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Murashko AV, Frolova AA, Akovantseva AA, Kotova SL, Timashev PS, Efremov YM. The cell softening as a universal indicator of cell damage during cytotoxic effects. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2023; 1867:130348. [PMID: 36977439 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2023.130348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/28/2023]
Abstract
Cytotoxicity assays are essential tests in studies on the safety and biocompatibility of various substances and on the efficiency of anticancer drugs. The most frequently used assays commonly require application of externally added labels and read only collective response of cells. Recent studies show that the internal biophysical parameters of cells can be associated with the cellular damage. Therefore, using atomic force microscopy, we assessed the changes in the viscoelastic parameters of cells treated with eight different common cytotoxic agents to gain a more systematic view of the occurring mechanical changes. With the robust statistical analysis to account for both the cell-level variability and the experimental reproducibility, we have found that cell softening is a common response after each treatment. More precisely, the combined changes in the viscoelastic parameters of power-law rheology model led to a significant decrease of the apparent elastic modulus. The comparison with the morphological parameters (cytoskeleton and cell shape) demonstrated a higher sensitivity of the mechanical parameters versus the morphological ones. The obtained results support the idea of cell mechanics-based cytotoxicity tests and suggest a common way of a cell responding to damaging actions by softening.
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Lee YJ, Ahn YJ, Lee GJ. Cytotoxicity evaluation of sodium lauryl sulfate in a paper-based 3D cell culture system. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2022; 14:1755-1764. [PMID: 35355024 DOI: 10.1039/d2ay00161f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Because three-dimensional (3D) cell culture is more similar to in vivo cell microenvironments than two-dimensional (2D) cell culture, various 3D cell culture systems have been developed. Recently, paper has been used as a promising material for 3D cell culture and tissue models due to its flexibility, ease of manufacture, low cost, and widespread accessibility. In this study, we fabricated a paper-based 3D cell culture platform consisting of a hydrophilic region for cell attachment and a hydrophobic region printed with wax. Using this paper platform for 3D culture of L929 cells, we evaluated the cytotoxicity of a model substance, sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), using water-soluble tetrazolium salt, Live/Dead, and luminescence assays. Then we compared those cytotoxicity results with results from a conventional 3D cell culture kit and 2D cell culture. We found that 3D cultured cells on paper responded more sensitively to SLS than 2D cultured cells, and the cytotoxicity of SLS to cells grown on the paper-based 3D cell culture platform was similar to that of cells grown using a commercially available 3D cell culture kit. Therefore, we expect that our paper-based 3D cell culture platform can be applied as a simple and facile tool for cell viability evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Ju Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Seoul 02447, Korea.
| | - Yong Jin Ahn
- Department of Medical Engineering, Kyung Hee University Graduate School, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Gi-Ja Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Seoul 02447, Korea.
- Department of Medical Engineering, Kyung Hee University Graduate School, Seoul 02447, Korea
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Lee SH, Kim OK, Lee S, Kim JK. Local-dependency of morphological and optical properties between breast cancer cell lines. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2018; 205:132-138. [PMID: 30015018 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2018.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most malignant type of cancer in women and is a global health problem, with mortality by metastasis being the main factor among others. Currently, detection and diagnosis of breast cancer is achieved through a variety of procedures, such as clinical examination, medical imaging, biopsy, and histopathological analysis. In contrast, spectroscopic analysis has a variety of advantages such as being noninvasive, not destroying biological materials, and not requiring additional histological analysis. In this study, various approaches using Raman spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and optical microscopy were used together to differentiate between and characterize normal breast cell lines (MCF-10A) and breast cancer cell lines (MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-453). Raman spectra of normal breast cell and breast cancer cell lines confirmed visual differences in the concentrations of various compounds. These spectra were also analyzed using principle component analysis (PCA), and the PCA results showed reliable separation of the three cell lines and the cancer cell lines (MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-453). With these results, optically synchronizing the AFM morphology, the Raman spectroscopy, and the visible RGB optical transmission intensity provided contrasts for not only conformational differences but also intracellular variation between the normal and cancer cell lines. We observed the inherent characteristic that there is no local difference in cancer cells regardless of morphology in a wide range of optical properties such as absorption, scattering and inelastic scattering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Ho Lee
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 23, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Ok-Kyun Kim
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 23, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanghwa Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 23, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; Biomedical Engineering Research Center, Asan Medical Center, 88, Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul 138-736, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jun Ki Kim
- Biomedical Engineering Research Center, Asan Medical Center, 88, Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul 138-736, Republic of Korea; Department of Convergence Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88, Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul 138-736, Republic of Korea.
