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Park SW, Kim D, Rhee YM. Overcoming the Limitation of Spin Statistics in Organic Light Emitting Diodes (OLEDs): Hot Exciton Mechanism and Its Characterization. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12362. [PMID: 37569740 PMCID: PMC10418923 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Triplet harvesting processes are essential for enhancing efficiencies of fluorescent organic light-emitting diodes. Besides more conventional thermally activated delayed fluorescence and triplet-triplet annihilation, the hot exciton mechanism has been recently noticed because it helps reduce the efficiency roll-off and improve device stability. Hot exciton materials enable the conversion of triplet excitons to singlet ones via reverse inter-system crossing from high-lying triplet states and thereby the depopulation of long-lived triplet excitons that are prone to chemical and/or efficiency degradation. Although their anti-Kasha characteristics have not been clearly explained, numerous molecules with behaviors assigned to the hot exciton mechanism have been reported. Indeed, the related developments appear to have just passed the stage of infancy now, and there will likely be more roles that computational elucidations can play. With this perspective in mind, we review some selected experimental studies on the mechanism and the related designs and then on computational studies. On the computational side, we examine what has been found and what is still missing with regard to properly understanding this interesting mechanism. We further discuss potential future points of computational interests toward aiming for eventually presenting in silico design guides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Wan Park
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongwook Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Kyonggi University, Suwon 16227, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Min Rhee
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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Zhou S, Wang F, Feng N, Xu A, Sun X, Zhou J, Li H. Room Temperature Phosphorescence Carbon Dots: Preparations, Regulations, and Applications. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2301240. [PMID: 37086135 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202301240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Room temperature phosphorescence (RTP) materials have drawn considerable attention by virtue of their outstanding features. Compared with organometallic complexes and pure organic compounds, carbon dots (CDs) have emerged as a new type of RTP materials, which show great advantages, such as moderate reaction condition, low toxicity, low cost, and tunable optical properties. In this review, the important progress made in RTP CDs is summarized, with an emphasis on the latest developments. The synthetic strategies of RTP CDs will be comprehensively summarized, followed by detailed introduction of their performance regulation and potential applications in anti-counterfeiting, information encryption, sensing, light-emitting diodes, and biomedicine. Finally, the remaining major challenges for RTP CDs are discussed and new opportunities in the future are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengju Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255000, P. R. China
| | - Feixiang Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255000, P. R. China
| | - Ning Feng
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, P. R. China
| | - Aoxue Xu
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, P. R. China
| | - Xiaofeng Sun
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255000, P. R. China
| | - Jin Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255000, P. R. China
| | - Hongguang Li
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, P. R. China
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Wu Y, Chen X, Wu W. Multiple Stimuli-Response Polychromatic Carbon Dots for Advanced Information Encryption and Safety. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2206709. [PMID: 36642825 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202206709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Optical information encryption and safety have aroused great attention since they are closely correlated to data protection and information safety. The development of multiple stimuli-response optical materials for constructing large-capacity information encryption and safety is very important for practical applications. Carbon dots (CDs) have many gratifying merits, such as polychromatic emission, diverse luminous categories, and stable physicochemical properties, and are considered as one of the most ideal candidates for information protection. Herein, carbon core, functional groups, solvents, and other crucial factors are reviewed for outputting polychromatic emission of multiple luminous categories. In particular, substrate engineering strategies have been emphasized for their critical role in yielding excellent optical features of multiple luminous categories. High-capacity information encryption and safety strategies are reviewed by relying on the rich optical properties of CDs, such as polychromatic emission, multiple luminous categories of fluorescence, afterglow, and upconversion, as well as external-stimuli-assisted optical changes. Some perspectives for preparing excellent CDs and further developing information security strategies are proposed. This review provides a good reference for the manipulation of polychromatic CDs and the development of next-generation information encryption and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youfusheng Wu
- Laboratory of Printable Functional Materials and Printed Electronics, Research Center for Graphic Communication, Printing and Packaging, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Xiao Chen
- Laboratory of Printable Functional Materials and Printed Electronics, Research Center for Graphic Communication, Printing and Packaging, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Wei Wu
