1
|
Okeahialam NA, Sultan AH. Episiotomy: Are Indian Obstetricians Getting the Angle Right? J Obstet Gynaecol India 2024; 74:214-218. [PMID: 38974739 PMCID: PMC11224165 DOI: 10.1007/s13224-023-01871-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Background A mediolateral episiotomy is recommended when indicated at a 60° angle at crowning, to avoid obstetric anal sphincter injuries (OASIs) by episiotomies angled too close or distant to the anus. This study surveyed obstetricians in India regarding the recommended episiotomy angle and their ability to correctly draw the angle. Methods Workshops were conducted in India to share knowledge in the prevention and repair of OASIs. A questionnaire was distributed prior to the workshop. Participants were asked to describe the recommended episiotomy angle and to draw this on a paper replica of the perineum. The intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) was calculated to assess the inter-rater reliability between the angle stated and drawn. A 2° difference was deemed acceptable. Standard errors of measurement (SEM) were calculated to measure the range of error of each measurement. Results One hundred and forty doctors participated. 47.9% described the angle of an episiotomy to be 60°. Only 2.2% drew an angle of 60°, but 8.7% (n = 12) drew between 58 and 62°. Only 5.8% (n = 6) of doctors correctly drew the episiotomy angle they described. There was poor agreement ICC = 0.18 (- 0.01 to 0.36) with a SEM of ± 12.2°. Conclusions Knowledge surrounding the recommended episiotomy angle is lacking. Doctors are failing to estimate their desired episiotomy angle. This highlights the need for national guidelines, the creation and validation of structured training programmes to improve accuracy, or using fixed-angle devices such as the EPISCISSORS-60 or other proven measurement aids to minimise preventable harm due to human error.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Abdul H. Sultan
- Croydon University Hospital, 530 London Rd, Thornton Heath, CR7 7YE UK
- St George’s University of London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Demir-Kaymak Z, Turan Z, Çit G, Akyaman S. Midwifery students' opinions about episiotomy training and using virtual reality: A qualitative study. NURSE EDUCATION TODAY 2024; 132:106013. [PMID: 37926004 DOI: 10.1016/j.nedt.2023.106013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of simulations and digital technologies in education in the health field is common. Virtual reality technologies, which offer three-dimensional (immersive) simulation environments, have become easily accessible and cost-effective in recent years and this has this has increased this use of this technology in educating students who will work in the health field. OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to investigate the views of midwifery undergraduate students about the current episiotomy education they received and their expectations when related education is given with virtual reality technology. PARTICIPANTS Students in their third or fourth year of undergraduate midwifery who have taken prior episiotomy education. DESIGN The research was carried out as a phenomenological design for qualitative research. Data were collected between December 2022 and January 2023 at a public university in Türkiye, with institutional ethical approval. METHODS Participants were asked open-ended questions to collect qualitative data. Data were analysed using content analysis by MaxQDA. RESULTS Data were analysed, and four main themes were determined. These main themes consisted of 16 sub-themes, and included midwifery department students' positive and negative opinions about the current episiotomy education and their expectations in cases where the education is carried out using virtual education environments. CONCLUSIONS Although the current episiotomy education has positive aspects, such as suturing ability, it does not give a sense of reality, is not repetitive, and has many negative aspects, such as cost. It was determined that in virtual reality episiotomy education environments, students' expectations are similar to the real birth environment, and they have expectations of simulating risky situations because they think it will be more useful.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zeliha Demir-Kaymak
- Department of Computer Education and Instructional Technologies, Faculty of Education, Sakarya University, Sakarya, Türkiye.
| | - Zekiye Turan
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Sakarya University, Sakarya, Türkiye.
| | - Gülüzar Çit
- Department of Software Engineering, Faculty of Computer and Information Sciences, Sakarya University, Sakarya, Türkiye.
