1
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Ii S. Quantitative Characterization by Transmission Electron Microscopy and Its Application to Interfacial Phenomena in Crystalline Materials. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:578. [PMID: 38591374 PMCID: PMC10856096 DOI: 10.3390/ma17030578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
This paper reviews quantitative characterization via transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and its application to interfacial phenomena based on the results obtained through the studies. Several signals generated by the interaction between the specimen and the electron beam with a probe size of less than 1 nm are utilized for a quantitative analysis, which yields considerable chemical and physical information. This review describes several phenomena near the interfaces, e.g., clear solid-vapor interface (surface) segregation of yttria in the zirconia nanoparticles by an energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis, the evaluation of the local magnetic moment at the grain boundary in terms of electron energy loss spectroscopy equipped with TEM, and grain boundary character dependence of the magnetism. The direct measurement of the stress to the dislocation transferred across the grain boundary and the microstructure evolution focused on the grain boundary formation caused by plastic deformation are discussed as examples of material dynamics associated with the grain boundary. Finally, the outlook for future investigations of interface studies, including the recent progress, is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiichiro Ii
- Research Center for Structural Materials, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba 305-0047, Japan
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2
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Lawrence RA, Ramasse QM, Holsgrove KM, Sando D, Cazorla C, Valanoor N, Arredondo MA. Effects of Multiple Local Environments on Electron Energy Loss Spectra of Epitaxial Perovskite Interfaces. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2022; 126:21453-21466. [PMID: 36582487 PMCID: PMC9791663 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.2c06879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The role of local chemical environments in the electron energy loss spectra of complex multiferroic oxides was studied using computational and experimental techniques. The evolution of the O K-edge across an interface between bismuth ferrite (BFO) and lanthanum strontium manganate (LSMO) was considered through spectral averaging over crystallographically equivalent positions to capture the periodicity of the local O environments. Computational techniques were used to investigate the contribution of individual atomic environments to the overall spectrum, and the role of doping and strain was considered. Chemical variation, even at the low level, was found to have a major impact on the spectral features, whereas strain only induced a small chemical shift to the edge onset energy. Through a combination of these methods, it was possible to explain experimentally observed effects such as spectral flattening near the interface as the combination of spectral responses from multiple local atomic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A. Lawrence
- Department
of Physics, University of York, Heslington, North YorkshireYO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Quentin M. Ramasse
- SuperSTEM
Laboratory, SciTech Daresbury Campus, DaresburyWA4 4AD, United Kingdom
- School
of Chemical and Process Engineering and School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, LeedsLS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Kristina M. Holsgrove
- School
of Mathematics and Physics, Queen’s
University Belfast, BelfastBT7 1NN, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Sando
- School
of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University
of Canterbury, ChristChurch8140, New Zealand
| | - Claudio Cazorla
- Departament
de Fisica, Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya, BarcelonaE-08034, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Nagarajan Valanoor
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW2052, Australia
| | - Miryam A. Arredondo
- School
of Mathematics and Physics, Queen’s
University Belfast, BelfastBT7 1NN, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
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3
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Mendis BG, Talmantaite A. Towards Electron Energy Loss Compton Spectra Free From Dynamical Diffraction Artifacts. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2022; 28:1-10. [PMID: 36062365 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927622012223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The Compton signal in electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) is used to determine the projected electron momentum density of states for the solid. A frequent limitation however is the strong dynamical scattering of the incident electron beam within a crystalline specimen, i.e. Bragg diffracted beams can be additional sources of Compton scattering that distort the measured profile from its true shape. The Compton profile is simulated via a multislice method that models dynamical scattering both before and after the Compton energy loss event. Simulations indicate the importance of both the specimen illumination condition and EELS detection geometry. Based on this, a strategy to minimize diffraction artifacts is proposed and verified experimentally. Furthermore, an inversion algorithm to extract the projected momentum density of states from a Compton measurement performed under strong diffraction conditions is demonstrated. The findings enable a new route to more accurate electron Compton data from crystalline specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Budhika G Mendis
- Department of Physics, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Alina Talmantaite
- Department of Physics, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
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4
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Mendis B. Background subtraction in electron Compton spectroscopy. Micron 2022; 163:103363. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2022.103363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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5
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Simulated carbon K edge spectral database of organic molecules. Sci Data 2022; 9:214. [PMID: 35577821 PMCID: PMC9110715 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-022-01303-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we provide a database of simulated carbon K (C-K) edge core loss spectra of 117,340 symmetrically unique sites in 22,155 molecules with no more than eight non-hydrogen atoms (C, O, N, and F). Our database contains C-K edge spectra of each carbon site and those of molecules along with their excitation energies. Our database is useful for analyzing experimental spectrum and conducting spectrum informatics on organic materials. Measurement(s) | electron energy loss spectroscopy | Technology Type(s) | density functional theory calculation | Factor Type(s) | organic molecules • carbon sites in a organic molecule |
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6
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Kiyohara S, Kikumasa K, Shibata K, Mizoguchi T. Automatic determination of the spectrum-structure relationship by tree structure-based unsupervised and supervised learning. Ultramicroscopy 2022; 233:113438. [PMID: 34915289 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2021.113438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Spectroscopy is widely used for the analysis of chemical, vibrational, and bonding information. Interpretations of the spectral features have been performed by comparing the objective spectra with reference spectra from experiments or simulations. However, the interpretation process by humans is not always straightforward, especially for spectra obtained from unknown or new materials. In the present study, we developed a method using machine learning techniques to obtain human-like interpretation automatically. We combined unsupervised and supervised learning methods; then applied it to the spectrum database which includes more than 400 spectra of water and organic molecules containing various ligands and chemical bonds. The proposed method has successfully found the correlations between the spectral features and descriptors of the atoms, bonds, and ligands. We demonstrated that the proposed method enabled the automatic determination of reasonable spectrum-structure relationships such as between π* resonance in C-K edges and multiple bonds. The proposed method enables the automatic determination of physically and chemically reasonable spectrum-structure relationships without arbitrariness in data-driven manner, which is considerably difficult only with simulation or conventional machine leaning techniques. Such relationships are useful for understanding what structural parameters cause changes in the spectrum, providing a way for the better interpretation of spatial distributed or time evolutionary data. Furthermore, although the present work focused on the ELNES/XANES spectrum from small organic molecules, the proposed method can be readily extended to other spectral data. It is expected to contribute to a better understanding of the spectrum-structure relationship in various spectroscopy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Kiyohara
- Institute of Industrial Science, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan; Laboratory for Materials and Structures, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan.
