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Xu X, Murphy LA. Targeted quantification of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in livestock serum by liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry. J Vet Diagn Invest 2024:10406387241268224. [PMID: 39152693 DOI: 10.1177/10406387241268224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) have attracted increasing attention due to their persistence in the environment and potential adverse effects on human and animal health. The detection and quantification of PFASs in livestock could substantially contribute to monitoring their presence within the food chain. We developed a targeted quantification method for 34 PFASs in livestock serum by liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS). We used protein precipitation for serum sample extraction and accurate mass measurement of targeted PFAS compounds for quantification. We validated the method with various analytical parameters, achieving accuracy of 70-120% and precision of <20%. The method also demonstrated good analytical sensitivity, with a limit of detection of <0.051 ng/mL and a limit of quantification of <0.175 ng/mL. When applying the developed method to actual serum samples from a variety of livestock, we successfully identified and quantified various PFASs in different livestock species. Our method has the potential to be a valuable tool for veterinary laboratory analysis of PFAS contamination in livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Xu
- Pennsylvania Animal Diagnostic Laboratory System Toxicology Laboratory, New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA, USA
| | - Lisa A Murphy
- Pennsylvania Animal Diagnostic Laboratory System Toxicology Laboratory, New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA, USA
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2
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Zhao S, Chen J, Zhong C, Meng L, Wang Y. Nontargeted metabolomic insights into the behavioral effects of 5-MeO-MiPT in zebrafish (Danio rerio). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 272:116044. [PMID: 38295732 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
5-Methoxy-N-methyl-N-isopropyltryptamine (5-MeO-MiPT) is a novel psychoactive substance exhibiting a tryptamine structure. Despite its increasing prevalence, the environmental impact of 5-MeO-MiPT remains unexplored. Our prior investigation revealed that 5-MeO-MiPT induced inhibited spontaneous movement and prompted anxiety-like behavior in adult zebrafish-a validated toxicological model. To elucidate this phenomenon and establish a correlation between metabolomics and behavioral changes induced by 5-MeO-MiPT, zebrafish were administered varying drug concentrations. Zebrafishes were subjected to injections of different 5-MeO-MiPT concentrations. Subsequent metabolomic analysis of endogenous metabolites affected by the drug unveiled substantial variations in metabolic levels between the control group and the drug-injected cohorts. A total of 22 distinct metabolites emerged as potential biomarkers. Further scrutiny identified seven pathways significantly influenced by 5-MeO-MiPT. A focused exploration into amino acid metabolism, lipid metabolism, and energy metabolism unveiled that the metabolic repercussions of 5-MeO-MiPT on zebrafish resulted in observable brain damage. Notably, the study identified a consequential disruption in the liver-brain pathway. The comprehensive metabolomic approach employed herein effectively discerned the impact of 5-MeO-MiPT on zebrafish metabolism. This approach also shed light on the mechanism underpinning the anxiety-like behavior observed in zebrafish post-drug injection. Specifically, our findings indicate that 5-MeO-MiPT induces brain damage, particularly within the liver-brain pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Zhao
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China; Zhejiang Police College, Key Laboratory of Drug Prevention and Control Technology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310053, PR China
| | - Jinyuan Chen
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Chenhao Zhong
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Liang Meng
- Department of Forensic Science, Fujian Police College, Fuzhou 350007, PR China
| | - Yanjiao Wang
- Binjiang Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, PR China.
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3
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Martello L, Rapti A, Bikiaris DN, Lambropoulou DA. Synthesis and evaluation of a chitosan nanomaterial as efficient sorbent for determination of fungicide residues in waters and wine by liquid chromatography high resolution mass spectrometry. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2024; 16:873-883. [PMID: 38240475 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay02014b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
In the present study a novel, cost-effective, environmentally friendly, and efficient analytical method was developed to analyze fungicide residues in water and wine. The method relies on the application of a newly developed sorbent nanomaterial named Nano-Cs-NAT, synthesized by modifying chitosan, a naturally occurring, low-cost polysaccharide, through grafting with two acrylic monomers and a cross-linker. Nano-Cs-NAT was introduced as analytical sorbent for Dispersive Micro Solid Phase Extraction (D-μ-SPE) before Liquid Chromatography-Orbitrap High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry (LC-Orbitrap HRMS) analysis of twelve fungicides commonly used in viticulture (among the others, triazoles, strobilurines and N-substituted imidazoles). Characterization of the sorbent was conducted, confirming the successful acrylation of chitosan. A multivariate approach was employed to optimize D-μ-SPE extraction parameters. The material was found to be highly effective in simultaneously purifying and concentrating the target analytes, enhancing overall analytical efficiency and sensitivity. The Nano-Cs-NAT-D-μ-SPE-LC-Orbitrap-HRMS method was thoroughly validated, exhibiting good recoveries (72-104%), reproducibility (average RSD ≤ 6%) and repeatability (average RSD ≤ 7%). It also achieved low limits of detection (LOD) in river water (average LOD of 0.04 μg L-1) and wine (average LOD of 0.72 μg kg-1), highlighting its potential for routine fungicide residue analysis. This developed method addresses environmental and food safety concerns by providing an efficient solution for detecting fungicide residues in waters and wine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Martello
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Androniki Rapti
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitrios N Bikiaris
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitra A Lambropoulou
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece.
