1
|
Yilmaz H, Ahmed S, Rodriguez JD, Willett DR. Scanning Electron-Raman Cryomicroscopy for Characterization of Nanoparticle-Albumin Drug Products. Anal Chem 2023; 95:2633-2638. [PMID: 36693238 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c03826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Nanomaterials have expanded the use of active pharmaceutical ingredients by improving efficacy, decreasing toxicity, and facilitating targeted delivery. To systematically achieve this goal, nanomaterial-containing drugs need to be manufactured with precision in attributes such as size, morphology, surface chemistry, and composition. Their physicochemical characterization is essential as their attributes govern pharmacokinetics yet can be challenging due to the nature of many nanomaterial-based formulations unless advanced sample fixation and in vitro characterization methods are utilized. Here, different cryogenic and other fixation strategies were assessed, and a novel physicochemical characterization method was developed using scanning electron Raman cryo-microscopy (SERCM). A complex nanoparticle albumin bound paclitaxel (nab-paclitaxel) formulation was chosen as a model drug. Plunge freezing (PF), high pressure freezing (HPF), freeze substitution (FS), and membrane filtration were compared for their influence on size and morphology measurements, and formulation-based variations were quantified. SERCM was introduced as a multiattribute physicochemical characterization platform, and the composition of nanoparticles was confirmed as albumin-paclitaxel complexes. By coupling image-based quantitative analysis with chemical analysis, SERCM has the potential to pave the way for the development of comprehensive tools for assessing injectable and ophthalmic nanomaterial-containing drugs in their native-like state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huzeyfe Yilmaz
- Division of Complex Drug Analysis, Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, St. Louis 63110, Missouri, United States
| | - Snober Ahmed
- Division of Complex Drug Analysis, Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, St. Louis 63110, Missouri, United States
| | - Jason D Rodriguez
- Division of Complex Drug Analysis, Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, St. Louis 63110, Missouri, United States
| | - Daniel R Willett
- Division of Complex Drug Analysis, Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, St. Louis 63110, Missouri, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
An Analytical TOOLBOX for the Characterization of Chalks and Other Fine-Grained Rock Types within Enhanced Oil Recovery Research and Its Application—A Guideline. ENERGIES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/en15114060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Analyses of fine-grained rocks like shales, cherts, and specifically chalk are challenging with regards to spatial resolution. We propose a “toolbox” to understand mineralogical alteration in chalk, especially those induced by non-equilibrium fluids or polymers and silicates during production of hydrocarbons. These data are fundamental in experiments related to improved/enhanced oil recovery (IOR/EOR) research with the aim to increase hydrocarbon production in a sustainable and environmentally friendly process. The ‘toolbox’ methods analyse rock–fluid or polymer–rock interaction and can be applied to any fine-grained rock type. In our ‘toolbox’, we include methods for routine analysis and evaluate the economic side of the usage together with the complexity of application and the velocity of data acquisition. These methods are routine methods for identification and imaging of components at the same time by chemical or crystallographic means and here applied to petroleum geology. The ‘toolbox’ principle provides a first workflow to develop a road map with clear focus on objectives for maximizing EOR. Most importantly, the methods provide a robust dataset that can identify mineralogical properties and alterations in very fine-grained rocks over several scales (nanometer-decimeter).
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhu Z, Wang Z, Zhou Y, Chen Y, Wu K. Identification of Chemical Bonds and Microstructure of Hydrated Tricalcium Silicate (C 3S) by a Coupled Micro-Raman/BSE-EDS Evaluation. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14185144. [PMID: 34576368 PMCID: PMC8471887 DOI: 10.3390/ma14185144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Identifying the phase evolution and revealing the chemical bonds of hydrated cements accurately is crucial to regulate the performance of cementitious materials. In this paper, a coupled Raman/BSE-EDS analysis was proposed to determine the chemical bonds of tricalcium silicate hydrates and the interface transition zone (ITZ) between inner C-S-H and anhydrates. The results show that the Raman/BSE-EDS method can accurately identify the chemical bonds of inner C-S-H and inner ITZ regions, which confirms the mixed structure of inner C-S-H and nano calcium hydroxide (CH). The inner ITZ shows a lattice change region with a thickness of 700–1000 nm, which can be attributed to the pre-disassembly process of C3S crystal. The successful application of coupled Raman/BSE-EDS provides new insight into the hydration process and multi-structure features of traditional cementitious materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zheyu Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Civil Engineering Materials, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China; (Z.Z.); (Z.W.); (Y.Z.); (Y.C.)