| | - Kakeru Kikumasa
- Institute of Industrial Science, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
| | - Kiyou Shibata
- Institute of Industrial Science, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
| | - Teruyasu Mizoguchi
- Institute of Industrial Science, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
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7
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Ghosh S, Ghosh H. Excitonic Effects in Fe/As
K
‐Edge Absorption for Iron Based Superconductors: A Combined DFT and BSE Analysis. ADVANCED THEORY AND SIMULATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adts.202100525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Soumyadeep Ghosh
- Human Resources Development Section Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology Indore 452013 India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute 2nd Floor, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar Mumbai 400094 India
| | - Haranath Ghosh
- Human Resources Development Section Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology Indore 452013 India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute 2nd Floor, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar Mumbai 400094 India
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Klein BP, Hall SJ, Maurer RJ. The nuts and bolts of core-hole constrained ab initiosimulation for K-shell x-ray photoemission and absorption spectra. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2021; 33. [PMID: 33682682 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/abdf00] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
X-ray photoemission (XPS) and near edge x-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy play an important role in investigating the structure and electronic structure of materials and surfaces.Ab initiosimulations provide crucial support for the interpretation of complex spectra containing overlapping signatures. Approximate core-hole simulation methods based on density functional theory (DFT) such as the delta-self-consistent-field (ΔSCF) method or the transition potential (TP) method are widely used to predictK-shell XPS and NEXAFS signatures of organic molecules, inorganic materials and metal-organic interfaces at reliable accuracy and affordable computational cost. We present the numerical and technical details of our variants of the ΔSCF and TP method (coined ΔIP-TP) to simulate XPS and NEXAFS transitions. Using exemplary molecules in gas-phase, in bulk crystals, and at metal-organic interfaces, we systematically assess how practical simulation choices affect the stability and accuracy of simulations. These include the choice of exchange-correlation functional, basis set, the method of core-hole localization, and the use of periodic boundary conditions (PBC). We particularly focus on the choice of aperiodic or periodic description of systems and how spurious charge effects in periodic calculations affect the simulation outcomes. For the benefit of practitioners in the field, we discuss sensible default choices, limitations of the methods, and future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt P Klein
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Rd, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel J Hall
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Rd, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
- MAS CDT, Senate House, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Rd, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Reinhard J Maurer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Rd, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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9
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Chen J, Quan X, Lu M, Niu Y, Zhang B. Quantitative Analysis Method for Nitrogen Electron Energy-Loss Near-Edge Structures in Nanocarbons Based on Density Functional Theory Calculations and Linear Regression. Ultramicroscopy 2020; 215:113006. [PMID: 32450429 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2020.113006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Nonmetallic heteroatoms found in carbon nanomaterials act as active sites and exhibit excellent catalytic performance. Owing to structural complexity and the limitations of characterization technology, the identification of active sites in nanocarbon is challenging and controversial. Electron energy-loss spectroscopy is an electron microscope technique with high spatial resolution and a powerful tool for identifying the arrangement of heteroatoms. However, structural information regarding the configuration and distribution of heteroatoms is difficult to obtain using existing analytical methods. Herein, we have developed a method for the quantitative analysis of electron energy-loss near-edge structures to identify accurately nitrogen species in nanocarbon. Based on this approach, the relative amounts of nitrogen species were obtained from linear regression with calculated spectra. The concentration distribution of nanocarbon obtained by this method was consistent with the result of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis at different depths. Therefore, this fitting method can be used for the quantitative analysis of nitrogen K-edge structures. This provides a new strategy for studying the structure-activity relationships of carbon-based materials and the further design of custom nanocarbon catalysts with high active site densities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junnan Chen
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China; School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Xueping Quan
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Ming Lu
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China; Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Physics and Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, Jilin Normal University, Changchun 130103, China
| | - Yiming Niu
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Bingsen Zhang
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China; School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Shenyang 110016, China.
