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Temesgen TT, Tysnes KR, Robertson LJ. Use of Oxidative Stress Responses to Determine the Efficacy of Inactivation Treatments on Cryptosporidium Oocysts. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9071463. [PMID: 34361899 PMCID: PMC8305202 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9071463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium oocysts are known for being very robust, and their prolonged survival in the environment has resulted in outbreaks of cryptosporidiosis associated with the consumption of contaminated water or food. Although inactivation methods used for drinking water treatment, such as UV irradiation, can inactivate Cryptosporidium oocysts, they are not necessarily suitable for use with other environmental matrices, such as food. In order to identify alternative ways to inactivate Cryptosporidium oocysts, improved methods for viability assessment are needed. Here we describe a proof of concept for a novel approach for determining how effective inactivation treatments are at killing pathogens, such as the parasite Cryptosporidium. RNA sequencing was used to identify potential up-regulated target genes induced by oxidative stress, and a reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) protocol was developed to assess their up-regulation following exposure to different induction treatments. Accordingly, RT-qPCR protocols targeting thioredoxin and Cryptosporidium oocyst wall protein 7 (COWP7) genes were evaluated on mixtures of viable and inactivated oocysts, and on oocysts subjected to various potential inactivation treatments such as freezing and chlorination. The results from the present proof-of-concept experiments indicate that this could be a useful tool in efforts towards assessing potential technologies for inactivating Cryptosporidium in different environmental matrices. Furthermore, this approach could also be used for similar investigations with other pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamirat Tefera Temesgen
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oluf Thesens vei 22, 1433 Ås, Norway; (K.R.T.); (L.J.R.)
- NABAS AS, Moer Allé 33, 1435 Ås, Norway
- Correspondence: or
| | - Kristoffer Relling Tysnes
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oluf Thesens vei 22, 1433 Ås, Norway; (K.R.T.); (L.J.R.)
| | - Lucy Jane Robertson
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oluf Thesens vei 22, 1433 Ås, Norway; (K.R.T.); (L.J.R.)
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Rousseau A, La Carbona S, Dumètre A, Robertson LJ, Gargala G, Escotte-Binet S, Favennec L, Villena I, Gérard C, Aubert D. Assessing viability and infectivity of foodborne and waterborne stages (cysts/oocysts) of Giardia duodenalis, Cryptosporidium spp., and Toxoplasma gondii: a review of methods. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 25:14. [PMID: 29553366 PMCID: PMC5858526 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2018009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis, Cryptosporidium spp. and Toxoplasma gondii are protozoan parasites that have been highlighted as emerging foodborne pathogens by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the World Health Organization. According to the European Food Safety Authority, 4786 foodborne and waterborne outbreaks were reported in Europe in 2016, of which 0.4% were attributed to parasites including Cryptosporidium, Giardia and Trichinella. Until 2016, no standardized methods were available to detect Giardia, Cryptosporidium and Toxoplasma (oo)cysts in food. Therefore, no regulation exists regarding these biohazards. Nevertheless, considering their low infective dose, ingestion of foodstuffs contaminated by low quantities of these three parasites can lead to human infection. To evaluate the risk of protozoan parasites in food, efforts must be made towards exposure assessment to estimate the contamination along the food chain, from raw products to consumers. This requires determining: (i) the occurrence of infective protozoan (oo)cysts in foods, and (ii) the efficacy of control measures to eliminate this contamination. In order to conduct such assessments, methods for identification of viable (i.e. live) and infective parasites are required. This review describes the methods currently available to evaluate infectivity and viability of G. duodenalis cysts, Cryptosporidium spp. and T. gondii oocysts, and their potential for application in exposure assessment to determine the presence of the infective protozoa and/or to characterize the efficacy of control measures. Advantages and limits of each method are highlighted and an analytical strategy is proposed to assess exposure to these protozoa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélique Rousseau
- EA 3800, Protozooses transmises par l'alimentation, Laboratoire de Parasitologie Mycologie, Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, Faculté de Médecine, SFR Cap Santé Fed 4231, 51 Rue Cognacq Jay, 51096 Reims, France - ACTALIA Food Safety Department, 310 Rue Popielujko, 50000 Saint-Lô, France - EA 3800, Protozooses transmises par l'alimentation, Laboratoire de Parasitologie Mycologie, Université de Rouen, 76183 Rouen Cedex, France
| | | | - Aurélien Dumètre
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD (Dakar, Marseille, Papeete), AP-HM, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, UMR Vecteurs - Infections Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (VITROME), Marseille, France
| | - Lucy J Robertson
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO Box 8146 Dep., 0033, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gilles Gargala
- EA 3800, Protozooses transmises par l'alimentation, Laboratoire de Parasitologie Mycologie, Université de Rouen, 76183 Rouen Cedex, France
| | - Sandie Escotte-Binet
- EA 3800, Protozooses transmises par l'alimentation, Laboratoire de Parasitologie Mycologie, Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, Faculté de Médecine, SFR Cap Santé Fed 4231, 51 Rue Cognacq Jay, 51096 Reims, France
| | - Loïc Favennec
- EA 3800, Protozooses transmises par l'alimentation, Laboratoire de Parasitologie Mycologie, Université de Rouen, 76183 Rouen Cedex, France
| | - Isabelle Villena
- EA 3800, Protozooses transmises par l'alimentation, Laboratoire de Parasitologie Mycologie, Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, Faculté de Médecine, SFR Cap Santé Fed 4231, 51 Rue Cognacq Jay, 51096 Reims, France
| | - Cédric Gérard
- Food Safety Microbiology, Nestlé Research Center, PO Box 44, CH-1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland
| | - Dominique Aubert
- EA 3800, Protozooses transmises par l'alimentation, Laboratoire de Parasitologie Mycologie, Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, Faculté de Médecine, SFR Cap Santé Fed 4231, 51 Rue Cognacq Jay, 51096 Reims, France
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Travaillé E, La Carbona S, Gargala G, Aubert D, Guyot K, Dumètre A, Villena I, Houssin M. Development of a qRT-PCR method to assess the viability of Giardia intestinalis cysts, Cryptosporidium spp. and Toxoplasma gondii oocysts. Food Control 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2015.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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