- China School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China
| | - Zhongping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Civil Engineering Materials, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China; (Z.Z.); (Z.W.); (Y.Z.); (Y.C.)
- China School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China
| | - Yue Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Civil Engineering Materials, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China; (Z.Z.); (Z.W.); (Y.Z.); (Y.C.)
| | - Yuting Chen
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Civil Engineering Materials, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China; (Z.Z.); (Z.W.); (Y.Z.); (Y.C.)
| | - Kai Wu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Civil Engineering Materials, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China; (Z.Z.); (Z.W.); (Y.Z.); (Y.C.)
- China School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Primpke S, Christiansen SH, Cowger W, De Frond H, Deshpande A, Fischer M, Holland EB, Meyns M, O'Donnell BA, Ossmann BE, Pittroff M, Sarau G, Scholz-Böttcher BM, Wiggin KJ. Critical Assessment of Analytical Methods for the Harmonized and Cost-Efficient Analysis of Microplastics. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 74:1012-1047. [PMID: 32249594 DOI: 10.1177/0003702820921465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics are of major concerns for society and is currently in the focus of legislators and administrations. A small number of measures to reduce or remove primary sources of microplastics to the environment are currently coming into effect. At the moment, they have not yet tackled important topics such as food safety. However, recent developments such as the 2018 bill in California are requesting the analysis of microplastics in drinking water by standardized operational protocols. Administrations and analytical labs are facing an emerging field of methods for sampling, extraction, and analysis of microplastics, which complicate the establishment of standardized operational protocols. In this review, the state of the currently applied identification and quantification tools for microplastics are evaluated providing a harmonized guideline for future standardized operational protocols to cover these types of bills. The main focus is on the naked eye detection, general optical microscopy, the application of dye staining, flow cytometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-Ir) and microscopy, Raman spectroscopy and microscopy, thermal degradation by pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (py-GC-MS) as well as thermo-extraction and desorption gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (TED-GC-MS). Additional techniques are highlighted as well as the combined application of the analytical techniques suggested. An outlook is given on the emerging aspect of nanoplastic analysis. In all cases, the methods were screened for limitations, field work abilities and, if possible, estimated costs and summarized into a recommendation for a workflow covering the demands of society, legislation, and administration in cost efficient but still detailed manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Primpke
- Alfred-Wegener-Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Biologische Anstalt Helgoland, Helgoland, Germany
| | - Silke H Christiansen
- Research Group Christiansen, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Berlin, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Erlangen, Germany
- Physics Department, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Win Cowger
- University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Hannah De Frond
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ashok Deshpande
- NOAA Fisheries, James J. Howard Marine Sciences Laboratory at Sandy Hook, Highlands, NJ, USA
| | - Marten Fischer
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Erika B Holland
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University of Long Beach, Long Beach, CA, USA
| | - Michaela Meyns
- Alfred-Wegener-Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Biologische Anstalt Helgoland, Helgoland, Germany
| | - Bridget A O'Donnell
- HORIBA Instruments Incorporated, A HORIBA Scientific Company, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Barbara E Ossmann
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Erlangen, Germany
- Food Chemistry Unit, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy-Emil Fischer Center, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Marco Pittroff
- TZW: DVGW-Technologiezentrum Wasser (German Water Centre), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - George Sarau
- Research Group Christiansen, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Berlin, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Barbara M Scholz-Böttcher
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Kara J Wiggin
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University of Long Beach, Long Beach, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wille G, Lahondere D, Schmidt U, Duron J, Bourrat X. Coupling SEM-EDS and confocal Raman-in-SEM imaging: A new method for identification and 3D morphology of asbestos-like fibers in a mineral matrix. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 374:447-458. [PMID: 31075536 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Asbestos consists in natural minerals crystallized in a specific habit and possessing in particular properties. In the case of Naturally Occurring Asbestos, usual methods applied to the identification of mineral fibers and the determination of their possible asbestiform nature seems not efficient, especially in the case of mineral fibers included in mineral matrix. We present a new in-situ method based on the use of confocal Raman-in-SEM imaging implemented in a Scanning Electron Microscope as an efficient method for in-situ mineralogy. The limitation of conventional methods is discussed. We applied 2D-Raman imaging to the identification of sub-micrometric fibers included in different mineral matrix. We were able to identify actinolite fibers down to 400 nm in diameter, included in feldspar, quartz and/or calcite matrix. Moreover, Confocal Raman allows the collection of 3D data that would provide access to critical information on the morphology of the amphibole fibers in the volume, such as aspect ratio, fibers distribution and amphibole volume fraction. We performed this method on various examples of rocks containing actinolite fibers of mean structural formula is: Na0,04-0,12 Mg2,79-3,73 Al0,29-0,58 K0,01 Ca1,79-1,98 Mn0,01-0,09 Fe2+0,99-1,91 Fe3+Si7,64-7,73 O22(OH)2. We demonstrated that coupling confocal Raman imaging and SEM is a new and efficient in-situ method for identification and morphological characterization of amphibole fibers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Wille
- BRGM, 3, Avenue C. Guillemin, BP 36009, 45060 Orleans Cedex 2, France.