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10
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Mizoguchi T, Kiyohara S. Machine learning approaches for ELNES/XANES. Microscopy (Oxf) 2020; 69:92-109. [DOI: 10.1093/jmicro/dfz109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Revised: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Materials characterization is indispensable for materials development. In particular, spectroscopy provides atomic configuration, chemical bonding and vibrational information, which are crucial for understanding the mechanism underlying the functions of a material. Despite its importance, the interpretation of spectra using human-driven methods, such as manual comparison of experimental spectra with reference/simulated spectra, is becoming difficult owing to the rapid increase in experimental spectral data. To overcome the limitations of such methods, we develop new data-driven approaches based on machine learning. Specifically, we use hierarchical clustering, a decision tree and a feedforward neural network to investigate the electron energy loss near edge structures (ELNES) spectrum, which is identical to the X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectrum. Hierarchical clustering and the decision tree are used to interpret and predict ELNES/XANES, while the feedforward neural network is used to obtain hidden information about the material structure and properties from the spectra. Further, we construct a prediction model that is robust against noise by data augmentation. Finally, we apply our method to noisy spectra and predict six properties accurately. In summary, the proposed approaches can pave the way for fast and accurate spectrum interpretation/prediction as well as local measurement of material functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teruyasu Mizoguchi
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Komaba, Tokyo 113-8505, Japan
| | - Shin Kiyohara
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Komaba, Tokyo 113-8505, Japan
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11
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Saitoh M, Gao X, Ogawa T, Ikuhara YH, Kobayashi S, Fisher CAJ, Kuwabara A, Ikuhara Y. Systematic analysis of electron energy-loss near-edge structures in Li-ion battery materials. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:25052-25061. [PMID: 30247492 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp03390k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Electrical conductivity, state of charge and chemical stability of Li-ion battery materials all depend on the electronic states of their component atoms, and tools for measuring these reliably are needed for advanced materials analysis and design. Here we report a systematic investigation of electron energy-loss near-edge structures (ELNES) of Li-K and O-K edges for ten representative Li-ion battery electrodes and solid-state electrolytes obtained by performing transmission electron microscopy with a Wien-filter monochromator-equipped microscope. While the peaks of Li-K edges are positioned at about 62 eV for most of the materials examined, the peak positions of O-K edges vary within a range of about 530 to 540 eV, and the peaks can be categorised into three groups based on their characteristic edge shapes: (i) double peaks, (ii) single sharp peaks, and (iii) single broad peaks. The double peaks of group (i) are attributable to the d0 electronic configuration of their transition metal ions bonded to O atoms. The origin of the different peak shapes of groups (ii) and (iii) is more subtle but insights are gained using density functional theory methods to simulate O-K ELNES edges of group (ii) material LiCoO2 and group (iii) material LiFePO4. Comparison of their densities of states reveals that in LiCoO2 the Co-O hybrid orbitals are separated from Li-O hybrid orbitals, resulting in a sharp peak in the O-K edge, while Fe-O, Li-O and P-O hybrid orbitals in LiFePO4 partially overlap each other and produce a broad peak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motofumi Saitoh
- Nanostructures Research Laboratory, Japan Fine Ceramics Center, Nagoya 456-8587, Japan
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12
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Data-driven approach for the prediction and interpretation of core-electron loss spectroscopy. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13548. [PMID: 30190483 PMCID: PMC6127203 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30994-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Spectroscopy is indispensable for determining atomic configurations, chemical bondings, and vibrational behaviours, which are crucial information for materials development. Despite their importance, the interpretation of spectra using "human-driven" methods, such as the manual comparison of experimental spectra with reference/simulated spectra, is difficult due to the explosive increase in the number of experimental spectra to be observed. To overcome the limitations of the "human-driven" approach, we develop a new "data-driven" approach based on machine learning techniques by combining the layer clustering and decision tree methods. The proposed method is applied to the 46 oxygen-K edges of the ELNES/XANES spectra of oxide compounds. With this method, the spectra can be interpreted in accordance with the material information. Furthermore, we demonstrate that our method can predict spectral features from the material information. Our approach has the potential to provide information about a material that cannot be determined manually as well as predict a plausible spectrum from the geometric information alone.
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13
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Eriksson P, Tal AA, Skallberg A, Brommesson C, Hu Z, Boyd RD, Olovsson W, Fairley N, Abrikosov IA, Zhang X, Uvdal K. Cerium oxide nanoparticles with antioxidant capabilities and gadolinium integration for MRI contrast enhancement. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6999. [PMID: 29725117 PMCID: PMC5934375 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25390-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The chelating gadolinium-complex is routinely used as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) -contrast enhancer. However, several safety issues have recently been reported by FDA and PRAC. There is an urgent need for the next generation of safer MRI-contrast enhancers, with improved local contrast and targeting capabilities. Cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeNPs) are designed with fractions of up to 50% gadolinium to utilize the superior MRI-contrast properties of gadolinium. CeNPs are well-tolerated in vivo and have redox properties making them suitable for biomedical applications, for example scavenging purposes on the tissue- and cellular level and during tumor treatment to reduce in vivo inflammatory processes. Our near edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) studies show that implementation of gadolinium changes the initial co-existence of oxidation states Ce3+ and Ce4+ of cerium, thereby affecting the scavenging properties of the nanoparticles. Based on ab initio electronic structure calculations, we describe the most prominent spectral features for the respective oxidation states. The as-prepared gadolinium-implemented CeNPs are 3-5 nm in size, have r1-relaxivities between 7-13 mM-1 s-1 and show clear antioxidative properties, all of which means they are promising theranostic agents for use in future biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Eriksson
- Division of Molecular Surface Physics and Nanoscience, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, SE-581 83, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Alexey A Tal
- Division of Theoretical Physics, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, SE-581 83, Linköping, Sweden
- Materials Modeling and Development Laboratory, National University of Science and Technology "MISIS", 119049, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andreas Skallberg
- Division of Molecular Surface Physics and Nanoscience, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, SE-581 83, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Caroline Brommesson
- Division of Molecular Surface Physics and Nanoscience, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, SE-581 83, Linköping, Sweden.
