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Turanov SV, Koltsova MA, Rutenko OA. Experimental evaluation of genetic variability based on DNA metabarcoding from the aquatic environment: Insights from the Leray COI fragment. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e11631. [PMID: 38966247 PMCID: PMC11222756 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.11631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Revised: 06/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Intraspecific genetic variation is important for the assessment of organisms' resistance to changing environments and anthropogenic pressures. Aquatic DNA metabarcoding provides a non-invasive method in biodiversity research, including investigations at the within-species level. Through the analysis of eDNA samples collected from the Peter the Great Gulf of the Japan Sea, in this study, we aimed to evaluate the identification of Amplicon Sequence Variants (ASVs) in marine eDNA among abundant species of the Zostera sp. community: Hexagrammos octogrammus, Pholidapus dybowskii (Teleostei: Perciformes), and Pandalus latirostris (Arthropoda: Decapoda). These species were collected from two distant locations to produce mock communities and gather aquatic eDNA both on the community and individual level. Our approach highlights the efficacy of eDNA metabarcoding in capturing haplotypic diversity and the potential for this methodology to track genetic diversity accurately, contributing to conservation efforts and ecosystem management. Additionally, our results elucidate the impact of nuclear mitochondrial DNA segments (NUMTs) on the reliability of metabarcoding data, indicating the necessity for cautious interpretation of such data in ecological studies. Moreover, we analyzed 83 publicly available COI sequence datasets from common groups of multicellular organisms (Mollusca, Echinodermata, Crustacea, Polychaeta, and Actinopterygii). The results reflect the decrease in population diversity that arises from using the metabarcode compared to the COI barcode.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. V. Turanov
- Laboratory of Deep sea ResearchA.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of SciencesVladivostokRussia
| | - M. A. Koltsova
- Chair of Cell Biology and GeneticsFar Eastern Federal UniversityVladivostokRussia
| | - O. A. Rutenko
- Laboratory of Molecular SystenaticsA.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of SciencesVladivostokRussia
- Laboratory of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology of Aquatic OrganismsFar Eastern Federal UniversityVladivostokRussia
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2
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Anpalagan K, Karakkat JV, Jelinek R, Kadamannil NN, Zhang T, Cole I, Nurgali K, Yin H, Lai DTH. A Green Synthesis Route to Derive Carbon Quantum Dots for Bioimaging Cancer Cells. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2103. [PMID: 37513114 PMCID: PMC10385789 DOI: 10.3390/nano13142103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Carbon quantum dots (CQDs) are known for their biocompatibility and versatile applications in the biomedical sector. These CQDs retain high solubility, robust chemical inertness, facile modification, and good resistance to photobleaching, which makes them ideal for cell bioimaging. Many fabrication processes produce CQDs, but most require expensive equipment, toxic chemicals, and a long processing time. This study developed a facile and rapid toasting method to prepare CQDs using various slices of bread as precursors without any additional chemicals. This fast and cost-effective toasting method could produce CQDs within 2 h, compared with the 10 h process in the commonly used hydrothermal method. The CQDs derived from the toasting method could be used to bioimage two types of colon cancer cells, namely, CT-26 and HT-29, derived from mice and humans, respectively. Significantly, these CQDs from the rapid toasting method produced equally bright images as CQDs derived from the hydrothermal method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthiga Anpalagan
- Institute of Health and Sport (IHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3011, Australia
| | | | - Raz Jelinek
- Department of Chemistry and Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Nila Nandha Kadamannil
- Department of Chemistry and Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Tian Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Ivan Cole
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Kulmira Nurgali
- Institute of Health and Sport (IHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3011, Australia
| | - Hong Yin
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Daniel T H Lai
- Institute of Health and Sport (IHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3011, Australia
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3
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Eitzmann DR, Shamsaei D, Anderson JL. Versatile dual-channel loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay featuring smartphone imaging enables determination of fecal indicator bacteria in environmental waters. Talanta 2023; 265:124890. [PMID: 37421790 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
Rapid diagnostic assays are often a critical tool for monitoring water quality in developing and developed countries. Conventional testing requires 24-48 h for incubation, resulting in delayed remediation and increasing the likelihood of negative outcomes. In this study, we report a workflow for detection of E. coli, a common indicator of fecal contamination. Following large volume filtration, E. coli is then solubilized enabling the facile isolation and recovery of genetic material by a thin film microextraction (TFME) device featuring a polymeric ionic liquid (PIL) sorbent. Rapid recovery of pure nucleic acids is achieved using a PIL sorbent with high affinity for DNA to significantly increase mass transfer and facilitate adsorption and desorption of DNA. Downstream detection is performed by a versatile, dual channel loop mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay featuring a colorimetric dye and a sequence-specific molecular beacon. A portable LAMP companion box enables consistent isothermal heating and endpoint smartphone imaging while being powered by a single 12-V battery. Programmable LEDs are switched from white or blue light to facilitate the independent imaging of the colorimetric dye or fluorometric probe following amplification. The methodology positively identified E. coli in environmental samples spiked to concentrations of 6600 colony forming units (CFU) per milliliter and 660 CFU/mL with 100% and 22% positivity, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek R Eitzmann
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, United States
| | - Danial Shamsaei
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, United States
| | - Jared L Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, United States.
