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Xhanari K, Finšgar M. Recent advances in the modification of electrodes for trace metal analysis: a review. Analyst 2023; 148:5805-5821. [PMID: 37697964 DOI: 10.1039/d3an01252b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
This review paper summarizes the research published in the last five years on using different compounds and/or materials as modifiers for electrodes employed in trace heavy metal analysis. The main groups of modifiers are identified, and their single or combined application on the surface of the electrodes is discussed. Nanomaterials, film-forming substances, and polymers are among the most used compounds employed mainly in the modification of glassy carbon, screen-printed, and carbon paste electrodes. Composites composed of several compounds and/or materials have also found growing interest in the development of modified electrodes. Environmentally friendly substances and natural products (mainly biopolymers and plant extracts) have continued to be included in the modification of electrodes for trace heavy metal analysis. The main analytical performance parameters of the modified electrodes as well as possible interferences affecting the determination of the target analytes, are discussed. Finally, a critical evaluation of the main findings from these studies and an outlook discussing possible improvements in this area of research are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klodian Xhanari
- University of Maribor, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Smetanova ulica 17, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia.
- University of Tirana, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Boulevard "Zogu I", 1001 Tirana, Albania
| | - Matjaž Finšgar
- University of Maribor, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Smetanova ulica 17, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia.
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Yakupova E, Mukharlyamova A, Fitsev I, Ziyatdinova G. Layer-by-Layer Combination of MWCNTs and Poly(ferulic acid) as Electrochemical Platform for Hesperidin Quantification. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:bios13050500. [PMID: 37232861 DOI: 10.3390/bios13050500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The electrochemical polymerization of suitable monomers is a powerful way to create voltammetric sensors with improved responses to a target analyte. Nonconductive polymers based on phenolic acids were successfully combined with carbon nanomaterials to obtain sufficient conductivity and high surface area of the electrode. Glassy carbon electrodes (GCE) modified with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and electropolymerized ferulic acid (FA) were developed for the sensitive quantification of hesperidin. The optimized conditions of FA electropolymerization in basic medium (15 cycles from -0.2 to 1.0 V at 100 mV s-1 in 250 µmol L-1 monomer solution in 0.1 mol L-1 NaOH) were found using the voltammetric response of hesperidin. The polymer-modified electrode exhibited a high electroactive surface area (1.14 ± 0.05 cm2 vs. 0.75 ± 0.03 and 0.089 ± 0.003 cm2 for MWCNTs/GCE and bare GCE, respectively) and decreased in the charge transfer resistance (21.4 ± 0.9 kΩ vs. 72 ± 3 kΩ for bare GCE). Under optimized conditions, hesperidin linear dynamic ranges of 0.025-1.0 and 1.0-10 µmol L-1 with a detection limit of 7.0 nmol L-1 were achieved, which were the best ones among those reported to date. The developed electrode was tested on orange juice and compared with chromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Yakupova
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Kazan Federal University, Kremleyevskaya, 18, Kazan 420008, Russia
- Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution «Federal Center for Toxicological, Radiation, and Biological Safety», Nauchny Gorodok-2, Kazan 420075, Russia
| | - Aisylu Mukharlyamova
- Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution «Federal Center for Toxicological, Radiation, and Biological Safety», Nauchny Gorodok-2, Kazan 420075, Russia
| | - Igor Fitsev
- Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution «Federal Center for Toxicological, Radiation, and Biological Safety», Nauchny Gorodok-2, Kazan 420075, Russia
| | - Guzel Ziyatdinova
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Kazan Federal University, Kremleyevskaya, 18, Kazan 420008, Russia
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Sýs M, Bártová M, Mikysek T, Švancara I. Electrodeposited Carbonyl Functional Polymers as Suitable Supports for Preparation of the First-Generation Biosensors. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:3724. [PMID: 37050783 PMCID: PMC10098923 DOI: 10.3390/s23073724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this electrochemical study was to ascertain which type of electrochemically deposited carbonyl functionalized polymer represents the most suitable electrode substrate for direct covalent immobilization of biological catalysts (enzymes). For this purpose, a triad of amperometric biosensors differing in the type of conductive polymers (poly-vanillin, poly-trans-cinnamaldehyde, and poly-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde) and in the functioning of selected enzymes (tyrosinase and alkaline phosphatase) has been compared for the biosensing of neurotransmitters (dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine, and serotonin) and phenyl phosphates (p-aminophenyl phosphate and hydroquinone diphosphate). The individual layers of the polymers were electrochemically deposited onto commercially available screen-printed carbon electrodes (type C110) using repetitive potential cycling in the linear voltammetric mode. Their characterization was subsequently performed by SEM imaging and attenuated total reflectance FTIR spectroscopy. Molecules of enzymes were covalently bonded to the free carbonyl groups in polymers via the Schiff base formation, in some cases even with the use of special cross-linkers. The as-prepared biosensors have been examined using cyclic voltammetry and amperometric detection. In this way, the role of the carbonyl groups embedded in the polymeric structure was defined with respect to the efficiency of binding enzymes, and consequently, via the final (electro)analytical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ivan Švancara