| | - Zhangjun Hu
- Division of Molecular Surface Physics and Nanoscience, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, SE-581 83, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Robert D Boyd
- Plasma Coatings Physics, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, SE-581 83, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Weine Olovsson
- Division of Theoretical Physics, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, SE-581 83, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Neal Fairley
- Casa Software Ltd, Bay House, 5 Grosvenor Terrace, Teignmouth, TQ14 8NE, United Kingdom
| | - Igor A Abrikosov
- Division of Theoretical Physics, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, SE-581 83, Linköping, Sweden
- Materials Modeling and Development Laboratory, National University of Science and Technology "MISIS", 119049, Moscow, Russia
| | - Xuanjun Zhang
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, SAR, China
| | - Kajsa Uvdal
- Division of Molecular Surface Physics and Nanoscience, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, SE-581 83, Linköping, Sweden.
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14
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Katsukura H, Miyata T, Shirai M, Matsumoto H, Mizoguchi T. Estimation of the molecular vibration of gases using electron microscopy. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16434. [PMID: 29234014 PMCID: PMC5727207 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16423-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactions in gaseous phases and at gas/solid interfaces are widely used in industry. Understanding of the reaction mechanism, namely where, when, and how these gaseous reactions proceed, is crucial for the development of further efficient reaction systems. To achieve such an understanding, it is indispensable to grasp the dynamic behavior of the gaseous molecules at the active site of the chemical reaction. However, estimation of the dynamic behavior of gaseous molecules in specific nanometer-scale regions is always accompanied by great difficulties. Here, we propose a method for the identification of the dynamic behavior of gaseous molecules using an electron spectroscopy observed with a transmission electron microscope in combination with theoretical calculations. We found that our method can successfully identify the dynamic behavior of some gaseous molecules, such as O2 and CH4, and the sensitivity of the method is affected by the rigidity of the molecule. The method has potential to measure the local temperature of gaseous molecules as well. The knowledge obtained from this technique is fundamental for further high resolution studies of gaseous reactions using electron microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotaka Katsukura
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Miyata
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan
| | - Manabu Shirai
- Hitachi High-Technologies Corporation, 24-14, Nishi-shimbashi 1-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8717, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Matsumoto
- Hitachi High-Technologies Corporation, 24-14, Nishi-shimbashi 1-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8717, Japan
| | - Teruyasu Mizoguchi
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan.
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15
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Ikeno H, Mizoguchi T. Basics and applications of ELNES calculations. Microscopy (Oxf) 2017; 66:305-327. [PMID: 29016924 DOI: 10.1093/jmicro/dfx033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The electron energy loss near edge structures (ELNES) appearing in an electron energy loss spectrum obtained through transmission electron microscopy (TEM) have the potential to unravel atomic and electronic structures with sub-nano meter resolution. For this reason, TEM-ELNES has become one of the most powerful analytical methods in materials research. On the other hand, theoretical calculations are indispensable in interpreting the ELNES spectrum. Here, the basics and applications of one-particle, two-particle and multi-particle ELNES calculations are reviewed. A key point for the ELNES calculation is the proper introduction of the core-hole effect. Some applications of one-particle ELNES calculations to huge systems of more than 1000 atoms, and complex systems, such as liquids, are reported. In the two-particle calculations, the importance of the correct treatment of the excitonic interaction is demonstrated in calculating the low-energy ELNES, for example at the Li-K edge. In addition, an unusually strong excitonic interactions in the O-K edge of perovskite oxides is identified. The multi-particle calculations are necessary to reproduce the multiplet structures appearing at the transition metal L2,3-edges and rare-earth M4,5-edges. Applications to dilute magnetic semiconductors and Li-ion battery materials are presented. Furthermore, beyond the 'conventional' ELNES calculations, theoretical calculations of electron/X-ray magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) and the vibrational information in ELNES, are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidekazu Ikeno
- Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Research Center, Research Organization for the 21st Century, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-2 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai Osaka 599-8570, Japan
- JST, PRESTO, 4-1-8 Hon-cho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Teruyasu Mizoguchi
- JST, PRESTO, 4-1-8 Hon-cho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1, Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
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16
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Mizoguchi T, Miyata T, Olovsson W. Excitonic, vibrational, and van der Waals interactions in electron energy loss spectroscopy. Ultramicroscopy 2017; 180:93-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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17
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Tomita K, Miyata T, Olovsson W, Mizoguchi T. Strong excitonic interactions in the oxygen K-edge of perovskite oxides. Ultramicroscopy 2017; 178:105-111. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2016.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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18
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Donval G, Moreau P, Danet J, Larbi SJS, Bayle-Guillemaud P, Boucher F. A hybrid method using the widely-used WIEN2k and VASP codes to calculate the complete set of XAS/EELS edges in a hundred-atoms system. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:1320-1327. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp06445k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An example of Si/LixSi/Li interface for which XAS and EELS edges can be efficiently calculated using our hybrid method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaël Donval
- Institut des Matériaux Jean Rouxel
- Université de Nantes
- CNRS
- 44322 Nantes Cedex
- France
| | - Philippe Moreau
- Institut des Matériaux Jean Rouxel
- Université de Nantes
- CNRS
- 44322 Nantes Cedex
- France
| | - Julien Danet
- Université Grenoble Alpes
- INAC-SP2M
- Grenoble
- France
- CEA
| | | | | | - Florent Boucher
- Institut des Matériaux Jean Rouxel
- Université de Nantes
- CNRS
- 44322 Nantes Cedex
- France
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19
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Fabrication of thin TEM sample of ionic liquid for high-resolution ELNES measurements. Ultramicroscopy 2016; 178:81-87. [PMID: 27793468 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2016.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Investigation of the local structure, ionic and molecular behavior, and chemical reactions at high spatial resolutions in liquids has become increasingly important. Improvements in these areas help to develop efficient batteries and improve organic syntheses. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning-TEM (STEM) have excellent spatial resolution, and the electron energy-loss near edge structure (ELNES) measured by the accompanied electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) is effective to analyze the liquid local structure owing to reflecting the electronic density of states. In this study, we fabricate a liquid-layer-only sample with thickness of single to tens nanometers using an ionic liquid. Because the liquid film has a thickness much less than the inelastic mean free path (IMFP) of the electron beam, the fine structure of the C-K edge electron energy loss near edge structure (ELNES) can be measured with sufficient resolution to allow meaningful analysis. The ELNES spectrum from the thin liquid film has been interpreted using first principles ELNES calculations.