| | - Serefraz Akyaman
- Department of Architecture, Faculty of Art Design and Architecture, Sakarya University, Sakarya, Türkiye.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ankarcrona V, Hesselman S, Kopp Kallner H, Brismar Wendel S. Attitudes and knowledge regarding episiotomy use and technique in vacuum extraction: A web-based survey among doctors in Sweden. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2021; 269:62-70. [PMID: 34968876 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2021.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Correct episiotomy use and technique may prevent obstetric anal sphincter injuries. We aimed to explore the attitudes, use, and technique regarding episiotomy among doctors in Sweden, and their willingness to contribute to a randomized controlled trial of lateral episiotomy or no episiotomy in vacuum extraction in nulliparous women. STUDY DESIGN A web-based survey was sent to members of the Swedish Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology (n = 2140). The survey included 31 questions addressing personal characteristics, use of episiotomy, a two-dimensional picture on which the respondents drew an episiotomy, and questions regarding attitudes towards episiotomy and participation in a randomized controlled trial. We calculated the proportion of supposedly protective episiotomies (fulfilling criteria of a lateral or mediolateral episiotomy and a length ≥ 30 mm). We compared the results between obstetricians, gynecologists, and residents using Chi-square and Kruskal-Wallis tests for differences between groups, and logistic regression to estimate the odds ratio (OR) of drawing a protective episiotomy. RESULTS We received 432 responses. Doctors without a vacuum delivery in the past year were excluded, leaving 384 respondents for further analyses. In all, 222 (57.8%) doctors reported use of episiotomy in<50% of vacuum extractions. We obtained 308 illustrated episiotomies with a median angle of 53°, incision point distance from the midline of 21 mm, and length of 36 mm, corresponding to a lateral episiotomy. Few doctors combined these parameters correctly resulting in 167 (54.2%) incorrectly drawn episiotomies. Residents drew shorter episiotomies than obstetricians and gynecologists. Doctors ranked episiotomy the least important intervention to prevent obstetric anal sphincter injuries in vacuum extraction. Doctors contributing to an ongoing randomized controlled trial of lateral episiotomy or no episiotomy in vacuum extraction were more able to draw a protective episiotomy (OR 3.69, 95% confidence interval 1.94-7.02). CONCLUSIONS Doctors in Sweden reported restrictive use of episiotomy in vacuum extraction and depicted lateral type episiotomies, although the majority were incorrectly drawn. Preventive episiotomy was ranked of low importance. Our results imply a need for education, training, and guidelines to increase uptake of correct episiotomy technique, which could result in improved prevention of obstetric anal sphincter injuries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Ankarcrona
- Department of Clinical Sciences at Danderyd Hospital, Karolinska Institutet and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Danderyd Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Susanne Hesselman
- Department of Women's and Children's Health and Centre for Clinical Research Dalarna and Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Helena Kopp Kallner
- Department of Clinical Sciences at Danderyd Hospital, Karolinska Institutet and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Danderyd Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sophia Brismar Wendel
- Department of Clinical Sciences at Danderyd Hospital, Karolinska Institutet and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Danderyd Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Laine K, Yli BM, Cole V, Schwarz C, Kwee A, Ayres-de-Campos D, Vayssiere C, Roth E, Gliozheni E, Savochkina Y, Ivanisevic M, Kalis V, Timonen S, Verspyck E, Anstaklis P, Beke A, Eriksen BH, Santo S, Kavsek G, Duvekot H, Dadak C. European guidelines on perinatal care- Peripartum care Episiotomy. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2021; 35:8797-8802. [PMID: 34895000 DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2021.2005022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OF RECOMMENDATIONS1. Episiotomy should be performed by indication only, and not routinely (Moderate quality evidence +++-; Strong recommendation). Accepted indications for episiotomy are to shorten the second stage of labor when there is suspected fetal hypoxia (Low quality evidence ++-; Weak recommendation); to prevent obstetric anal sphincter injury in vaginal operative deliveries, or when obstetric sphincter injury occurred in previous deliveries (Moderate quality evidence +++-; Strong recommendation)2. Mediolateral or lateral episiotomy technique should be used (Moderate quality evidence +++-; Strong recommendation). Labor ward staff should be offered regular training in correct episiotomy techniques (Moderate quality evidence +++-; Strong recommendation).3. Pain relief needs to be considered before episiotomy is performed, and epidural analgesia may be insufficient. The perineal skin needs to be tested for pain before an episiotomy is performed, even when an epidural is in place. Local anesthetics or pudendal block need to be considered as isolated or additional pain relief methods (Low quality evidence ++-; Strong recommendation).4. After childbirth the perineum should be carefully inspected, and the anal sphincter palpated to identify possible injury (Moderate quality evidence +++-; Strong recommendation). Primary suturing immediately after childbirth should be offered and a continuous suturing technique should be used when repairing an uncomplicated episiotomy (High quality evidence ++++; Strong recommendation).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katariina Laine
- Norwegian Research Centre for Women's Health, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo Faculty of Medicine, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Vanessa Cole
- Kingston Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Kingston upon Thames, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Vladimir Kalis
- Czech Society of Perinatology and Feto-Maternal Medicine
| | | | | | | | - Artur Beke
- Hungarian Society of Perinatology and Obstetric Anesthesiology
| | | | - Susana Santo
- Portuguese Society of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Garner DK, Patel AB, Hung J, Castro M, Segev TG, Plochocki JH, Hall MI. Midline and Mediolateral Episiotomy: Risk Assessment Based on Clinical Anatomy. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:221. [PMID: 33540771 PMCID: PMC7913006 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11020221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Episiotomy is the surgical incision of the vaginal orifice and perineum to ease the passage of an infant's head while crowning during vaginal delivery. Although episiotomy remains one of the most frequently performed surgeries around the world, short- and long-term complications from the procedure are not uncommon. We performed midline and mediolateral episiotomies with the aim of correlating commonly diagnosed postepisiotomy complications with risk of injury to perineal neuromuscular and erectile structures. We performed 61 incisions on 47 female cadavers and dissected around the incision site. Dissections revealed that midline incisions did not bisect any major neuromuscular structures, although they did increase the risk of direct and indirect injury to the subcutaneous portion of the external anal sphincter. Mediolateral incisions posed greater risk of iatrogenic injury to ipsilateral nerve, muscle, erectile, and gland tissues. Clinician discretion is advised when weighing the potential risks to maternal perineal anatomy during vaginal delivery when episiotomy is indicated. If episiotomy is warranted, an understanding of perineal anatomy may benefit diagnosis of postsurgical complications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danielle K. Garner
- Arizona College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ 85308, USA; (D.K.G.); (A.B.P.); (J.H.); (T.G.S.)
| | - Akash B. Patel
- Arizona College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ 85308, USA; (D.K.G.); (A.B.P.); (J.H.); (T.G.S.)
| | - Jun Hung
- Arizona College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ 85308, USA; (D.K.G.); (A.B.P.); (J.H.); (T.G.S.)
| | - Monica Castro
- College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ 85308, USA;
| | - Tamar G. Segev
- Arizona College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ 85308, USA; (D.K.G.); (A.B.P.); (J.H.); (T.G.S.)