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 532 10 Pardubice, Czech Republic
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Lameche S, Berrabah SE, Benchettara A, Tabti S, Manseri A, Djadi D, Bardeau JF. One-step electrochemical elaboration of SnO 2 modified electrode for lead ion trace detection in drinking water using SWASV. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:44578-44590. [PMID: 36696063 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-25517-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A facile method was proposed for the elaboration of an electrochemical sensor for heavy metal's trace detection by using square wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWASV); this method is based on a simple anodic conversion of tin electrode into Sn/SnO2 modified electrode. Both electrochemical and physico-chemical techniques were used to confirm the modification process and better understand the electrode's behavior. Then, depending on the operating conditions, the response signal was studied and adjusted in order to obtain optimal sensor performance. When optimized, the proposed method reached a lowest detection limit (LOD) of 2.15 μg L-1 (0.0104 μM), and quantification limit (LOQ) of 5.36 μg L-1 (0.0259 μM), in linearity range between from 6.2 and 20.7 μg L-1. Additionally, after having used the elaborated electrode for ten successive measurements, the repeatability remains very high with an RSD of approximately 5.3%; furthermore, ten other species appear to have very slight effect on Pb(II) detection. Finally, for the method validation, the proposed electrode was able to sense different lead concentration integrated in a local bottled spring water by showing recovery levels ranging from 103.8 to 108.4%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siham Lameche
- Laboratory of Electrochemistry-Corrosion, Metallurgy and Mineral Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, USTHB, BP 32, 16111, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Salah Eddine Berrabah
- Laboratory of Electrochemistry-Corrosion, Metallurgy and Mineral Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, USTHB, BP 32, 16111, Algiers, Algeria.
| | - Abdelhakim Benchettara
- Laboratory of Electrochemistry-Corrosion, Metallurgy and Mineral Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, USTHB, BP 32, 16111, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Sabrina Tabti
- Laboratory of Electrochemistry-Corrosion, Metallurgy and Mineral Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, USTHB, BP 32, 16111, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Amar Manseri
- Research Center On Semiconductor Technology for Energetic (CRTSE), Thin Films Surface and Interface Division CMSI, 02 Bd. Frantz-Fanon, B.P. 140, Alger-7 Merveilles, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Djaouida Djadi
- Laboratory of Electrochemistry-Corrosion, Metallurgy and Mineral Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, USTHB, BP 32, 16111, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Jean-François Bardeau
- IMMM, Le Mans Université, UMR 6283 CNRS, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, 72085, Le Mans, France
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Mohan B, Neeraj, Virender, Kadiyan R, Singh K, Singh G, Kumar K, Kumar Sharma H, JL Pombeiro A. MOFs composite materials for Pb2+ ions detection in water: recent trends & advances. Microchem J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2023.108585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
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A novel gallium oxide nanoparticles-based sensor for the simultaneous electrochemical detection of Pb 2+, Cd 2+ and Hg 2+ ions in real water samples. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20181. [PMID: 36424461 PMCID: PMC9691749 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24558-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) using gallium oxide nanoparticles/carbon paste electrode (Ga2O3/CPE) was utilized for the simultaneous detection of Pb2+, Cd2+ and Hg2+ ions. Ga2O3NPs were chemically synthesized and fully characterized by Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Through the assay optimization, electrochemical screening of different nanomaterials was carried out using the cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in order to determine the best electrode modifier that will be implemented for the present assay. Consequently, various parameters such as electrode matrix composition, electrolyte, deposition potential, and deposition time were optimized and discussed. Accordingly, the newly developed sensing platform showed a wide dynamic linear range of 0.3-80 µM with detection limits (LODs) of 84, 88 and 130 nM for Pb2+, Cd2+ and Hg2+ ions, respectively. While the corresponding limit of quantification (LOQ) values were 280, 320 and 450 nM. Sensors selectivity was investigated towards different non-targeting metal ions, whereas no obvious cross-reactivity was obtained. Eventually, applications on real samples were performed, while excellent recoveries for the multiple metal ions were successfully achieved.