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20
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Katsukura H, Miyata T, Tomita K, Mizoguchi T. Effect of the van der Waals interaction on the electron energy-loss near edge structure theoretical calculation. Ultramicroscopy 2016; 178:88-95. [PMID: 27477916 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2016.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The effect of the van der Waals (vdW) interaction on the simulation of the electron energy-loss near edge structure (ELNES) by a first-principles band-structure calculation is reported. The effect of the vdW interaction is considered by the Tkatchenko-Scheffler scheme, and the change of the spectrum profile and the energy shift are discussed. We perform calculations on systems in the solid, liquid and gaseous states. The transition energy shifts to lower energy by approximately 0.1eV in the condensed (solid and liquid) systems by introducing the vdW effect into the calculation, whereas the energy shift in the gaseous models is negligible owing to the long intermolecular distance. We reveal that the vdW interaction exhibits a larger effect on the excited state than the ground state owing to the presence of an excited electron in the unoccupied band. Moreover, the vdW effect is found to depend on the local electron density and the molecular coordination. In addition, this study suggests that the detection of the vdW interactions exhibited within materials is possible by a very stable and high resolution observation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotaka Katsukura
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Miyata
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
| | - Kota Tomita
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
| | - Teruyasu Mizoguchi
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan.
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21
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Ewels P, Sikora T, Serin V, Ewels CP, Lajaunie L. A Complete Overhaul of the Electron Energy-Loss Spectroscopy and X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy Database: eelsdb.eu. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2016; 22:717-24. [PMID: 26899024 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927616000179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) database has been completely rewritten, with an improved design, user interface, and a number of new tools. The database is accessible at https://eelsdb.eu/ and can now be used without registration. The submission process has been streamlined to encourage spectrum submissions and the new design gives greater emphasis on contributors' original work by highlighting their papers. With numerous new filters and a powerful search function, it is now simple to explore the database of several hundred EELS and XAS spectra. Interactive plots allow spectra to be overlaid, facilitating online comparison. An application-programming interface has been created, allowing external tools and software to easily access the information held within the database. In addition to the database itself, users can post and manage job adverts and read the latest news and events regarding the EELS and XAS communities. In accordance with the ongoing drive toward open access data increasingly demanded by funding bodies, the database will facilitate open access data sharing of EELS and XAS spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Ewels
- 1Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics,Science for Life Laboratory,Stockholm University,106 91 Stockholm,Sweden
| | | | - Virginie Serin
- 3CEMES,Université de Toulouse,29 rue Jeanne Marvig,BP 94347,31055 Toulouse,France
| | - Chris P Ewels
- 4Institut des Matériaux Jean Rouxel (IMN),CNRS,Université de Nantes,2 rue de la Houssinière,BP 32229,44322 Nantes Cedex 3,France
| | - Luc Lajaunie
- 4Institut des Matériaux Jean Rouxel (IMN),CNRS,Université de Nantes,2 rue de la Houssinière,BP 32229,44322 Nantes Cedex 3,France
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22
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First principles calculation of oxygen K edge absorption spectrum of acetic acid: Relationship between the spectrum and molecular dynamics. Chem Phys Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2016.02.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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23
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Kobayashi S, Mizumukai Y, Ohnishi T, Shibata N, Ikuhara Y, Yamamoto T. High Electron Mobility of Nb-Doped SrTiO₃ Films Stemming from Rod-Type Sr Vacancy Clusters. ACS NANO 2015; 9:10769-10777. [PMID: 26487067 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b05720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Achieving high electron mobility in SrTiO3 films is of significant interest, particularly in relation to technological applications such as oxide semiconductors, field-induced superconductors, and thermoelectric generators. One route to achieving high electron mobility is growth of high quality SrTiO3 films with low defect concentrations. Another approach for mobility enhancement is applying a strain to the crystal. However, the maximum mobilities obtainable by these approaches are limited both by external and internal factors (currently available fabrication techniques, and maximum crystal strain, for example). In this paper, we demonstrate a unique crystal engineering approach to alter the strain in Nb-doped SrTiO3 films based on the deliberate introduction of Sr vacancy clusters. Nb-doped SrTiO3 films produced in this manner are found to exhibit remarkably enhanced electron mobilities (exceeding 53,000 cm(2) V(-1) s(-1)). This method of defect engineering is expected to enable tuning and enhancement of electron mobilities not only in SrTiO3 films, but also in thin films and bulk crystals of other perovskite-type materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Kobayashi