| | - Jeffrey H. Plochocki
- Department of Medical Education, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
| | - Margaret I. Hall
- College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ 85308, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Koh LM, van Roon Y, Pradhan A, Pathak S. Impact of the EPISCISSORS-60 mediolateral episiotomy scissors on obstetric anal sphincter injuries: a 2-year data review in the United Kingdom. Int Urogynecol J 2020; 31:1729-1734. [DOI: 10.1007/s00192-019-04201-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
7
|
Erbaba H, Ciesielski P. Vaginal Birth Related Perineal Traumas and the Importance of Experimental Trainings. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS 2020. [DOI: 10.5799/jcei/7589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
|
8
|
Gonzalez-Díaz E, Fernández Fernández C, Gonzalo Orden JM, Fernández Corona A. Incidence of obstetric anal sphincter injuries after implementing the Triepi-45 tool to improve episiotomy angle in instrumental deliveries. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2019; 148:231-237. [PMID: 31729026 DOI: 10.1002/ijgo.13055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the impact of Triepi-45-a tool that enables an episiotomy angle of 45° to be marked on the perineum at rest-on the incidence of obstetric anal sphincter injuries (OASIS) during operative vaginal delivery (OVD). METHOD A retrospective-prospective cohort study was performed among successive women who underwent OVD at Complejo Asistencial Universitario de de León, Spain, between 2011 and 2013 (preintervention cohort, n=986) and between 2014 and 2016 (intervention cohort, n=986) after implementation of an interventional programme in 2013 to improve the episiotomy angle, including use of Triepi-45, in OVD. RESULTS The intervention cohort had a lower incidence of OASIS than the preintervention cohort (70/986 [7.1%] vs 93/986 [9.4%]), but the difference was not significant, owing to the low use of Triepi-45 in the intervention cohort (n=375). However, the OASIS incidence was significantly lower in the Triepi-45 cohort than in the preintervention cohort (18/375 [4.8%] vs 93/986 [9.4%]; odds ratio, 0.47; 95% confidence interval, 0.26-0.86). CONCLUSION Use of Triepi-45 had a positive impact on reducing OASIS in OVD. It remains essential to raise obstetricians' awareness of the importance of the episiotomy angle and to implement the systematic use of tools to reduce the incidence of OASIS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Gonzalez-Díaz
- Pelvic Floor Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Complejo Asistencial Universitario de León, León, Spain
| | | | | | - Alfonso Fernández Corona
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Complejo Asistencial Universitario de León, León, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Sultan A, Thakar R, Ismail K, Kalis V, Laine K, Räisänen S, de Leeuw J. The role of mediolateral episiotomy during operative vaginal delivery. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2019; 240:192-196. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2019.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
10
|
WITHDRAWN: The role of mediolateral episiotomy during operative vaginal delivery. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol X 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurox.2019.100082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
|
11
|
Evaluation of Accuracy of Episiotomy Incision in a Governmental Maternity Unit in Palestine: An Observational Study. Obstet Gynecol Int 2018; 2018:6345497. [PMID: 30510580 PMCID: PMC6231361 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6345497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Episiotomy should be cut at certain internationally set criteria to minimize risk of obstetric anal sphincter injuries (OASIS) and anal incontinence. The aim of this study was to assess the accuracy of cutting right mediolateral episiotomy (RMLE). An institution-based prospective cohort study was undertaken in a Palestinian maternity unit from February 1, to December 31, 2016. Women having vaginal birth at gestational weeks ≥24 or birthweight ≥1000 g and with intended RMLE were eligible (n=240). Transparent plastic films were used to trace sutured episiotomy in relation to the midline within 24-hour postpartum. These were used to measure incisions' distance from midline, and suture angles were used to classify the incisions into RMLE, lateral, and midline episiotomy groups. Clinical characteristics and association with OASIS were compared between episiotomy groups. A subanalysis by profession (midwife or trainee doctor) was done. Less than 30% were RMLE of which 59% had a suture angle of <40° (equivalent to an incision angle of <60°). There was a trend of higher OASIS rate, but not statistically significant, in the midline (16%, OR: 1.7, CI: 0.61-4.5) and unclassified groups (16.5%, OR: 1.8, CI: 0.8-4.3) than RMLE and lateral groups (10%). No significant differences were observed between episiotomies cut by doctors and midwives. Most of the assessed episiotomies lacked the agreed criteria for RMLE and had less than optimal incision angle which increases risk of severe complications. A well-structured training program on how to cut episiotomy is recommended.
