1 ± 0.01 ppm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Maria Bauer
- Institute of Structure of Matter, Italian National Research Council (ISM-CNR), Via Salaria km 29.3, 00015 Monterotondo, RM, Italy
| | - Gabriele Bogliardi
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133 Rome, RM, Italy
| | - Cosimo Ricci
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133 Rome, RM, Italy
| | - Daniele Cecchetti
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133 Rome, RM, Italy
| | - Tilde De Caro
- Institute of Nanostructure Materials, National Research Council (ISMN-CNR), Via Salaria km 29.3, 00015 Monterotondo, RM, Italy
| | - Simona Sennato
- Institute of Complex Systems, Italian National Research Council (ISC-CNR) Sapienza Unit, and Physics Department, Sapienza University, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, RM, Italy
| | - Alessandro Nucara
- Department of Physics, Sapienza University, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, RM, Italy
| | - Marilena Carbone
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133 Rome, RM, Italy
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Zhao Y, Hu K, Yang C, Liu X, Li L, Li Z, Wang P, Zhang Z, Zhang S. Covalent organic framework@Ti3C2T composite as solid phase microextraction coating for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in honey samples. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1237:340581. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Preconcentration of triazole fungicides using effervescent assisted switchable hydrophilicity solvent-based microextraction prior to high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Khiaophong W, Jaroensan J, Kachangoon R, Vichapong J, Burakham R, Santaladchaiyakit Y, Srijaranai S. Modified Peanut Shell as an Eco-Friendly Biosorbent for Effective Extraction of Triazole Fungicide Residues in Surface Water and Honey Samples before Their Determination by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:34877-34887. [PMID: 36211057 PMCID: PMC9535652 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c03410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
An eco-friendly sample preparation method that is based on the use of a modified peanut shell as an efficient biosorbent for the extraction of triazole residues before their analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography was reported. The four triazole fungicides were separated on a Purospher STAR RP-18 endcapped (4.6 × 150 mm, 5 μm) column with a mobile phase of 50% (v/v) acetonitrile at a flow rate of 1.0 mL min-1 and detection wavelength set at 220 nm. Peanut shells modified by didodecyldimethylammonium bromide were selected as an effective biosorbent material in the microextraction method. Scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were used to characterize the biosorbent. The effect of dominant parameters on the proposed microextraction method including the amount of sorbent, kind and concentration of surfactant, sodium hydroxide concentration, kind and amount of salt, sample volume, adsorption time, kind and volume desorption solvent, and desorption time was studied. Under the optimum condition, a good analytical performance for the proposed microextraction method was obtained with a wide linear range within the range of 9-1000 μg L-1, and low limits of detection (0.03 μg L-1 for all analytes) were obtained. Enrichment factors were achieved within the range of 30-51. The intra and interday precision values were evaluated in terms of percentage relative standard deviations (%RSD) and were less than 0.09 and 5.34% for the retention time and peak area, respectively. The proposed microextraction methods were used for extraction and analysis of triazole fungicides in water and honey samples. The recoveries in a satisfactory range of 70.0-118.8% were obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wannipha Khiaophong
- Creative
Chemistry and Innovation Research Unit, Department of Chemistry and
Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham 44150, Thailand
| | - Jedsada Jaroensan
- Creative
Chemistry and Innovation Research Unit, Department of Chemistry and
Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham 44150, Thailand
| | - Rawikan Kachangoon
- Creative
Chemistry and Innovation Research Unit, Department of Chemistry and
Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham 44150, Thailand
| | - Jitlada Vichapong
- Creative
Chemistry and Innovation Research Unit, Department of Chemistry and
Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham 44150, Thailand
- Multidisciplinary
Research Unit of Pure and Applied Chemistry (MRUPAC), Department of
Chemistry and Center of Excellent for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty
of Science, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham 44150, Thailand
| | - Rodjana Burakham
- Materials
Chemistry Research Center, Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence
for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Yanawath Santaladchaiyakit
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Rajamangala
University of Technology Isan, Khon Kaen Campus, Khon Kaen 40000, Thailand
| | - Supalax Srijaranai
- Materials
Chemistry Research Center, Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence
for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
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9