- Nanostructures Research Laboratory, Japan Fine Ceramics Center , Atsuta, Nagoya 456-8587, Japan
| | - Yuki Mizumukai
- Department of Advanced Materials Science, The University of Tokyo , Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8561, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Ohnishi
- National Institute for Materials Science , Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Naoya Shibata
- Institute of Engineering Innovation, The University of Tokyo , Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency , Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Yuichi Ikuhara
- Nanostructures Research Laboratory, Japan Fine Ceramics Center , Atsuta, Nagoya 456-8587, Japan
- Institute of Engineering Innovation, The University of Tokyo , Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Takahisa Yamamoto
- Nanostructures Research Laboratory, Japan Fine Ceramics Center , Atsuta, Nagoya 456-8587, Japan
- Department of Advanced Materials Science, The University of Tokyo , Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8561, Japan
- Department of Quantum Engineering, Nagoya University , Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
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24
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Moreno MS, Urones-Garrote E, Otero-Díaz LC. Electronic structure of MgS and MgYb2S4: Electron Energy-Loss Spectroscopy and self-consistent multiple scattering calculations. Micron 2015; 73:9-14. [PMID: 25846304 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2015.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The electronic structure of MgS and MgYb2S4 have been studied using the fine structure of the Mg-K, S-K, Mg-L2,3, S-L2,3 and Yb-N5 edges measured by electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS). Our experimental results are compared with real-space full multiple scattering calculations as incorporated in the FEFF9.6 code. All edges are very well reproduced. Total and partial densities of states have been calculated. The calculated densities of states of Mg and S are similar in both compounds. The energy distribution of these states suggests a covalent nature for both materials. For MgYb2S4 a band gap smaller than for MgS is predicted. In this compound the top of the valence band and the bottom of the conduction band are dominated by Yb states.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Moreno
- Centro Atómico Bariloche, 8400, San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina.
| | - Esteban Urones-Garrote
- Centro Nacional de Microscopía Electrónica, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, E-28040, Spain
| | - L C Otero-Díaz
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, E-28040, Spain
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25
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Maeng WJ, Choi DW, Chung KB, Koh W, Kim GY, Choi SY, Park JS. Highly conducting, transparent, and flexible indium oxide thin film prepared by atomic layer deposition using a new liquid precursor Et2InN(SiMe3)2. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:17481-8. [PMID: 25259752 DOI: 10.1021/am502085c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Highly conductive indium oxide films, electrically more conductive than commercial sputtered indium tin oxide films films, were deposited using a new liquid precursor Et2InN(SiMe3)2 and H2O by atomic layer deposition (ALD) at 225-250 °C. Film resistivity can be as low as 2.3 × 10(-4)-5.16 × 10(-5) Ω·cm (when deposited at 225-250 °C). Optical transparency of >80% at wavelengths of 400-700 nm was obtained for all the deposited films. A self-limiting ALD growth mode was found 0.7 Å/cycle at 175-250 °C. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy depth profile analysis showed pure indium oxide thin film without carbon or any other impurity. The physical and chemical properties were systematically analyzed by transmission electron microscopy, electron energy loss spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, optical spectrometer, and hall measurement; it was found that the enhanced electrical conductivity is attributed to the oxygen deficient InOx phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Joo Maeng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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26
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Ootsuki S, Ikeno H, Umeda Y, Yonezawa Y, Moriwake H, Kuwabara A, Kido O, Ueda S, Tanaka I, Fujikawa Y, Mizoguchi T. Impact of local strain on Ti-L2,3electron energy-loss near-edge structures of BaTiO3: a first-principles multiplet study. Microscopy (Oxf) 2014; 63:249-54. [PMID: 24737830 DOI: 10.1093/jmicro/dfu011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shirou Ootsuki
- Advanced Technology Development Center, TDK Corporation, 2-15-7 Higashi-Ohwada, Ichikawa-shi, Chiba 272-8558, Japan Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo 4-6-1, Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Ikeno
- Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Research Center, Research Organization for 21st Century, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-2 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8570, Japan
| | - Yuji Umeda
- Advanced Technology Development Center, TDK Corporation, 2-15-7 Higashi-Ohwada, Ichikawa-shi, Chiba 272-8558, Japan
| | - Yu Yonezawa
- Advanced Technology Development Center, TDK Corporation, 2-15-7 Higashi-Ohwada, Ichikawa-shi, Chiba 272-8558, Japan
| | - Hiroki Moriwake
- Nanostructure Research Laboratory, Japan Fine Ceramics Center, Nagoya 456-8587, Japan
| | - Akihide Kuwabara
- Nanostructure Research Laboratory, Japan Fine Ceramics Center, Nagoya 456-8587, Japan
| | - Osamu Kido
- Advanced Technology Development Center, TDK Corporation, 2-15-7 Higashi-Ohwada, Ichikawa-shi, Chiba 272-8558, Japan
| | - Satoko Ueda
- Advanced Technology Development Center, TDK Corporation, 2-15-7 Higashi-Ohwada, Ichikawa-shi, Chiba 272-8558, Japan
| | - Isao Tanaka