Collapse
|
12
|
Béchard F, Geronimi J, Vieille P, Letouzey V, de Tayrac R. Are we performing episiotomies correctly? A study to evaluate French technique in a high-risk maternity unit. J Gynecol Obstet Hum Reprod 2018; 47:331-338. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jogoh.2018.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
|
13
|
van Roon Y, Vinayakarao L, Melson L, Percival R, Pathak S, Pradhan A. Comparative study of episiotomy angles achieved by cutting with straight Mayo scissors and the EPISCISSORS-60 in a birth simulation model. Int Urogynecol J 2016; 28:1063-1066. [DOI: 10.1007/s00192-016-3227-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
14
|
Rahman N, Vinayakarao L, Pathak S, Minden D, Melson L, Vitue E, Pradhan A. Evaluation of training programme uptake in an attempt to reduce obstetric anal sphincter injuries: the SUPPORT programme. Int Urogynecol J 2016; 28:403-407. [PMID: 27783118 DOI: 10.1007/s00192-016-3158-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND HYPOTHESIS The objective was to assess the feedback from a quality improvement training programme to reduce obstetric anal sphincter injuries (OASIS). METHODS Training sessions were organised that included evidence-based information on OASIS risk factors and training on models to measure perineal body length (PBL), perform episiotomies with standard and 60° fixed angle scissors (EPISCISSORS-60®), and measure post-delivery episiotomy suture angles with protractor transparencies. Feedback forms using a Likert scale (1-4) were completed and analysed. The setting was an evidence-based quality improvement programme (Strategy for Using Practical aids for Prevention of OASIS, Recording episiotomies and clinician Training [SUPPORT]) at two National Health Service (NHS) Hospitals in the UK. The participants were midwives and doctors attending the SUPPORT training programme RESULTS: All of the participants (100 %) would recommend the training programme to a friend or colleague. 92 % felt that the training session improved their knowledge of the impact of PBL and perineal distension and their knowledge of the relationship between episiotomy angle and OASIS "a lot" or "somewhat". CONCLUSION Based on this feedback, we recommend the addition of the knowledge content of the SUPPORT programme to other centres providing perineal assessment and repair courses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - A Pradhan
- Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Fodstad K, Staff AC, Laine K. Episiotomy preferences, indication, and classification--a survey among Nordic doctors. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2016; 95:587-95. [PMID: 26814151 DOI: 10.1111/aogs.12856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Episiotomy performance impacts perineal health and rates of obstetric anal sphincter injuries (OASIS). Our objective was to assess self-reported episiotomy practice and opinions on clinical indication for episiotomy among Nordic physicians and to investigate potential misclassification. MATERIAL AND METHODS A survey was conducted among doctors attending the 2012 Nordic obstetrical and gynecological conference. Participants were asked to draw an episiotomy on a photo of a perineum with a crowning fetal head similarly to their clinical practice if an episiotomy was clinically indicated, and to name the technique drawn. Differences in outcome measures were compared by country of practice and seniority. RESULTS The majority of the 297 participants (47%) drew a lateral episiotomy according to our classification by incision point and angle, but as many as 64% of these 138 doctors misclassified this as mediolateral episiotomy. Only 20% drew a mediolateral episiotomy, the great majority classifying it accurately, but 8% misclassified their mediolateral cut as a lateral episiotomy. One-third of episiotomies were nonclassifiable. In general, doctors in Finland, Sweden, and Norway more often favored lateral episiotomies compared with doctors in Denmark and Iceland. There were significant differences between Finnish and Norwegian vs. Danish and Swedish doctors in perception of clinical indications for episiotomy. CONCLUSIONS The great variation in self-reported episiotomy performance between Nordic physicians and large misclassification rates indicate that educational programs are warranted. Use of uniform classification and appropriate techniques may be crucial to investigate the role of episiotomies in preventing OASIS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathrine Fodstad
- Department of Obstetrics and Department of Gynecology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anne C Staff
- Department of Obstetrics and Department of Gynecology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Katariina Laine
- Department of Obstetrics and Department of Gynecology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