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Jung GB, Huh JE, Lee HJ, Kim D, Lee GJ, Park HK, Lee JD. Anti-cancer effect of bee venom on human MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells using Raman spectroscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 9:5703-5718. [PMID: 30460157 PMCID: PMC6238932 DOI: 10.1364/boe.9.005703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrated the apoptotic effect of bee venom (BV) on human MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells using Raman spectroscopy and principal component analysis (PCA). Biochemical changes in cancer cells were monitored following BV treatment; the results for different concentrations and treatment durations differed markedly. Significantly decreased Raman vibrations for DNA and proteins were observed for cells treated with 3.0 µg/mL BV for 48 h compared with those of control cells. These results suggest denaturation and degradation of proteins and DNA fragmentation (all cell death-related processes). The Raman spectroscopy results agreed with those of atomic force microscopy and conventional biological tests such as viability, TUNEL, and western blot assays. Therefore, Raman spectroscopy, with PCA, provides a noninvasive, label-free tool for assessment of cellular changes on the anti-cancer effect of BV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyeong Bok Jung
- Department of Physics Education, Chosun University, Gwangju, 61452, South Korea
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Jeong-Eun Huh
- East-west Bone & Joint Research Institute, Kyung Hee University, 149, Sangil-dong, Gangdong-gu, Seoul, South Korea
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Hyo-Jung Lee
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 1, Hoegi-dong, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dohyun Kim
- Department of Industrial and Management Engineering, Myongji University, Gyeonggi-do 17058, South Korea
| | - Gi-Ja Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, South Korea
| | - Hun-Kuk Park
- Department of Biomedical Engineering College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, South Korea
| | - Jae-Dong Lee
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 1, Hoegi-dong, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, South Korea
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Morphological analysis of mitochondria for evaluating the toxicity of α-synuclein in transgenic mice and isolated preparations by atomic force microscopy. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 96:1380-1388. [PMID: 29169728 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.11.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A key molecular event in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease is mitochondrial damage caused by α-synuclein (α-syn). Mitochondria mediates both necrosis and apoptosis, which are associated with morphological changes. However, the mechanism by which α-syn alters mitochondrial morphology remains unclear. To address this issue, we investigated mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening and changes in cardiolipin (CL) levels in mitochondria isolated from the brain of Thy1α-syn mice. Cytoplasmic cytochrome C and cleaved caspase-3 protein levels were upregulated in the brain of transgenic mice. Morphological analysis by atomic force microscopy (AFM) suggested a correlation between mitochondrial morphology and function in these animals. Incubation of isolated mitochondria with recombinant human α-synuclein N terminus (α-syn/N) decreased mitochondrial CL content. An AFM analysis showed that α-syn/N induced mitochondrial swelling and the formation of pore-like structures, which was associated with decreased mitochondrial transmembrane potential and complex I activity. The observed mitochondrial dysfunction was abrogated by treatment with the mPTP inhibitor cyclosporin A, although there was no recovery of CL content. These results provide insight into the mechanism by which α-syn/N directly undermines mitochondrial structure and function via modulation of mPTP opening and CL levels, and suggests that morphological analysis of isolated mitochondria by AFM is a useful approach for evaluating mitochondrial injury.
