Sustainable valorization of papaya peels for thrombolytic cysteine protease isolation by ultrasound assisted disruptive liquid phase microextraction with task specific switchable natural deep eutectic solvents

Exploring the extraction, functional properties, and industrial applications of papain from Carica papaya

Papain a protease enzyme naturally present in the Carica papaya has gained significant interest across several industries due to its unique properties and versatility. The unique structure of papain imparts the functionality that assists in elucidating how papain enzyme works and making it beneficial for a variety of purposes. This review highlights recent advancements in papain extraction techniques to enhance production efficiency to meet market demand. The extraction of papain from the Carica papaya plant offers various advantages such as cost-effectiveness, biodegradability, safety, and the ability to withstand a wide range of pH and temperature conditions. Key findings reveal that non-conventional papain extraction techniques offer significant advantages in terms of efficiency, product quality, and environmental sustainability. Furthermore, papain treatment enhances the value of final products due to its anti-bacterial, anti-oxidant, and anti-obesity properties. The ability of papain to hydrolyze a wide range of proteins across various conditions makes it a suitable protease enzyme. While the study emphasizes the advantages of papain, the study also acknowledges limitations such as the continuous research and development to optimize extraction processes which will help unlock papain's potential and meet the growing demand. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Simultaneous production and sustainable eutectic mixture based purification of narringinase with Bacillus amyloliquefaciens by valorization of tofu wastewater

The current investigation is being executed for sustainable one-pot production and purification of naringinase using natural deep eutectic solvent-based extractive fermentation. Five natural deep eutectic solvents were prepared and their physicochemical properties were determined as a function of temperature. Tofu wastewater was used as a low-cost substrate for naringinase production and simultaneous in-situ purification of the enzyme was accomplished by employing NADES. Optimal conditions of influential factors like concentrations of NADES (74.5% w/w), Na₂SO₄ (15% w/v) and tofu wastewater (1.5% w/w) resulted in an effective yield of naringinase (249.6 U/ml). Scale-up of naringinase production with a 3 l custom made desktop bioreactor was accomplished and effective regeneration of NADES was established. NADES exhibits selectivity during extraction even after the fifth cycle proving it to be tailor-made. The resulting active enzyme was quantified by size exclusion chromatography (736.85 U/mg). Ultrapure enzyme fraction was obtained with anion exchange chromatography yielding maximum purity of (63.2 U/ml) and specific naringinase activity of (3516 U/mg). The in-vitro debittering activity of the resulting ultrapure enzyme fraction was determined with grape juice resulting in naringin and limonin removal of [23.4% (w/w)] and [64.3% (w/w)] respectively.

Deep Eutectic Solvents (DESs)-Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction of Paeoniflorin and Paeonol from Moutan Cortex

Deep eutectic solvents (DESs-)-ultrasonic-assisted extraction technology was used to evaluate and optimize the extraction process of paeoniflorin and paeonol in Moutan Cortex. First of all, 10 kinds of choline chloride-based DESs were selected as potential extraction solvents, and the DES extraction effect of choline chloride: lactic acid was determined to be the best. Then, single-factor experiments were conducted to explore the effects of DES composition (molar ratio, water content, and ratio of material to liquid) and ultrasonic treatment (ultrasonic power, extraction time, extraction temperature, and vortex time) on the yield of paeoniflorin and paeonol in Moutan Cortex. On this basis, the response surface method was used to optimize the process of ultrasonic-assisted extraction of paeoniflorin and paeonol from Moutan Cortex with DESs. The results showed that the optimum process parameters of DESs-ultrasonic-assisted extraction of paeoniflorin and paeonol from Moutan Cortex were as follows: molar ratio of choline chloride to lactic acid was 1 : 2, water content was 30%, ratio of material to liquid was 1 : 30 (g/mL), ultrasonic power was 300 W, extraction time was 33 min, extraction temperature was 50°C, and vortex time was 5 min. Under these conditions, the yield sum of paeoniflorin and paeonol in the obtained Moutan Cortex was 9.279 mg/g. The difference between the experimental value and the theoretical value was 0.333 mg/g. The results showed that the response surface method can simulate and predict the yield of paeoniflorin and paeonol in Moutan Cortex under different extraction conditions, and it was feasible to optimize the process parameters. The results of this study show that DES has great potential to replace traditional solvents in the extraction of active components of the Moutan Cortex. The study on the extraction of active components of traditional Chinese medicine by DES is helpful to expand the scope of the application of DES in traditional Chinese medicine.