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Temiz Artmann A, Kurulgan Demirci E, Fırat IS, Oflaz H, Artmann GM. Recombinant Activated Protein C (rhAPC) Affects Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Mechanical Compliance Changes and Beat Frequency of mESC-Derived Cardiomyocyte Monolayers. Shock 2022; 57:544-552. [PMID: 34416756 PMCID: PMC8906254 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000001845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Septic cardiomyopathy increases mortality by 70% to 90% and results in mechanical dysfunction of cells. METHODS Here, we created a LPS-induced in-vitro sepsis model with mouse embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (mESC-CM) using the CellDrum technology which simultaneously measures mechanical compliance and beat frequency of mESCs. Visualization of reactive oxygen species (ROS), actin stress fibers, and mRNA quantification of endothelial protein C receptor (EPCR) and protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1) before/after LPS incubation were used for method validation. Since activated protein C (APC) has cardioprotective effects, samples were treated with human recombinant APC (rhAPC) with/-out LPS predamage to demonstrate the application in therapeutic studies. RESULTS Twelve hours LPS treatment (5 μg/mL) increased ROS and decreased actin stress fiber density and significantly downregulated EPCR and PAR1 compared to control samples (0.26, 0.39-fold respectively). rhAPC application (5 μg/mL, 12 h) decreased ROS and recovered actin density, EPCR, and PAR1 levels were significantly upregulated compared to LPS predamaged samples (4.79, 3.49-fold respectively). The beat frequencies were significantly decreased after 6- (86%) and 12 h (73%) of LPS application. Mechanical compliance of monolayers significantly increased in a time-dependent manner, up to eight times upon 12-h LPS incubation compared to controls. rhAPC incubation increased the beat frequency by 127% (6h-LPS) and 123% (12h-LPS) and decreased mechanical compliance by 68% (12h-LPS) compared to LPS predamaged samples. CONCLUSION LPS-induced contraction dysfunction and the reversal effects of rhAPC were successfully assessed by the mechanical properties of mESC-CMs. The CellDrum technology proved a decent tool to simulate sepsis in-vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aysegül Temiz Artmann
- Institute for Bioengineering, University of Applied Sciences Aachen/Campus Juelich, Juelich, Germany
| | - Eylem Kurulgan Demirci
- Institute for Bioengineering, University of Applied Sciences Aachen/Campus Juelich, Juelich, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Izmir Institute of Technology, Campus Gulbahce, URLA, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ipek Seda Fırat
- Institute for Bioengineering, University of Applied Sciences Aachen/Campus Juelich, Juelich, Germany
| | - Hakan Oflaz
- Bioengineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Gebze Technical University, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Gerhard M. Artmann
- Institute for Bioengineering, University of Applied Sciences Aachen/Campus Juelich, Juelich, Germany
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Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) Applications in Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073700. [PMID: 35409059 PMCID: PMC8998711 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (ACM) is an inherited heart muscle disorder characterized by progressive replacement of cardiomyocytes by fibrofatty tissue, ventricular dilatation, cardiac dysfunction, arrhythmias, and sudden cardiac death. Interest in molecular biomechanics for these disorders is constantly growing. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a well-established technic to study the mechanobiology of biological samples under physiological and pathological conditions at the cellular scale. However, a review which described all the different data that can be obtained using the AFM (cell elasticity, adhesion behavior, viscoelasticity, beating force, and frequency) is still missing. In this review, we will discuss several techniques that highlight the potential of AFM to be used as a tool for assessing the biomechanics involved in ACM. Indeed, analysis of genetically mutated cells with AFM reveal abnormalities of the cytoskeleton, cell membrane structures, and defects of contractility. The higher the Young’s modulus, the stiffer the cell, and it is well known that abnormal tissue stiffness is symptomatic of a range of diseases. The cell beating force and frequency provide information during the depolarization and repolarization phases, complementary to cell electrophysiology (calcium imaging, MEA, patch clamp). In addition, original data is also presented to emphasize the unique potential of AFM as a tool to assess fibrosis in cardiac tissue.