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Jaber L, Elgamouz A, Kawde AN. An insight to the filtration mechanism of Pb(II) at the surface of a clay ceramic membrane through its preconcentration at the surface of a graphite/clay composite working electrode. ARAB J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2022.104303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Fluorescence turn-off sensing of lead and gentamicin based on phosphorus and chlorine co-doped carbon dots. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Comparison of the modification of graphite electrodes with poly(4-aminobenzoic acid) and poly(4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid) for determination of Pb(II). CHEMICAL PAPERS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-022-02282-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Kokab T, Manzoor A, Aftab S, Aslam F, Jan Iftikhar F, Masood Siddiqi H, Shah A. A reliable sensing platform based on tribenzamide for sensitive and selective detection of Pb (II) ions. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2022.109261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Simple laser-induced graphene fiber electrode fabrication for high-performance heavy-metal sensing. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Electrochemical Sensors Based on the Electropolymerized Natural Phenolic Antioxidants and Their Analytical Application. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21248385. [PMID: 34960482 PMCID: PMC8707084 DOI: 10.3390/s21248385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The design and fabrication of novel electrochemical sensors with high analytical and operational characteristics are one of the sustainable trends in modern analytical chemistry. Polymeric film formation by the electropolymerization of suitable monomers is one of the methods of sensors fabrication. Among a wide range of the substances able to polymerize, the phenolic ones are of theoretical and practical interest. The attention is focused on the sensors based on the electropolymerized natural phenolic antioxidants and their analytical application. The typical electropolymerization reaction schemes are discussed. Phenol electropolymerization leads to insulating coverage formation. Therefore, a combination of electropolymerized natural phenolic antioxidants and carbon nanomaterials as modifiers is of special interest. Carbon nanomaterials provide conductivity and a high working surface area of the electrode, while the polymeric film properties affect the selectivity and sensitivity of the sensor response for the target analyte or the group of structurally related compounds. The possibility of guided changes in the electrochemical response for the improvement of target compounds' analytical characteristics has appeared. The analytical capabilities of sensors based on electropolymerized natural phenolic antioxidants and their future development in this field are discussed.
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Wasąg J, Grabarczyk M. Copper Film Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode and Copper Film with Carbon Nanotubes Modified Screen-Printed Electrode for the Cd(II) Determination. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14185148. [PMID: 34576372 PMCID: PMC8466203 DOI: 10.3390/ma14185148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A copper film modified glassy carbon electrode (CuF/GCE) and a novel copper film with carbon nanotubes modified screen-printed electrode (CuF/CN/SPE) for anodic stripping voltammetric measurement of ultratrace levels of Cd(II) are presented. During the development of the research procedure, several main parameters were investigated and optimized. The optimal electroanalytical performance of the working electrodes was achieved in electrolyte 0.1 M HCl and 2 × 10−4 M Cu(II). The copper film modified glassy carbon electrode exhibited operation in the presence of dissolved oxygen with a calculated limit of detection of 1.7 × 10−10 M and 210 s accumulation time, repeatability with RSD of 4.2% (n = 5). In the case of copper film with carbon nanotubes modified screen-printed electrode limit of detection amounted 1.3 × 10−10 M for accumulation time of 210 s and with RSD of 4.5% (n = 5). The calibration curve has a linear range in the tested concentration of 5 × 10−10–5 × 10−7 M (r = 0.999) for CuF/GCE and 3 × 10−10–3 × 10−7 M (r = 0.999) for CuF/CN/SPE with 210 s accumulation time in both cases. The used electrodes enable trace determination of cadmium in different environmental water samples containing organic matrix. The validation of the proposed procedures was carried out through analysis certified reference materials: TM-25.5, SPS-SW1, and SPS-WW1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Wasąg
- Department of Materials Engineering, Institute of Engineering and Technical Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Health, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, 20-950 Lublin, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Malgorzata Grabarczyk
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, 20-031 Lublin, Poland;
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