- Nanostructure Research Laboratory, Japan Fine Ceramics Center, Nagoya 456-8587, Japan Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Kyoto University, Yoshida, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Fujikawa
- Advanced Technology Development Center, TDK Corporation, 2-15-7 Higashi-Ohwada, Ichikawa-shi, Chiba 272-8558, Japan
| | - Teruyasu Mizoguchi
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo 4-6-1, Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
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27
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An estimation of molecular dynamic behaviour in a liquid using core-loss spectroscopy. Sci Rep 2013; 3:3503. [PMID: 24356101 PMCID: PMC3868954 DOI: 10.1038/srep03503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We report an effective approach for estimating the dynamic behaviour of molecules in liquid from their core-loss spectra by combining molecular dynamics simulations and first-principles band-structure calculations. The carbon K-edge of the technologically important methanol was calculated, and the experimental spectra were well reproduced using the presented calculation method, which effectively included multiple-molecule interactions. Several peaks arose from the methanol molecules with different C-O bonding modes, and the splitting of those peaks was sensitively altered by the magnitude of the dynamic behaviour of molecules. These findings allow for estimation of the dynamic behaviour of molecules in liquids using core-loss spectroscopy, and the method offers the potential to identify the dynamic behaviour of the molecules in liquids with high spatial resolution, temporal resolution, and sensitivity.
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28
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Stabilization of metastable ferroelectric Ba₁-xCaxTi₂O₅ by breaking Ca-site selectivity via crystallization from glass. Sci Rep 2013; 3:3010. [PMID: 24145958 PMCID: PMC3804854 DOI: 10.1038/srep03010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The thermal stability and dielectric and structural properties of ferroelectric Ba1−xCaxTi2O5 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.30) prepared by crystallization from glass are investigated. The Ba1−xCaxTi2O5 compounds with x < 0.10 are thermally stable phases, while those with x ≥ 0.10 are metastable phases. The ferroelectric transition temperature drastically decreases from 470 to 220°C with increasing x. Crystal structure analyses reveal that one of two possible Ba sites is occupied by Ca in the stable phase region, while Ca-site selectivity is broken in the metastable phase region. The Ca-site selectivity introduces local distortion and makes the crystal lattice unstable. However, the local distortion is suppressed by the occupancy of Ca into both Ba sites. Accordingly, the metastable ferroelectric phase can be obtained beyond the substitution limit of Ca by crystallization from the glassy state. The stabilization mechanism provides possible wide control of the functionality of materials by expanding the composition range.
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29
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Olovsson W, Weinhardt L, Fuchs O, Tanaka I, Puschnig P, Umbach E, Heske C, Draxl C. The Be K-edge in beryllium oxide and chalcogenides: soft x-ray absorption spectra from first-principles theory and experiment. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2013; 25:315501. [PMID: 23835492 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/25/31/315501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We have carried out a theoretical and experimental investigation of the beryllium K-edge soft x-ray absorption fine structure of beryllium compounds in the oxygen group, considering BeO, BeS, BeSe, and BeTe. Theoretical spectra are obtained ab initio, through many-body perturbation theory, by solving the Bethe-Salpeter equation (BSE), and by supercell calculations using the core-hole approximation. All calculations are performed with the full-potential linearized augmented plane-wave method. It is found that the two different theoretical approaches produce a similar fine structure, in good agreement with the experimental data. Using the BSE results, we interpret the spectra, distinguishing between bound core-excitons and higher energy excitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Olovsson
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
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30
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Nakamura A, Mizoguchi T, Matsunaga K, Yamamoto T, Shibata N, Ikuhara Y. Periodic nanowire array at the crystal interface. ACS NANO 2013; 7:6297-6302. [PMID: 23876048 DOI: 10.1021/nn4023334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A dislocation in a crystalline material has dangling bonds at its core and a strong strain field in its vicinity. Consequently, the dislocation attracts solute atoms and forms a so-called Cottrell atmosphere along the dislocation. A crystalline dislocation can be used as a template to produce nanowires by selectively doping foreign atoms along the dislocation. However, control of the configuration, spacing, and density of the formed periodic nanowire array has heretofore been extremely difficult. Here we show a method for fabricating ordered, electrically conductive nanowire arrays using periodic dislocations at crystal interfaces. As a demonstration, we fabricated arrays of titanium nanowires arranged at intervals of either 13 or 90 nm and then confirmed by scanning probe microscopy that they exhibit electrical conductivity inside an insulating aluminum oxide. Significantly, we were able to precisely control nanowire periodicity by the choice of crystal orientation and/or crystal planes at the crystal interface. This simple method for the fabrication of periodic nanowire arrays of highly controlled density should be widely applicable to electrical, magnetic, and optical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsutomo Nakamura
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8603 Japan.