- Laboratory of Printable Functional Materials and Printed Electronics, Research Center for Graphic Communication, Printing and Packaging, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
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Wang K, Qu L, Yang C. Long-Lived Dynamic Room Temperature Phosphorescence from Carbon Dots Based Materials. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023:e2206429. [PMID: 36609989 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202206429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
As a type of room temperature phosphorescence (RTP) material, carbon dots (CDs) always show short lifetime and low phosphorescence efficiency. To counter these disadvantages, several strategies, such as embedding in rigid matrix, introducing of heteroatom, crosslink-enhanced emission, etc., are well developed. Consequently, lots of CDs-based RTP materials are obtained. Doping of CDs into various matrix is the dominant method for preparation of long-lived CDs-based RTP materials so far. The desired CDs@matrix composites always display outstanding RTP performances. Meanwhile, matrix-free CDs and carbonized polymer dots-based RTP materials are also widely developed. Amounts of CDs possessing ultra-long lived, multiple colored, and dynamic RTP emission are successfully obtained. Herein, the recent progress achieved in CDs-based RTP materials as well as the corresponding efficient strategies and emission mechanisms are summarized and reviewed in detail. Due to CDs-based RTP materials possess excellent chemical stability, photostability and low biological toxicity, they exhibit great application potential in the fields of anti-counterfeiting, data encryption, and biological monitoring. The application of the CDs-based RTP materials is also introduced in this review. As a promising functional material, development of long wavelength RTP emitting CDs with long lifetime is still challengeable, especially for the red and near-infrared emitting RTP materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiti Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing, 400054, China
| | - Lunjun Qu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing, 400054, China
| | - Chaolong Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing, 400054, China
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Cheng Q, Chen Z, Hu L, Song Y, Zhu S, Liu R, Zhu H. Spatial effect and resonance energy transfer for the construction of carbon dots composites with long-lived multicolor afterglow for advanced anticounterfeiting. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2022.108070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Chao T, Wang J, Dong X, Ren J, Zhang H, Song R, Xie Z. Defects and Structural Limitation-Induced Carbon Dots-Silica Hybrid Materials with Ultralong Room Temperature Phosphorescence. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:9558-9563. [PMID: 36201597 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c02647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dots-based room temperature phosphorescent (RTP) materials have attracted widespread attention owing to their excellent optical properties. However, there still is a challenge to fabricate carbon dots-based materials simultaneously showing long RTP lifetime and high phosphorescent quantum yield. Herein, we have designed a kind of carbon dots-silica hybrid material that can produce RTP emission with ultralong lifetime and also high phosphorescent quantum yield (1.3 s and 11.22%). Both chemical and optical analytical characterizations indicate the source of the outstanding RTP performance as the synergistic strategy of abundant electron traps, highly rigid network, and stable covalent bond. The findings provide a new design idea to achieve novel carbon dots-based RTP materials, showing broad application prospects in optical anticounterfeiting, optoelectronics, and others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Chao
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- Sino-Danish Center for Education and Research, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jingjing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xuezhe Dong
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Junkai Ren
- Laboratory of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, CR-INSTM, Via Vienna 2, Sassari, 07100, Italy
| | - Hailong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Rui Song
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zheng Xie
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
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Xu M, Wang X, Liu X. Detection of Heavy Metal Ions by Ratiometric Photoelectric Sensor. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:11468-11480. [PMID: 36074997 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c03916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, heavy metal pollution has become increasingly serious. Heavy metals exist in an environment mainly in the form of ions (heavy metal ions, HMs). They can contaminate food, water, soil, and the atmosphere, leading to serious harm to plants and animals. With high bioavailability and nonbiodegradability, HMs can accumulate through biomagnification. Consequently, heavy metal pollution has become the cause of many fatal diseases threatening human health and ecological environment. Therefore, the accurate detection of HMs is vital and necessary. In this paper, the harm and limit standards of heavy metals were systematically summarized and the common analysis methods were overviewed and compared. Specifically, the latest research progress of ratiometric photoelectric sensor, including optical and electrical sensor, were mainly described. The research status and advantages and disadvantages of a photoelectric sensor were summarized. Furthermore, the future directions were proposed, which provided the reference for the further research and application of the ratiometric photoelectric sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Xu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xiaoying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xiangping Liu
- Nanjing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing 210003, China
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