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Varela R, Rauschert I, Romanelli G, Alberro A, Benech JC. Hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia can induce morphophysiological changes in rat cardiac cell line. Biochem Biophys Rep 2021; 26:100983. [PMID: 33912691 PMCID: PMC8063753 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2021.100983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
H9c2 cardiac cells were incubated under the control condition and at different hyperglycemic and hyperlipidemic media, and the following parameters were determined and quantified: a) cell death, b) type of cell death, and c) changes in cell length, width and height. Of all the proven media, the one that showed the greatest differences compared to the control was the medium glucose (G) 33 mM + 500 μM palmitic acid. This condition was called the hyperglycemic and hyperlipidemic condition (HHC). Incubation of H9c2 cells in HHC promoted 5.2 times greater total cell death when compared to the control. Of the total death ofthe HHC cells, 38.6% was late apoptotic and 8.3% early apoptotic. HHC also changes cell morphology. The reordering of the actin cytoskeleton and cell stiffness was also studied in control and HHC cells. The actin cytoskeleton was quantified and the number and distance of actin bundles were not the same in the control as under HHC. Young's modulus images show a map of cell stiffness. Cells incubated in HHC with the reordered actin cytoskeleton were stiffer than those incubated in control. The region of greatest stiffness was the peripheral zone of HHC cells (where the number of actin bundles was higher and the distance between them smaller). Our results suggest a correlation between the reordering of the actin cytoskeleton and cell stiffness. Thus, our study showed that HHC can promote morphophysiological changes in rat cardiac cells confirming that gluco-and lipotoxicity may play a central role in the development of diabetic cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Varela
- Laboratorio de Señalización Celular y Nanobiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable (IIBCE), Av. Italia, 3318, CP, 11600, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Inés Rauschert
- Laboratorio de Señalización Celular y Nanobiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable (IIBCE), Av. Italia, 3318, CP, 11600, Montevideo, Uruguay.,Plataforma de Microscopía de Fuerza Atómica, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable (IIBCE), Av. Italia, 3318, CP, 11600, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Gerardo Romanelli
- Laboratorio de Señalización Celular y Nanobiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable (IIBCE), Av. Italia, 3318, CP, 11600, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Andrés Alberro
- Laboratorio de Señalización Celular y Nanobiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable (IIBCE), Av. Italia, 3318, CP, 11600, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Juan C Benech
- Laboratorio de Señalización Celular y Nanobiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable (IIBCE), Av. Italia, 3318, CP, 11600, Montevideo, Uruguay.,Plataforma de Microscopía de Fuerza Atómica, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable (IIBCE), Av. Italia, 3318, CP, 11600, Montevideo, Uruguay
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Oliveira VR, Uriarte JJ, Falcones B, Zin WA, Navajas D, Farré R, Almendros I. Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide induces alveolar epithelial cell stiffening. J Biomech 2018; 83:315-318. [PMID: 30527389 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2018.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Application of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a widely employed model to mimic acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Available data regarding LPS-induced biomechanical changes on pulmonary epithelial cells are limited only to P. aeruginosa LPS. Considering that LPS from different bacteria could promote a specific mechanical response in epithelial cells, we aim to assess the effect of E. coli LPS, widely employed as a model of ARDS, in the biomechanics of alveolar epithelial cells. METHODS Young's modulus (E) of alveolar epithelial cells (A549) was measured by atomic force microscopy every 5 min throughout 60 min of experiment after treatment with LPS from E. coli (100 μg/mL). The percentage of cells presenting actin stress fibers (F-actin staining) was also evaluated. Control cells were treated with culture medium and the values obtained were compared with LPS-treated cells for each time-point. RESULTS Application of LPS induced significant increase in E after 20 min (77%) till 60 min (104%) in comparison to controls. Increase in lung epithelial cell stiffness induced by LPS was associated with a higher number of cells presenting cytoskeletal remodeling. CONCLUSIONS The observed effects of E. coli LPS on alveolar epithelial cells suggest that this widely-used LPS is able to promote a quick formation of actin stress fibers and stiffening cells, thereby facilitating the disruption of the pulmonary epithelial barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinícius Rosa Oliveira
- Unitat de Biofísica i Bioenginyeria, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Laboratório de Fisiologia da Respiração, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Juan José Uriarte
- Unitat de Biofísica i Bioenginyeria, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias CIBERES, Madrid, Spain
| | - Bryan Falcones
- Unitat de Biofísica i Bioenginyeria, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Walter Araujo Zin
- Laboratório de Fisiologia da Respiração, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Daniel Navajas
- Unitat de Biofísica i Bioenginyeria, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias CIBERES, Madrid, Spain; Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ramon Farré
- Unitat de Biofísica i Bioenginyeria, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias CIBERES, Madrid, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isaac Almendros
- Unitat de Biofísica i Bioenginyeria, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias CIBERES, Madrid, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain.