van Roon Y, Kirwin C, Rahman N, Vinayakarao L, Melson L, Kester N, Pathak S, Pradhan A. Comparison of obstetric anal sphincter injuries in nulliparous women before and after introduction of the EPISCISSORS-60(®) at two hospitals in the United Kingdom. Int J Womens Health 2015; 7:949-55. [PMID: 26677344 PMCID: PMC4677767 DOI: 10.2147/ijwh.s94680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To assess whether the introduction of episiotomy scissors specially designed to achieve a cutting angle of 60°, EPISCISSORS-60(®), in two hospitals in the UK would result in a reduction in obstetric anal sphincter injuries (OASIS) in nulliparous women. METHODS A structured training program for all doctors and midwives provided a theoretical framework around OASIS including risk factors and the role of episiotomies and a practical hands-on training element to use EPISCISSORS-60(®) correctly and to measure perineal body length and post-suturing angles. Data for perineal body length, post-suturing angles, user feedback, episiotomy use, and incidence of OASIS were collected through specifically designed forms and the general hospital data collection system. RESULTS Data were available for 838 nulliparous vaginal deliveries. Mean perineal body length was 37 mm in spontaneous vaginal delivery group (standard deviation [SD] =8.3, 95% confidence interval [CI] =34-39) and 38 mm in the operative vaginal delivery group (SD=8, 95% CI=35-40). Post-suturing episiotomy angles were 53° (SD=6.5, 95% CI=50.7-55.8) in spontaneous vaginal deliveries and 52° (SD=9.6, 95% CI=49-54) in operative vaginal deliveries. EPISCISSORS-60(®) were rated as "good" to "very good" by 84% of users. There was a 47% increase in the number of episiotomies in nulliparous spontaneous vaginal deliveries at Poole (P=0.007) and a 16.5% increase in the number of episiotomies in nulliparous operative vaginal deliveries in Hinchingbrooke (P=0.003). There was an overall 11% increase in episiotomy numbers in nulliparous vaginal deliveries (P=0.08). There was a statistically significant OASIS reduction of 84% in nulliparous spontaneous vaginal deliveries in women who received an episiotomy (P=0.003). CONCLUSION Initial results after introduction of EPISCISSORS-60(®) show that the majority of health care professionals achieve post-suturing episiotomy angles between 40° and 60°. The results also show a significant increase in the use of episiotomies in the delivery of nulliparous women. There has been a statistically significant reduction in OASIS in nulliparous spontaneous vaginal deliveries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yves van Roon
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hinchingbrooke Hospital, Huntingdon, UK
| | - Ciara Kirwin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Poole Hospital, Poole, UK
| | - Nadia Rahman
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Louise Melson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Poole Hospital, Poole, UK
| | - Nikki Kester
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hinchingbrooke Hospital, Huntingdon, UK
| | - Sangeeta Pathak
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hinchingbrooke Hospital, Huntingdon, UK
| | - Ashish Pradhan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hinchingbrooke Hospital, Huntingdon, UK
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Gonzalez-Díaz E, Fernández Fernández C, Fernández Corona A. Differences in characteristics of mediolateral episiotomy in proffesionals at the same hospital. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2015; 29:2368-72. [PMID: 26381595 DOI: 10.3109/14767058.2015.1086328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of our study was to compare the theoretical concept of the accoucheur in our institution with regard to the characteristics of the mediolateral episiotomy (MLE), with a crowning head and after a delivery. METHODS We devised two simple pictorial questionnaires (one with a crowning head and the other in rest after a delivery) in order to explore possible differences in clinical practice between the accoucheurs of our institution with respect to the MLE characteristics. RESULTS With a crowning head, we found more acute angles when the age of accoucheurs was greater than 35 years old and more than 15 years of experience, but no with the perineum at rest. No difference was found between doctors and midwives, nor between males and females. 28.1% of accoucheurs indicated an acuter episiotomy angle with a crowning head. CONCLUSION This study confirmed that the individual interpretation of MLE differed widely among professionals at the same hospital. These differences which have been shown could predispose women to a greater risk of anal sphincter injuries. For this reason, there is a need to standardize this practice, to make the technique more homogeneous, particularly in the context of future research into the risks and benefits of episiotomy with respect to major perineal trauma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Gonzalez-Díaz
