Enhancing enrichment ability of Co-Al- layered double hydroxides-mixed matrix membrane microextraction by deep eutectic solvent for analysis of warfarin in biological samples and its quantification via high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection

A novel microextraction technique aided by air agitation using a natural hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent for the extraction of fluvastatin and empagliflozin from plasma samples: application to pharmacokinetic and drug-drug interaction study

This study focuses on the interaction between the antihyperlipidemic drug fluvastatin (FLV) and the antidiabetic drug empagliflozin (EMP), which are commonly co-administered medications. EMP's impact on FLV levels is attributed to its inhibition of organic anion transporting polypeptide 1B1 (OATP1B1), responsible for FLV liver uptake, consequently elevating FLV concentrations in blood. Traditional extraction methods for FLV faced difficulties due to its high hydrophobicity. In this study, a hydrophobic natural deep eutectic solvent (NDES) using air assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (AA-DLLME) was utilized as an excellent choice for achieving the highest extraction recovery, reaching 96% for FLV and 92% for EMP. The NDES was created through the combination of menthol and hippuric acid in a 4 : 1 ratio, making it a green and cost-effective pathway. Liquid phase microextraction followed by spectrofluorometric measurements of FLV at λem = 395 nm and EMP at λem = 303 nm, with excitation at a single wavelength of 275 nm was carried out. Response surface methodology (RSM) relying on central composite design (CCD) was used to optimize the variables affecting the AA-NDES-DLLME. The optimized conditions for extraction are: NDES volume of 200 μL, centrifugation time of 15 minutes, air-agitation cycle of 6 cycles, and sample pH of 4.0. Under these optimized conditions, the developed method exhibited good linearity and precision. The method showed good recoveries from rabbit plasma samples spiked at varying concentrations of the analyzed compounds. To assess the applicability and effectiveness of the hydrophobic DES, the validated method was applied to extract the studied drugs from rabbit plasma samples after oral administration of FLV alone and in combination with EMP. The pharmacokinetic parameters of FLV were calculated in both cases to investigate any changes and determine the need for dose adjustment.

Deep Eutectic Solvents (DESs)-Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction of Paeoniflorin and Paeonol from Moutan Cortex

Deep eutectic solvents (DESs-)-ultrasonic-assisted extraction technology was used to evaluate and optimize the extraction process of paeoniflorin and paeonol in Moutan Cortex. First of all, 10 kinds of choline chloride-based DESs were selected as potential extraction solvents, and the DES extraction effect of choline chloride: lactic acid was determined to be the best. Then, single-factor experiments were conducted to explore the effects of DES composition (molar ratio, water content, and ratio of material to liquid) and ultrasonic treatment (ultrasonic power, extraction time, extraction temperature, and vortex time) on the yield of paeoniflorin and paeonol in Moutan Cortex. On this basis, the response surface method was used to optimize the process of ultrasonic-assisted extraction of paeoniflorin and paeonol from Moutan Cortex with DESs. The results showed that the optimum process parameters of DESs-ultrasonic-assisted extraction of paeoniflorin and paeonol from Moutan Cortex were as follows: molar ratio of choline chloride to lactic acid was 1 : 2, water content was 30%, ratio of material to liquid was 1 : 30 (g/mL), ultrasonic power was 300 W, extraction time was 33 min, extraction temperature was 50°C, and vortex time was 5 min. Under these conditions, the yield sum of paeoniflorin and paeonol in the obtained Moutan Cortex was 9.279 mg/g. The difference between the experimental value and the theoretical value was 0.333 mg/g. The results showed that the response surface method can simulate and predict the yield of paeoniflorin and paeonol in Moutan Cortex under different extraction conditions, and it was feasible to optimize the process parameters. The results of this study show that DES has great potential to replace traditional solvents in the extraction of active components of the Moutan Cortex. The study on the extraction of active components of traditional Chinese medicine by DES is helpful to expand the scope of the application of DES in traditional Chinese medicine.