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4
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Yin K, Ding X, Xu Z, Li Z, Wang X, Zhao H, Otis C, Li B, Liu C. Multiplexed colorimetric detection of SARS-CoV-2 and other pathogens in wastewater on a 3D printed integrated microfluidic chip. SENSORS AND ACTUATORS. B, CHEMICAL 2021; 344:130242. [PMID: 34121812 PMCID: PMC8183101 DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2021.130242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has become a global public health emergency. The detection of SARS-CoV-2 and human enteric pathogens in wastewater can provide an early warning of disease outbreak. Herein, a sensitive, multiplexed, colorimetric detection (termed "SMCD") method was established for pathogen detection in wastewater samples. The SMCD method integrated on-chip nucleic acid extraction, two-stage isothermal amplification, and colorimetric detection on a 3D printed microfluidic chip. The colorimetric signal during nucleic acid amplification was recorded in real-time and analyzed by a programmed smartphone without the need for complicated equipment. By combining two-stage isothermal amplification assay into the integrated microfluidic platform, we detected SARS-CoV-2 and human enteric pathogens with sensitivities of 100 genome equivalent (GE)/mL and 500 colony-forming units (CFU)/mL, respectively, in wastewater within one hour. Additionally, we realized smart, connected, on-site detection with a reporting framework embedded in a portable detection platform, which exhibited potential for rapid spatiotemporal epidemiologic data collection regarding the environmental dynamics, transmission, and persistence of infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Yin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | - Xiong Ding
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | - Zhiheng Xu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | - Ziyue Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | - Xingyu Wang
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269-3037, USA
| | - Hui Zhao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, 89154, USA
| | - Clifford Otis
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269-3037, USA
| | - Baikun Li
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269-3037, USA
| | - Changchun Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
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5
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Exploration of cell-free DNA (cfDNA) recovery for touch deposits. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2020; 51:102431. [PMID: 33260058 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2020.102431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Although touch deposit DNA is widely used in forensic casework, its cellular and acellular contents and their biological origins are poorly understood. There is evidence that the cell-free component of DNA deposited by handling may contribute substantial genetic information; however, most research into touch DNA recovery does not separate cellular and cell-free fractions or seek to characterize their contents. This work is an important early step in developing methods to isolate the cfDNA from biological material deposited by handling. Size-filtration as a separation technique was determined to be prone to DNA loss, even on optimized control samples of pure ladder DNA. Centrifugal separation was optimized to determine minimum speed and time required to reliably remove all cellular debris from the material collected by rinsing donor hands. To determine if the centrifugal force risked rupturing shed corneocyte cells and releasing cellular DNA into the supernatant, DNA levels were measured, and cells were visualized microscopically before and after centrifugation of hand rinses. Heated buccal cells were used as a positive control to demonstrate cell rupture would be detected with these methods. Following the determination of a suitable separation technique, an investigation into purification methods for cfDNA was conducted. DNA recovery using three kits for plasma cfDNA, one for PCR clean-up and one for genomic DNA were assessed on both ladder DNA to simulate cfDNA fragments and on collected hand deposit supernatants from both unwashed and washed hands. Purification methods designed for recovery of short DNA fragments from plasma yielded the highest recovery percentage across sample types, with BioChain cfPure performing the best. Donors' hands were shown to shed high levels of cfDNA, which were better recovered with a method for short fragments than with a traditional genomic technique often used on touch DNA samples.