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31
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Ikeno H, Krause M, Höche T, Patzig C, Hu Y, Gawronski A, Tanaka I, Rüssel C. Variation of Zr-L2,3 XANES in tetravalent zirconium oxides. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2013; 25:165505. [PMID: 23553581 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/25/16/165505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Zr-L2,3 XANESs of tetravalent zirconium oxides with different coordination numbers and local symmetries are systematically investigated by ab initio multiplet calculations using fully relativistic molecular spinors for model clusters. Experimental Zr-L2,3 XANESs are obtained for SrZrO3, m-ZrO2 (monoclinic) and t-ZrO2 (tetragonal). The theoretical spectra are in good agreement with the experimental data. The multiplet effects are found to play essential roles in determining the peak shape. The shapes of L3- and L2-edges are systematically different. The intensity ratios of the doublet peaks at both L3- and L2-edges are found to be sensitive to the coordination number of Zr. The ratio can therefore be used to estimate the coordination number of Zr in such oxides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidekazu Ikeno
- Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry, Kyoto University, Takano-Nishihiraki, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan.
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32
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Chen B, Laverock J, Piper LFJ, Preston ARH, Cho SW, DeMasi A, Smith KE, Scanlon DO, Watson GW, Egdell RG, Glans PA, Guo JH. The band structure of WO3 and non-rigid-band behaviour in Na0.67WO3 derived from soft x-ray spectroscopy and density functional theory. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2013; 25:165501. [PMID: 23553445 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/25/16/165501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The electronic structure of single-crystal WO3 and Na0.67WO3 (a sodium-tungsten bronze) has been measured using soft x-ray absorption and resonant soft x-ray emission oxygen K-edge spectroscopies. The spectral features show clear differences in energy and intensity between WO3 and Na0.67WO3. The x-ray emission spectrum of metallic Na0.67WO3 terminates in a distinct Fermi edge. The rigid-band model fails to explain the electronic structure of Na0.67WO3 in terms of a simple addition of electrons to the conduction band of WO3. Instead, Na bonding and Na 3s-O 2p hybridization need to be considered for the sodium-tungsten bronze, along with occupation of the bottom of the conduction band. Furthermore, the anisotropy in the band structure of monoclinic γ-WO3 revealed by the experimental spectra with orbital-resolved geometry is explained via density functional theory calculations. For γ-WO3 itself, good agreement is found between the experimental O K-edge spectra and the theoretical partial density of states of O 2p orbitals. Indirect and direct bandgaps of insulating WO3 are determined from extrapolating separations between spectral leading edges and accounting for the core-hole energy shift in the absorption process. The O 2p non-bonding states show upward band dispersion as a function of incident photon energy for both compounds, which is explained using the calculated band structure and experimental geometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Chen
- Department of Physics, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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34
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Revisiting lithium K and iron M2,3 edge superimposition: The case of lithium battery material LiFePO4. Micron 2012; 43:16-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2011.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2011] [Revised: 04/24/2011] [Accepted: 05/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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35
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Colliex C. From electron energy-loss spectroscopy to multi-dimensional and multi-signal electron microscopy. Microscopy (Oxf) 2011; 60 Suppl 1:S161-71. [DOI: 10.1093/jmicro/dfr028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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36
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Mizoguchi T, Matsunaga K, Tochigi E, Ikuhara Y. First principles pseudopotential calculation of electron energy loss near edge structures of lattice imperfections. Micron 2011; 43:37-42. [PMID: 21803589 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2011.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2011] [Revised: 05/28/2011] [Accepted: 07/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Theoretical calculations of electron energy loss near edge structures (ELNES) of lattice imperfections, particularly a Ni(111)/ZrO₂(111) heterointerface and an Al₂O₃ stacking fault on the {1100} plane, are performed using a first principles pseudopotential method. The present calculation can qualitatively reproduce spectral features as well as chemical shifts in experiment by employing a special pseudopotential designed for the excited atom with a core-hole. From the calculation, spectral changes observed in O-K ELNES from a Ni/ZrO₂ interface can be attributable to interfacial oxygen-Ni interactions. In the O-K ELNES of Al₂O₃ stacking faults, theoretical calculation suggests that the spectral feature reflects coordination environment and chemical bonding. Powerful combinations of ELNES with a pseudopotential method used to investigate the atomic and electronic structures of lattice imperfections are demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teruyasu Mizoguchi
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 153-8505 Tokyo, Japan.
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Kobayashi S, Tokuda Y, Mizoguchi T, Shibata N, Sato Y, Ikuhara Y, Yamamoto T. Quantitative analyses of oxidation states for cubic SrMnO(3) and orthorhombic SrMnO(2.5) with electron energy loss spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS 2010; 108:124903. [PMID: 21245943 PMCID: PMC3021553 DOI: 10.1063/1.3520655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2010] [Accepted: 10/25/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The oxidation state of Mn in cubic SrMnO(3) and orthorhombic SrMnO(2.5) was investigated by electron energy loss (EEL) spectroscopy. Change in the oxidation state of Mn produced some spectral changes in the O-K edge as well as in the Mn-L(2,3) edge EEL spectra. This study demonstrated that the oxidation state of Mn and the amount of oxygen vacancies in cubic SrMnO(3) and orthorhombic SrMnO(2.5) could be quantified by analyzing the features of the O-K edge spectrum and the Mn L(3)∕L(2) ratio in the Mn-L(2,3) edge spectrum. Our quantitative analysis showed that the spectral changes in the Mn-L(2,3) edge were mainly caused by the oxidation state of Mn, whereas those in the O-K edge could be sensitive to both the oxidation state of Mn and to lattice distortions.
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