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Novel insights into cardiomyocytes provided by atomic force microscopy. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 73:4-12. [PMID: 28687239 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the number one cause of death globally, therefore interest in studying aetiology, hallmarks, progress and therapies for these disorders is constantly growing. Over the last decades, the introduction and development of atomic force microscopy (AFM) technique allowed the study of biological samples at the micro- and nanoscopic level, hence revealing noteworthy details and paving the way for investigations on physiological and pathological conditions at cellular scale. The present work is aimed to collect and review the literature on cardiomyocytes (CMs) studied by AFM, in order to emphasise the numerous potentialities of this approach and provide a platform for researchers in the field of cardiovascular diseases. Original data are also presented to highlight the application of AFM to characterise the viscoelastic properties of CMs.
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Nagarajan N, Vyas V, Huey BD, Zorlutuna P. Modulation of the contractility of micropatterned myocardial cells with nanoscale forces using atomic force microscopy. Nanobiomedicine (Rij) 2016; 3:1849543516675348. [PMID: 29942390 PMCID: PMC5998274 DOI: 10.1177/1849543516675348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to modulate cardiomyocyte contractility is important for bioengineering applications ranging from heart disease treatments to biorobotics. In this study, we examined the changes in contraction frequency of neonatal rat cardiomyocytes upon single-cell-level nanoscale mechanical stimulation using atomic force microscopy. To measure the response of same density of cells, they were micropatterned into micropatches of fixed geometry. To examine the effect of the substrate stiffness on the behavior of cells, they were cultured on a stiffer and a softer surface, glass and poly (dimethylsiloxane), respectively. Upon periodic cyclic stimulation of 300 nN at 5 Hz, a significant reduction in the rate of synchronous contraction of the cell patches on poly(dimethylsiloxane) substrates was observed with respect to their spontaneous beat rate, while the cell patches on glass substrates maintained or increased their contraction rate after the stimulation. On the other hand, single cells mostly maintained their contraction rate and could only withstand a lower magnitude of forces compared to micropatterned cell patches. This study reveals that the contraction behavior of cardiomyocytes can be modulated mechanically through cyclic nanomechanical stimulation, and the degree and mode of this modulation depend on the cell connectivity and substrate mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neerajha Nagarajan
- Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Varun Vyas
- Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Bryan D Huey
- Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Pinar Zorlutuna
- Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA.,Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
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Szymanska AF, Heylman C, Datta R, Gratton E, Nenadic Z. Automated detection and analysis of depolarization events in human cardiomyocytes using MaDEC. Comput Biol Med 2016; 75:109-17. [PMID: 27281718 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2016.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Optical imaging-based methods for assessing the membrane electrophysiology of in vitro human cardiac cells allow for non-invasive temporal assessment of the effect of drugs and other stimuli. Automated methods for detecting and analyzing the depolarization events (DEs) in image-based data allow quantitative assessment of these different treatments. In this study, we use 2-photon microscopy of fluorescent voltage-sensitive dyes (VSDs) to capture the membrane voltage of actively beating human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPS-CMs). We built a custom and freely available Matlab software, called MaDEC, to detect, quantify, and compare DEs of hiPS-CMs treated with the β-adrenergic drugs, propranolol and isoproterenol. The efficacy of our software is quantified by comparing detection results against manual DE detection by expert analysts, and comparing DE analysis results to known drug-induced electrophysiological effects. The software accurately detected DEs with true positive rates of 98-100% and false positive rates of 1-2%, at signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) of 5 and above. The MaDEC software was also able to distinguish control DEs from drug-treated DEs both immediately as well as 10min after drug administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka F Szymanska
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
| | - Christopher Heylman
- Laboratory for Fluorescence Dynamics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Rupsa Datta
- Laboratory for Fluorescence Dynamics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Enrico Gratton
- Laboratory for Fluorescence Dynamics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Zoran Nenadic
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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8
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Meininger GA. The central importance of the cytoskeleton for increased cell stiffness in cardiovascular disease. Focus on "Diabetes increases stiffness of live cardiomyocytes measured by atomic force microscopy nanoindentation". Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2014; 307:C908-9. [PMID: 25122875 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00279.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gerald A Meininger
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
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