| | - Didier Lahondere
- BRGM, 3, Avenue C. Guillemin, BP 36009, 45060 Orleans Cedex 2, France
| | - Ute Schmidt
- WITec Gmbh, Lise-Meitner Str. 6, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Jeromine Duron
- BRGM, 3, Avenue C. Guillemin, BP 36009, 45060 Orleans Cedex 2, France
| | - Xavier Bourrat
- BRGM, 3, Avenue C. Guillemin, BP 36009, 45060 Orleans Cedex 2, France
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Schmidt R, Fitzek H, Nachtnebel M, Mayrhofer C, Schroettner H, Zankel A. The Combination of Electron Microscopy, Raman Microscopy and Energy Dispersive X‐Ray Spectroscopy for the Investigation of Polymeric Materials. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/masy.201800237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Schmidt
- Institute of Electron Microscopy Nanoanalysis, NAWI Graz, Graz University of TechnologySteyrergasse 17Austria
- Graz Centre for Electron MicroscopySteyrergasse 17Austria
| | - Harald Fitzek
- Graz Centre for Electron MicroscopySteyrergasse 17Austria
| | | | | | - Hartmuth Schroettner
- Institute of Electron Microscopy Nanoanalysis, NAWI Graz, Graz University of TechnologySteyrergasse 17Austria
- Graz Centre for Electron MicroscopySteyrergasse 17Austria
| | - Armin Zankel
- Institute of Electron Microscopy Nanoanalysis, NAWI Graz, Graz University of TechnologySteyrergasse 17Austria
- Graz Centre for Electron MicroscopySteyrergasse 17Austria
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Helešicová T, Pekárek T, Matějka P. The influence of different acquisition settings and the focus adjustment on Raman spectral maps of pharmaceutical tablets. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
8
|
Wille G, Lerouge C, Schmidt U. A multimodal microcharacterisation of trace-element zonation and crystallographic orientation in natural cassiterite by combining cathodoluminescence, EBSD, EPMA and contribution of confocal Raman-in-SEM imaging. J Microsc 2018; 270:309-317. [PMID: 29336485 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In cassiterite, tin is associated with metals (titanium, niobium, tantalum, indium, tungsten, iron, manganese, mercury). Knowledge of mineral chemistry and trace-element distribution is essential for: the understanding of ore formation, the exploration phase, the feasibility of ore treatment, and disposal/treatment of tailings after the exploitation phase. However, the availability of analytical methods make these characterisations difficult. We present a multitechnical approach to chemical and structural data that includes scanning electron microscopy (SEM)-based imaging and microanalysis techniques such as: secondary and backscattered electrons, cathodoluminescence (CL), electron probe microanalyser (EPMA), electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) and confocal Raman-imaging integrated in a SEM (RISE). The presented results show the complementarity of the used analytical techniques. SEM, CL, EBSD, EPMA provide information from the interaction of an electron beam with minerals, leading to atomistic information about their composition, whereas RISE, Raman spectroscopy and imaging completes the studies with information about molecular vibrations, which are sensitive to structural modifications of the minerals. The correlation of Raman bands with the presence/absence of Nb, Ta, Fe (heterovalent substitution) and Ti (homovalent substitution) is established at a submicrometric scale. Combination of the different techniques makes it possible to establish a direct link between chemical and crystallographic data of cassiterite.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Wille
- BRGM, 3 Avenue Claude Guillemin, Orleans, Cedex 2, France
| | - C Lerouge
- BRGM, 3 Avenue Claude Guillemin, Orleans, Cedex 2, France
| | - U Schmidt
- WITec GmbH, Lise-Meitner-Straße 6, Ulm, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
RISE: Correlative Confocal Raman and Scanning Electron Microscopy. CONFOCAL RAMAN MICROSCOPY 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-75380-5_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
10
|
Allen F, Kim E, Andresen N, Grigoropoulos C, Minor A. In situ TEM Raman spectroscopy and laser-based materials modification. Ultramicroscopy 2017; 178:33-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2016.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
11
|
Timmermans FJ, Chang L, van Wolferen HAGM, Lenferink ATM, Otto C. Observation of whispering gallery modes through electron beam-induced deposition. OPTICS LETTERS 2017; 42:1337-1340. [PMID: 28362763 DOI: 10.1364/ol.42.001337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Surprisingly intense spectra of whispering gallery modes were observed in polymer microbeads after illumination with electrons in a scanning electron microscope and subsequent laser illumination and spectral analysis. It will be proposed that whispering gallery mode resonances became visible after local deposition of hydrocarbon material through electron beam-induced deposition. The illumination of deposited material with a near infrared laser generates a broad light spectrum, acting as a local "white light" source that couples, for favorable wavelengths, with the WGM sustained by the sphere. This facilitates a spectroscopic analysis of the WGM and provides the Q-factor and free spectral range for all investigated particles. The analysis by an integrated SEM and Raman micro-spectrometer offers a direct approach to the analysis of WGM resonators as they are, for instance, used in sensing.