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Kachangoon R, Vichapong J, Santaladchaiyakit Y, Srijaranai S. An In Situ Formation of Ionic Liquid for Enrichment of Triazole Fungicides in Food Applications Followed by HPLC Determination. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27113416. [PMID: 35684354 PMCID: PMC9182422 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27113416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
An in situ formation of ionic liquid was used for preconcentration of four triazole fungicides in food samples. The microextraction method was used for the first time in the literature for preconcentration of triazole fungicides. In the developed method, tributylhexadecylphosphonium bromide ([P44412]Br) and potassium hexafluorophosphate (KPF6) were used for the formation of hydrophobic ionic liquid. After centrifugation, the fine microdroplets were produced in one step, providing the extraction step in a quick and environmentally friendly manner. The functional group of the hydrophobic ionic liquid was investigated using FT-IR. Various extraction parameters were studied and optimized. In the extraction method, 0.01 g of [P44412]Br and 0.01 g of KPF6, centrifugation at 4500 rpm for 10 min were used. The optimized technique provided a good linear range (90-1000 μg L-1) and high extraction recovery, with a low limit of detection (30-50 μg L-1). Methods for the proposed in situ formation of ionic liquid were successfully applied to honey, fruit juice, and egg matrices. The recoveries were obtained in a satisfactory range of 62-112%. The results confirmed the suitability of the proposed microextraction method for selective extraction and quantification of triazole fungicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rawikan Kachangoon
- Creative Chemistry and Innovation Research Unit, Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellent for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham 44150, Thailand;
| | - Jitlada Vichapong
- Creative Chemistry and Innovation Research Unit, Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellent for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham 44150, Thailand;
- Multidisplinary Research Unit of Pure and Applied Chemistry (MRUPAC), Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellent for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham 44150, Thailand
- Correspondence:
| | - Yanawath Santaladchaiyakit
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Rajamangala University of Technology Isan, Khon Kaen Campus, Khon Kaen 40000, Thailand;
| | - Supalax Srijaranai
- Materials Chemistry Research Center, Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellent for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand;
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Lin Z, Zhang Y, Zhao Q, Cui Y, Chen A, Jiao B. In-situ decomposed nanofluids dispersive liquid-phase microextraction for detection of seven triazole fungicidets in fruit juices and tea drinks. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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11
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Liu Y, Xu X, Liu L, Xu L, Kuang H, Xu C. Gold-based lateral-flow strip for the detection of penconazole in watermelon and cucumber samples. FOOD QUALITY AND SAFETY 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/fqsafe/fyac007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
As a typical triazole fungicide, penconazole (PEN) is widely used in agriculture but has been proven to be toxic. In this study, we designed a new hapten to prepare a highly sensitive and specific anti-PEN monoclonal antibody (mAb) and established a gold nanoparticle-based lateral-flow immunoassay (LFIA) for the detection of PEN residues in watermelon and cucumber. The 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of the mAb was 0.42 ng/mL and the LFIA strip had a visual limit of detection (vLOD) of 2.5 ng/g and a cut-off value of 10 ng/g in watermelon and cucumbers. The calculated limit of detection (LOD) of the LFIA strip was 0.36 ng/g for watermelon and 0.29 ng/g for cucumber. The LFIA strip also gave a recovery rate of 92.5–109.0% for watermelon samples and 92.5–106.7% for cucumber samples. These results using the LFIA strip are highly consistent with those seen using LC-MS/MS. Thus our developed LFIA strip represents a potentially reliable tool for the rapid on-site screening for PEN in watermelons and cucumbers..
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People’s Republic of China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection, and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinxin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People’s Republic of China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection, and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liqiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People’s Republic of China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection, and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liguang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People’s Republic of China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection, and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hua Kuang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People’s Republic of China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection, and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chuanlai Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People’s Republic of China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection, and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People’s Republic of China
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