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Balkan Center, Thessaloniki, 10th km-Thermi Rd, 57001, Thessaloniki, Greece
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4
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Mancini M, Gioia V, Simonetti F, Frugis A, Cinti S. Evaluation of Pure PFAS Decrease in Controlled Settings. ACS MEASUREMENT SCIENCE AU 2023; 3:444-451. [PMID: 38145023 PMCID: PMC10740118 DOI: 10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.3c00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Since 1940, poly- or perfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) have been largely used in many applications, including paints, fire foaming, household items, product packaging, and fabrics. Because of their extremely high persistency, they have been defined as "forever chemicals". Although the EU is taking action to reduce their use, their widespread occurrence in environmental matrices and their harmful effects on human health require the use of highly performing analytical methods for efficient monitoring. Furthermore, novel PFAS are constantly revealed by both EU and National environmental agencies. The objective of this work is to investigate the cause of the signal decrease during the analysis of a standard PFAS mixture in water-based matrices, by proposing an efficient technical procedure for laboratory specialists. The analyses were carried out on a mixture of 30 PFAS, including both regulated and unknown substances (which are expected to be introduced in the guidelines), characterized by different chemical features, using LC-vials of two different materials, namely, glass and polypropylene, and dissolved in two solvents, namely, water and water-methanol. The temperature of analysis and the concentration of PFAS were also considered through LC-MS analyses at different times, in the 0-15 h range. Depending on the chemical structure and length of the PFAS, sampling and treatment procedures may be adopted to tackle the decrease and the release from the containers, reducing the risk of underestimating PFAS also in real water matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Mancini
- Department
of Organic Micropollutants, Acea Elabori, Via Vitorchiano 165, 00191 Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Gioia
- Department
of Organic Micropollutants, Acea Elabori, Via Vitorchiano 165, 00191 Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Simonetti
- Department
of Chemistry and Drug Technologies, Sapienza
University of Rome, P.le
Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Frugis
- Department
of Research, Acea Elabori, Via Vitorchiano 165, 00191 Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Cinti
- Department
of Pharmacy, University of Naples “Federico
II”, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
- BAT
Center - Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental
Technology, University of Naples “Federico
II”, 80055 Naples, Italy
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5
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Boisacq P, De Keuster M, Prinsen E, Jeong Y, Bervoets L, Eens M, Covaci A, Willems T, Groffen T. Assessment of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in commercially available drinking straws using targeted and suspect screening approaches. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2023; 40:1230-1241. [PMID: 37619405 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2023.2240908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Many food contact materials (FCMs) and reusable plastics in the food industry contain poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), a group of synthetic pollutants that are known to be potentially harmful for wildlife, humans, and the environment. PFAS may migrate from FCMs to food consumed by humans. As a replacement for plastics, often paper and other plant-based materials are used in commercial settings. This also applies to drinking straws, where plant-based and other presumably eco-friendly straws are increasingly used to reduce plastic pollution. In order to make these materials water-repellent, PFAS are added during manufacturing but can also already be present early in the supply chain due to the use of contaminated raw materials. In the present study, we examined the PFAS concentrations in 39 different brands of straws, made from five materials (i.e. paper, bamboo, glass, stainless steel, and plastic) commercially available on the Belgian market. We combined both targeted and suspect-screening approaches to evaluate a wide range of PFAS. PFAS were found to be present in almost all types of straws, except for those made of stainless steel. PFAS were more frequently detected in plant-based materials, such as paper and bamboo. We did not observe many differences between the types of materials, or the continents of origin. The presence of PFAS in plant-based straws shows that they are not necessarily biodegradable and that the use of such straws potentially contributes to human and environmental exposure of PFAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Boisacq
- ECOSPHERE, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Maarten De Keuster
- ECOSPHERE, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Els Prinsen
- Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Yunsun Jeong
- Toxicological Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
- Division for Environmental Health, Korea Environment Institute (KEI), Sejong, Republic of Korea
| | - Lieven Bervoets
- ECOSPHERE, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Marcel Eens
- Behavioural Ecology and Ecophysiology Group, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Tim Willems
- Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Thimo Groffen