Collapse
|
12
|
Cardell C, Guerra I. An overview of emerging hyphenated SEM-EDX and Raman spectroscopy systems: Applications in life, environmental and materials sciences. Trends Analyt Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
|
13
|
Paudel A, Raijada D, Rantanen J. Raman spectroscopy in pharmaceutical product design. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2015; 89:3-20. [PMID: 25868453 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 03/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Almost 100 years after the discovery of the Raman scattering phenomenon, related analytical techniques have emerged as important tools in biomedical sciences. Raman spectroscopy and microscopy are frontier, non-invasive analytical techniques amenable for diverse biomedical areas, ranging from molecular-based drug discovery, design of innovative drug delivery systems and quality control of finished products. This review presents concise accounts of various conventional and emerging Raman instrumentations including associated hyphenated tools of pharmaceutical interest. Moreover, relevant application cases of Raman spectroscopy in early and late phase pharmaceutical development, process analysis and micro-structural analysis of drug delivery systems are introduced. Finally, potential areas of future advancement and application of Raman spectroscopic techniques are discussed.
Collapse
|
14
|
Guerra I, Cardell C. Optimizing use of the structural chemical analyser (variable pressure FESEM-EDX Raman spectroscopy) on micro-size complex historical paintings characterization. J Microsc 2015; 260:47-61. [PMID: 25974725 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The novel Structural Chemical Analyser (hyphenated Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy equipped with an X-ray detector) is gaining popularity since it allows 3-D morphological studies and elemental, molecular, structural and electronic analyses of a single complex micro-sized sample without transfer between instruments. However, its full potential remains unexploited in painting heritage where simultaneous identification of inorganic and organic materials in paintings is critically yet unresolved. Despite benefits and drawbacks shown in literature, new challenges have to be faced analysing multifaceted paint specimens. SEM-Structural Chemical Analyser systems differ since they are fabricated ad hoc by request. As configuration influences the procedure to optimize analyses, likewise analytical protocols have to be designed ad hoc. This paper deals with the optimization of the analytical procedure of a Variable Pressure Field Emission scanning electron microscopy equipped with an X-ray detector Raman spectroscopy system to analyse historical paint samples. We address essential parameters, technical challenges and limitations raised from analysing paint stratigraphies, archaeological samples and loose pigments. We show that accurate data interpretation requires comprehensive knowledge of factors affecting Raman spectra. We tackled: (i) the in-FESEM-Raman spectroscopy analytical sequence, (ii) correlations between FESEM and Structural Chemical Analyser/laser analytical position, (iii) Raman signal intensity under different VP-FESEM vacuum modes, (iv) carbon deposition on samples under FESEM low-vacuum mode, (v) crystal nature and morphology, (vi) depth of focus and (vii) surface-enhanced Raman scattering effect. We recommend careful planning of analysis strategies prior to research which, although time consuming, guarantees reliable results. The ultimate goal of this paper is to help to guide future users of a FESEM-Structural Chemical Analyser system in order to increase applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Guerra
- Scientific Instrumentation Centre, Avda. Campus Fuentenueva, University of Granada, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - C Cardell
- Department of Mineralogy and Petrology, Faculty of Science, University of Granada, Campus Fuentenueva s/n, 18071, Granada, Spain
| |
Collapse
|