- a Pelvic Floor Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Complejo Asistencial Universitario De León (CAULE) , Spain
| | - C Fernández Fernández
- a Pelvic Floor Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Complejo Asistencial Universitario De León (CAULE) , Spain
| | - A Fernández Corona
- a Pelvic Floor Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Complejo Asistencial Universitario De León (CAULE) , Spain
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Kapoor DS, Thakar R, Sultan AH. Obstetric anal sphincter injuries: review of anatomical factors and modifiable second stage interventions. Int Urogynecol J 2015; 26:1725-34. [PMID: 26044511 DOI: 10.1007/s00192-015-2747-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND HYPOTHESIS Obstetric anal sphincter injuries (OASIs) are the leading cause of anal incontinence in women. Modification of various risk factors and anatomical considerations have been reported to reduce the rate of OASI. METHODS A PubMed search (1989-2014) of studies and systematic reviews on risk factors for OASI. RESULTS Perineal distension (stretching) of 170 % in the transverse direction and 40 % in the vertical direction occurs at crowning, leading to significant differences (15-30°) between episiotomy incision angles and suture angles. Episiotomies incised at 60° achieve suture angles of 43-50°; those incised at 40° result in a suture angle of 22°. Episiotomies with suture angles too acute (<30°) and too lateral (>60°) are associated with an increased risk of OASI. Suture angles of 40-60° are in the safe zone. Clinicians are poor at correctly estimating episiotomy angles on paper and in patients. Sutured episiotomies originating 10 mm away from the midline are associated with a lower rate of OASIs. Compared to spontaneous tears, episiotomies appear to be associated with a reduction in OASI risk by 40-50 %, whereas shorter perineal lengths, perineal oedema and instrumental deliveries are associated with a higher risk. Instrumental deliveries with mediolateral episiotomies are associated with a significantly lower OASI risk. Other preventative measures include warm perineal compresses and controlled delivery of the head. CONCLUSIONS Relieving pressure on the central posterior perineum by an episiotomy and/or controlled delivery of the head should be important considerations in reducing the risk of OASI. Episiotomies should be performed 60° from the midline. Prospective studies should evaluate elective episiotomies in women with a short perineal length and application of standardised digital perineal support.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dharmesh S Kapoor
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Royal Bournemouth Hospital, Bournemouth, UK.
| | - Ranee Thakar
- Croydon University Hospital, Croydon, UK. .,St George's University of London, London, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Naidu M, Kapoor DS, Evans S, Vinayakarao L, Thakar R, Sultan AH. Cutting an episiotomy at 60 degrees: how good are we? Int Urogynecol J 2015; 26:813-6. [PMID: 25656454 DOI: 10.1007/s00192-015-2625-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND HYPOTHESIS Episiotomy is regarded as the most common maternal obstetric surgical procedure. It is associated with a significant increase in blood loss, lower pelvic floor muscle strength, dyspareunia, and perineal pain compared with a perineal tear. We tested the hypothesis that all doctors and midwives can perform an episiotomy when prompted to, specifically cut at 60° from the midline (in a simulation model). METHODS Doctors and midwives attending the BMFMS Annual Meeting (2014), Croydon Perineal Trauma Course and staff at Poole General Hospital were invited to cut a paper replica of the perineum with a commonly used episiotomy incision pad. Participants were prompted to cut an episiotomy at 60° to the perineal midline with the anus as a reference point. The angles and distances were measured using protractors and rulers. A 58-62° band was deemed acceptable to account for measurement errors. RESULTS A total of 106 delegates participated. Only 15 % of doctors and midwives cut an episiotomy between 58 and 62°. Over one third (36 %) cut the episiotomy between 55 and 65° (inclusive). Nearly two thirds either underestimated the angle (<55°; 44 %), or overestimated the angle (>66°; 18 %). Thirty-six and 7.5 % of episiotomies were cut at <50 and >70° respectively. The origination point of the episiotomy was 5 mm away from the midline (IQR 1-8 mm). CONCLUSIONS This original observational study shows that doctors and midwives were poor at cutting at the prompted episiotomy angle of 60°. This highlights the need to develop structured training programmes to improve the visual accuracy of estimating angles or the use of fixed angle devices to help improve the ability to estimate the desired angle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madhu Naidu
- Croydon University Hospital, 530, London Road, Croydon, CR7 7YE, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|