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Lee S, Khoo VSL, Medriano CAD, Lee T, Park SY, Bae S. Rapid and in-situ detection of fecal indicator bacteria in water using simple DNA extraction and portable loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) PCR methods. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 160:371-379. [PMID: 31163314 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.05.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Contamination of water by fecal matter and potential human enteric pathogens is a serious health concern. Microbiological water quality has been assessed by conventional culture-based methods of fecal indicator bacteria (FIB). Recently, molecular techniques for FIB have been introduced as alternative tools for rapid detection. However, such molecular techniques require a modern laboratory setting, expensive equipment, and skilled personnel. In this study, we developed a simple and rapid DNA extraction method based on a syringe filter without any specialized equipment. Furthermore, loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) PCR for fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) (i.e. E. coli and E. faecalis) was carried out using the DNA extracts from the syringe-filter based DNA extraction method. The efficiency of the extracted DNA from the syringe-filter based method was comparable to the results of the commercial kit method. We also tested fresh and marine-water collected directly from different locations in Singapore that were spiked with E. coli or E. faecalis. The LAMP assays combined with our DNA extraction method showed higher sensitivity and more tolerance to PCR inhibitors than that of conventional PCR methods. We further developed a portable LAMP device to conduct isothermal PCR reactions for rapid on-site measurement of FIB. As the color changes in the end point of the LAMP reaction can be observed with the naked eye, the portable LAMP device was easily operated and quick, obtaining results in 30 min. The simple, portable and user-friendly platform can be used as an initial screening for the rapid detection of the presence FIB in lower-resource settings. In conclusion, the portable LAMP device coupled with a syringe-filter based DNA extraction method enables us to detect the presence of FIB for assessing microbial water quality within 1 h without any sophisticated laboratory equipment or highly trained personnel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seunguk Lee
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Valerie Si Ling Khoo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Taewoo Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sung-Yong Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sungwoo Bae
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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7
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Lanzoni O, Plotnikov A, Khlopko Y, Munz G, Petroni G, Potekhin A. The core microbiome of sessile ciliate Stentor coeruleus is not shaped by the environment. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11356. [PMID: 31388025 PMCID: PMC6684585 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47701-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbiomes of multicellular organisms are one of the hottest topics in microbiology and physiology, while only few studies addressed bacterial communities associated with protists. Protists are widespread in all environments and can be colonized by plethora of different bacteria, including also human pathogens. The aim of this study was to characterize the prokaryotic community associated with the sessile ciliate Stentor coeruleus. 16S rRNA gene metabarcoding was performed on single cells of S. coeruleus and on their environment, water from the sewage stream. Our results showed that the prokaryotic community composition differed significantly between Stentor cells and their environment. The core microbiome common for all ciliate specimens analyzed could be defined, and it was composed mainly by representatives of bacterial genera which include also potential human pathogens and commensals, such as Neisseria, Streptococcus, Capnocytophaga, Porphyromonas. Numerous 16S rRNA gene contigs belonged to endosymbiont “Candidatus Megaira polyxenophila”. Our data suggest that each ciliate cell can be considered as an ecological microniche harboring diverse prokaryotic organisms. Possible benefits for persistence and transmission in nature for bacteria associated with protists are discussed. Our results support the hypothesis that ciliates attract potentially pathogenic bacteria and play the role of natural reservoirs for them.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrey Plotnikov
- Center of Shared Scientific Equipment, Institute for Cellular and Intracellular Symbiosis, Ural Division of RAS, Orenburg, Russia
| | - Yuri Khlopko
- Center of Shared Scientific Equipment, Institute for Cellular and Intracellular Symbiosis, Ural Division of RAS, Orenburg, Russia
| | - Giulio Munz
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Alexey Potekhin
- Faculty of Biology, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia.