- ECOSPHERE, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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Ogunbiyi OD, Ajiboye TO, Omotola EO, Oladoye PO, Olanrewaju CA, Quinete N. Analytical approaches for screening of per- and poly fluoroalkyl substances in food items: A review of recent advances and improvements. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 329:121705. [PMID: 37116565 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Per and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a group of man-made chemicals characterized by their ubiquitous nature in all environmental compartments which makes them of increasing concern due to their persistence, bioaccumulation, and toxicity (PBT). Several instrumental methodologies and separation techniques have been identified in the literature for the detection and quantification of PFAS in environmental samples. In this review, we have identified and compared common separation techniques adopted for the extraction of PFAS in food items, and analytical methodologies for identification and quantification of PFAS in food items of plant and animal origin, highlighting recent advances in tandem techniques for the high selectivity and separation of PFAS related compounds as well as knowledge gaps and research needs on current analytical methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olutobi Daniel Ogunbiyi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th St, Modesto Maidique Campus, Miami, FL, 33199, USA; Institute of Environment, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th St, Modesto Maidique Campus, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Timothy Oladiran Ajiboye
- Chemistry Department, Nelson Mandela University, University Way, Summerstrand, 6019, Gqeberha, South Africa; Material Science Innovation and Modelling (MaSIM) Research Focus Area, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Mafikeng Campus, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho, 2735, South Africa
| | | | - Peter Olusakin Oladoye
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th St, Modesto Maidique Campus, Miami, FL, 33199, USA; Institute of Environment, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th St, Modesto Maidique Campus, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Clement Ajibade Olanrewaju
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th St, Modesto Maidique Campus, Miami, FL, 33199, USA; Institute of Environment, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th St, Modesto Maidique Campus, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Natalia Quinete
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th St, Modesto Maidique Campus, Miami, FL, 33199, USA; Institute of Environment, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th St, Modesto Maidique Campus, Miami, FL, 33199, USA.
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7
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Ismail UM, Elnakar H, Khan MF. Sources, Fate, and Detection of Dust-Associated Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS): A Review. TOXICS 2023; 11:335. [PMID: 37112562 PMCID: PMC10146191 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11040335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of sand and dust storms (SDSs) is essential for the geochemical cycling of nutrients; however, it is considered a meteorological hazard common to arid regions because of the adverse impacts that SDSs brings with them. One common implication of SDSs is the transport and disposition of aerosols coated with anthropogenic contaminants. Studies have reported the presence of such contaminants in desert dust; however, similar findings related to ubiquitous emerging contaminants, such as per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), have been relatively scarce in the literature. This article reviews and identifies the potential sources of dust-associated PFAS that can accumulate and spread across SDS-prone regions. Furthermore, PFAS exposure routes and their toxicity through bioaccumulation in rodents and mammals are discussed. The major challenge when dealing with emerging contaminants is their quantification and analysis from different environmental media, and these PFAS include known and unknown precursors that need to be quantified. Consequently, a review of various analytical methods capable of detecting different PFAS compounds embedded in various matrices is provided. This review will provide researchers with valuable information relevant to the presence, toxicity, and quantification of dust-associated PFAS to develop appropriate mitigation measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usman M. Ismail
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Haitham Elnakar
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre for Construction and Building Materials, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Faizan Khan
- Alberta Environment and Protected Areas, Drinking Water and Wastewater, Regulatory Assurance Division, Government of Alberta, 2938 11 St. NE, Calgary, AB T2E 7L7, Canada
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8
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Karimi P, Azarpira H, Rasolevandi T, Sarkhosh M, Azizi S, Mohseni SM, Sadani M. Simultaneous Cr (VI) reduction and diazinon oxidation with organometallic sludge formation under photolysis: kinetics, degradation pathways, and mechanism. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:14630-14640. [PMID: 36161559 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-22892-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In this study, simultaneous removal of an organic matter (diazinon, DIZ) and an inorganic substance (chromium, Cr) was used. Breaking down of organic matter by UV irradiation produces various radicals, including sulfides, carboxyl, hydroxyl, hydrated electrons, and various organic radicals that are highly reactive and help us to precipitation inorganic substance (Cr). The optimal condition was 30:1 DIZ:Cr molar ratio, pH 9, and about 100% and 82.3% of DIZ and Cr were obtained in 30 min. Cr deposition was very slow at first. After the destruction of the DIZ structure, Cr deposition began, and various types of sludge with disturbed properties were formed. These sledges were analyzed by FTIR analysis and showed that green sludge could be chromium (III) hydroxide; brown sludge due to chromium (III) hydroxide, tiny green crystals from chromium (III) oxide, red brick from chromium (II) acetate chromium trioxide, as well as black sludge caused by chromium oxide were identified. In UV/DIZ/Cr process, kobs and robs range obtained 0.33-0.15 and 16.8-23.4 $ with both Cr and DIZ concentration increased from 50 to 150 mg L-1. Also, EEO for Cr precipitation was 24.65 to 5.74 and for DIZ 12.54 to 4.73 (kwh m-3). Depending on the amount of energy consumption, TCS was 37.19 to 10.47 for Cr precipitation and 4.46 to 1.25 $. It is important to note that when both pollutants are exposed to ultraviolet light, more energy and cost are generally required from UV/DIZ process and less than of UV/Cr process. But it should be noted that in fact 50 mg L-1 of chromium and 50 mg L-1 of DIZ are being removed at the same time. In UV/DIZ and UV/Cr processes that are exposed to ultraviolet radiation alone, only one of them is removed. Also, when these two pollutants are being removed at the same time, the total amount of energy is much less than the total energy consumption of the pollutants one by one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pouria Karimi
- Student Research Committee, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Azarpira
- Environmental Health Engineering Department, Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Saveh University of Medical Sciences, Saveh, Iran
| | - Tayebeh Rasolevandi
- Environmental Health Engineering Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Sarkhosh
- Environmental Health Engineering Department, School of Public Health, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- UNESCO-UNISA Africa Chair in Nanosciences and Nanotechnology, College of Graduate Studies, University of South Africa, Muckleneuk Ridge, PO Box 392, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa
- Nanosciences African Network (NANOAFNET), iThemba LABS-National Research Foundation, 1 Old Faure Road, Somerset West 7129, PO Box 722, Somerset West, Western Cape, 7131, South Africa
| | - Shohreh Azizi
- UNESCO-UNISA Africa Chair in Nanosciences and Nanotechnology, College of Graduate Studies, University of South Africa, Muckleneuk Ridge, PO Box 392, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa
- Nanosciences African Network (NANOAFNET), iThemba LABS-National Research Foundation, 1 Old Faure Road, Somerset West 7129, PO Box 722, Somerset West, Western Cape, 7131, South Africa
| | - Seyed Mohsen Mohseni
- Student Research Committee, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Environmental Health Engineering Department, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Sadani
- Environmental Health Engineering Department, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Anagnostopoulpou K, Nannou C, Aschonitis VG, Lambropoulou DA. Screening of pesticides and emerging contaminants in eighteen Greek lakes by using target and non-target HRMS approaches: Occurrence and ecological risk assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 849:157887. [PMID: 35952888 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Lakes, albeit ecosystems of vital importance, are insufficiently investigated with respect to the degradation of water quality due to the organic micropollutants load. As regards Greece, screening of lake waters is scarce and concerns a limited number of contaminants. However, understanding the occurrence of contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) and other micropollutants in lakes is essential to appraise their potential ecotoxicological effects. The aim of this study was to deploy a multiresidue screening approach based on liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) to get a first snapshot for >470 target CECs, including pesticides, pharmaceuticals, personal care products (PPCPs), per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), as well as organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) in eighteen Greek lakes in Central, Northern and West Northern Greece. The omnipresent compounds were DEET (N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide), caffeine and TCPP (tris (1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate). Maximum concentrations varied among the different classes. DEET was detected at a maximum average concentration of >1000 ng/L in Lake Orestiada, while its mean concentration was estimated at 233 ng/L. The maximum total concentrations for pesticides, PPCPs, PFASs, and OPFRs were 5807, 2669, 33.1, and 1214 ng/L, respectively, indicating that Greek lakes are still threatened by the intense agricultural activity. Besides, HRMS enabled a non-target screening by exploiting the rich content of the full-scan raw data, allowing the 'discovery' of tentative candidates, such as surfactants, pharmaceuticals, and preservatives among others, without reference standards. The potential ecotoxicity was assessed by both the risk quotient method and ECOSAR (Ecological Structure Activity Relationships) revealing low risk for most of the compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyriaki Anagnostopoulpou
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; Centre for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Balkan Center, Thessaloniki, 10th km Thessaloniki-Thermi Rd, GR 57001, Greece
| | - Christina Nannou
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; Centre for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Balkan Center, Thessaloniki, 10th km Thessaloniki-Thermi Rd, GR 57001, Greece
| | - Vassilis G Aschonitis
- Soil and Water Resources Institute, Hellenic Agricultural Organization - DIMITRA, Thermi, Thessaloniki 57001, Greece
| | - Dimitra A Lambropoulou
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; Centre for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Balkan Center, Thessaloniki, 10th km Thessaloniki-Thermi Rd, GR 57001, Greece.
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