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Salomão PMA, de Oliveira FA, Rodrigues PD, Al-Ahj LP, Gasque KCDS, Jeggle P, Buzalaf MAR, de Oliveira RC, Edwardson JM, Magalhães AC. The cytotoxic effect of TiF4 and NaF on fibroblasts is influenced by the experimental model, fluoride concentration and exposure time. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0179471. [PMID: 28614381 PMCID: PMC5470716 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Titanium tetrafluoride (TiF4) has shown promising effect in preventing tooth lesions. Therefore, we compared the cytotoxicity of TiF4 with sodium fluoride (NaF) (already applied in Dentistry) considering different fluoride concentrations, pH values and experimental models. Materials and methods Step 1) NIH/3T3 fibroblasts were exposed to mediums containing NaF or TiF4 (from 0.15 to 2.45% F), both at native and adjusted pH, for 6 h. Step 2) NIH/3T3 were exposed to NaF or TiF4 varnishes with 0.95, 1.95 or 2.45% F (native pH), for 6, 12 or 24 h. We applied MTT (1st and 2nd steps) and Hoescht/PI stain (2nd step) assays. Step 3) NIH/3T3 were exposed to NaF or TiF4 varnish (2.45% F), at native pH, for 6 or 12 h. The cell stiffness was measured by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Results Step 1) All cells exposed to NaF or TiF4 mediums died, regardless of the F concentration and pH. Step 2) Both varnishes, at 1.90 and 2.45% F, reduced cell viability by similar extents (33–86% at 6 h, 35–93% at 12 h, and 87–98% at 24 h) compared with control, regardless of the type of fluoride. Varnishes with 0.95% F did not differ from control. Step 3) TiF4 and NaF reduced cell stiffness to a similar extent, but only TiF4 differed from control at 6 h. Conclusions Based on the results of the 3 experimental steps, we conclude that TiF4 and NaF have similar cytotoxicity. The cytotoxicity was dependent on F concentration and exposure time. This result gives support for testing the effect of TiF4 varnish in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Flávia Amadeu de Oliveira
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paula Danielle Rodrigues
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luana Polioni Al-Ahj
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Pia Jeggle
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Rodrigo Cardoso de Oliveira
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Ana Carolina Magalhães
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Lee GJ, Lee SH, Lee YJ, Quan FS. Nanostructural characterization of Sf9 cells during virus-like particles generation. SCANNING 2016; 38:735-742. [PMID: 27111226 DOI: 10.1002/sca.21322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Sf9 cells (a clonal isolate of Spodoptera frugiperda Sf21 cells) are commonly used to generate recombinant virus-like particles (VLPs). For VLPs generation, Sf9 cells are infected with recombinant baculoviruses (rBV) expressing desired proteins. During rBV infections, Sf9 cells have changes in cell diameters and surface structures. In this study, for the first time, we investigated nanostructural changes of Sf9 cells using atomic force microscopy (AFM) during VLPs generation containing Toxoplasma gondii rhoptry protein 18 (ROP 18). As results, Sf9 cells were changed to be larger at 2 days after rBV infections. They maintained their sizes and morphologies on day 3 and 4. Based on morphological (perimeter and diameter) and surface roughness (roughness average and root mean square) changes of Sf9 cells observed by AFM, we inferred that these nanostructural changes in Sf9 cell membranes might be due to the production and extrusion of VLPs after rBV infection. Our results suggest that shape and roughness parameters of Sf9 cell morphology and membrane surface by AFM could be very effective for quantitative analysis of VLP production. This study provides important information about structural and mechanochemical properties of Sf9 cells which are closely related with biological function. SCANNING 38:735-742, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gi-Ja Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Su-Hwa Lee
- Department of Medical Zoology, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Ju Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Fu-Shi Quan
- Department of Medical Zoology, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Liu M, Zheng M, Xu H, Liu L, Li Y, Xiao W, Li J, Ma E. Anti-pulmonary fibrotic activity of salvianolic acid B was screened by a novel method based on the cyto-biophysical properties. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 468:214-20. [PMID: 26523510 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.10.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Various methods have been used to evaluate anti-fibrotic activity of drugs. However, most of them are complicated, labor-intensive and lack of efficiency. This study was intended to develop a rapid method for anti-fibrotic drugs screening based on biophysical properties. A549 cells in vitro were stimulated with transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), and fibrogenesis was confirmed by conventional immunological assays. Meanwhile, the alterations of cyto-biophysical properties including morphology, roughness and stiffness were measured utilizing atomic force microscopy (AFM). It was found that fibrogenesis was accompanied with changes of cellular biophysical properties. TGF-β1-stimulated A549 cells became remarkably longer, rougher and stiffer than the control. Then, the effect of N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) as a positive drug on ameliorating fibrogenesis in TGF-β1-stimulated A549 cells was verified respectively by immunological and biophysical markers. The result of Principal Component Analysis showed that stiffness was a leading index among all biophysical markers during fibrogenesis. Salvianolic acid B (SalB), a natural anti-oxidant, was detected by AFM to protect TGF-β1-stimulated A549 cells against stiffening. Then, SalB treatment was provided in preventive mode on a rat model of bleomycin (BLM) -induced pulmonary fibrosis. The results showed that SalB treatment significantly ameliorated BLM-induced histological alterations, blocked collagen accumulations and reduced α-SMA expression in lung tissues. All these results revealed the anti-pulmonary fibrotic activity of SalB. Detection of cyto-biophysical properties were therefore recommended as a rapid method for anti-pulmonary fibrotic drugs screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Mingjing Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Hanying Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Lianqing Liu
- Shenyang Institute of Automation China Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Yanchun Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Wei Xiao
- Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Nanjing, 222001, China
| | - Jianchun Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China.
| | - Enlong Ma
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China; Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Nanjing, 222001, China.
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Cerebral ischemia-induced mitochondrial changes in a global ischemic rat model by AFM. Biomed Pharmacother 2015; 71:15-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2015.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
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