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Ferguson RMW, Garcia‐Alcega S, Coulon F, Dumbrell AJ, Whitby C, Colbeck I. Bioaerosol biomonitoring: Sampling optimization for molecular microbial ecology. Mol Ecol Resour 2019; 19:672-690. [PMID: 30735594 PMCID: PMC6850074 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.13002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Bioaerosols (or biogenic aerosols) have largely been overlooked by molecular ecologists. However, this is rapidly changing as bioaerosols play key roles in public health, environmental chemistry and the dispersal ecology of microbes. Due to the low environmental concentrations of bioaerosols, collecting sufficient biomass for molecular methods is challenging. Currently, no standardized methods for bioaerosol collection for molecular ecology research exist. Each study requires a process of optimization, which greatly slows the advance of bioaerosol science. Here, we evaluated air filtration and liquid impingement for bioaerosol sampling across a range of environmental conditions. We also investigated the effect of sampling matrices, sample concentration strategies and sampling duration on DNA yield. Air filtration using polycarbonate filters gave the highest recovery, but due to the faster sampling rates possible with impingement, we recommend this method for fine -scale temporal/spatial ecological studies. To prevent bias for the recovery of Gram-positive bacteria, we found that the matrix for impingement should be phosphate-buffered saline. The optimal method for bioaerosol concentration from the liquid matrix was centrifugation. However, we also present a method using syringe filters for rapid in-field recovery of bioaerosols from impingement samples, without compromising microbial diversity for high -throughput sequencing approaches. Finally, we provide a resource that enables molecular ecologists to select the most appropriate sampling strategy for their specific research question.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Frederic Coulon
- School of Water, Energy and EnvironmentCranfield UniversityCranfieldUK
| | | | - Corinne Whitby
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of EssexColchesterUK
| | - Ian Colbeck
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of EssexColchesterUK
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9
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Grześkowiak Ł, Zentek J, Vahjen W. Physical Pre-Treatment Improves Efficient DNA Extraction and qPCR Sensitivity from Clostridium Difficile Spores in Faecal Swine Specimens. Curr Microbiol 2016; 73:727-731. [PMID: 27534405 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-016-1123-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A considerable fraction of the faecal microbiota is spore-forming. Molecular quantification of bacteria may be underestimated if preceded with nucleic acid extraction without special treatment to extract recalcitrant bacterial spores. The objective of this study was to improve the DNA extraction regarding the presence of Clostridium difficile spores in faecal swine specimens. Sow faeces were inoculated with spores of C. difficile (10(6) CFU), frozen at - 30 °C overnight and subjected to DNA extraction. As a preceding step to a standard DNA extraction method (QIAamp DNA stool Mini kit), different physical treatments such as microwave oven heating and repeated bead-beating techniques and a combination of both were applied and compared with each other by means of qPCR. Using a standard DNA extraction method only, C. difficile spores were quantified at 4.96 log copy number/200 mg of faeces. A repeated bead-beating at 6 m/s for 10 min followed by a standard DNA extraction resulted in 5.77 log copy number of spores in inoculated faeces. Heating in a microwave oven at 800 W for 1, 3, 5 and 10 min followed by a standard DNA extraction resulted in a gene quantification of up to 4.89 log copy number. A combination of both methods resulted in the bacterial gene quantity of 5.37 log copy number. Pre-treatment with repeated bead-beating led to the highest quantification of bacteria, and therefore it can be applied for more efficient DNA extraction from spores of C. difficile in faecal specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Grześkowiak
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise Strasse 49, 14195, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Jürgen Zentek
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise Strasse 49, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Wilfried Vahjen
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise Strasse 49, 14195, Berlin, Germany
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Bornemann M, Bussmann I, Tichy L, Deutzmann J, Schink B, Pester M. Methane release from sediment seeps to the atmosphere is counteracted by highly active Methylococcaceae in the water column of deep oligotrophic Lake Constance. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2016; 92:fiw123. [PMID: 27267930 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiw123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Methane emissions from freshwater environments contribute substantially to global warming but are under strong control of aerobic methane-oxidizing bacteria. Recently discovered methane seeps (pockmarks) in freshwater lake sediments have the potential to bypass this control by their strong outgassing activity. Whether this is counteracted by pelagic methanotrophs is not well understood yet. We used a (3)H-CH4-radiotracer technique and pmoA-based molecular approaches to assess the activity, abundance and community structure of pelagic methanotrophs above active pockmarks in deep oligotrophic Lake Constance. Above profundal pockmarks, methane oxidation rates (up to 458 nmol CH4 l(-1) d(-1)) exceeded those of the surrounding water column by two orders of magnitude and coincided with maximum methanotroph abundances of 0.6% of the microbial community. Phylogenetic analysis indicated a dominance of members of the Methylococcaceae in the water column of both, pockmark and reference sites, with most of the retrieved sequences being associated with a water-column specific clade. Communities at pockmark and reference locations also differed in parts, which was likely caused by entrainment of sediment-hosted methanotrophs at pockmark sites. Our results show that the release of seep-derived methane to the atmosphere is counteracted by a distinct methanotrophic community with a pronounced activity throughout bottom waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maren Bornemann
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Ingeborg Bussmann
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Meeresstation Helgoland, Kurpromenade 201, D-27498 Helgoland, Germany
| | - Lucas Tichy
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Jörg Deutzmann
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, 318 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Bernhard Schink
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Michael Pester
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
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