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Yamaguchi M, Takahashi-Nakaguchi A, Uematsu K, Yamada H, Sato-Okamoto M, Chibana H. Ultrastructural Examination of Mouse Glomerular Capillary Loop by Sandwich Freezing and Freeze-Substitution. Microscopy (Oxf) 2022; 71:289-296. [PMID: 35778971 DOI: 10.1093/jmicro/dfac031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sandwich freezing is a method of rapid freezing by sandwiching specimens between two metal disks, and has been used for observing exquisite close-to-native ultrastructure of living yeast and bacteria. Recently, this method has been found to be useful for preserving cell images of glutaraldehyde-fixed animal and human tissues. In the present study, this method was applied to observe fine structure of mouse glomerular capillary loops. Morphometry was then performed, and the results were compared with the data obtained by in vivo cryotechnique, which may provide the closest ultrastructure to the native state of living tissue. The results show that the ultrastructure of glomerular capillary loops obtained by sandwich freezing-freeze substitution after glutaraldehyde fixation was close to that of the ultrastructure obtained by in vivo cryotechnique, not only in quality of cell image but also in quantitative morphometry. They indicate that the ultrastructure obtained by sandwich freezing-freeze-substitution after glutaraldehyde fixation may more closely reflect the living state of cells and tissues than conventional chemical fixation and dehydration at room temperature and conventional rapid freezing freeze-substitution of excised tissues without glutaraldehyde fixation. Sandwich freezing-freeze substitution technique should be used routinely as a standard method for observing close-to-native ultrastructure of biological specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Yamaguchi
- Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8673, Japan
| | | | - Katsuyuki Uematsu
- Marine Works Japan, Ltd., 3-54-1 Oppamahigashi, Yokosuka 237-0063, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Yamada
- Department of Mycobacterium Reference and Research, the Research Institute of Tuberculosis, Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association, 3-1-24, Matsuyama, Kiyose, Tokyo 204-8533, Japan
| | - Michiyo Sato-Okamoto
- Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8673, Japan
| | - Hiroji Chibana
- Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8673, Japan
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Yamaguchi M, Takahashi-Nakaguchi A, Uematsu K, Naito K, Sato-Okamoto M, Ishiwata K, Naraoka S, Chibana H. Electron Microscopy of Mouse Tissues by Sandwich Freezing and Freeze-Substitution. CYTOLOGIA 2022. [DOI: 10.1508/cytologia.87.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kumiko Naito
- Department of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Chiba University Hospital
| | | | - Kazuki Ishiwata
- Department of Endocrinology, Hematology and Gerontology, Chiba University Hospital
| | - Sakino Naraoka
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Advanced Science and Engineering Biology, Chiba University
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Oliveira MEFAG, Silva YJA, Azevedo LA, Linhares LA, Montenegro LML, Alves S, Amorim RVS. Antimycobacterial compound of chitosan and ethambutol: ultrastructural biological evaluation in vitro against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:9167-9179. [PMID: 34841463 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11690-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Chitosan (CS) is a promising biopolymer and has been tested as a complement to the action and compensation of toxicity presented by anti-tuberculosis drugs. The present work studied the adjuvant effect of CS with the drug ethambutol (EMB) as a compound (CS-EMB), to explore its antimicrobial and cytotoxic activity, using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), to examine ultracellular changes that represent possible antimycobacterial action of CS on Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Antimycobacterial activities were tested against reference strains Mtb ATCC® H37Rv and multidrug resistant (MDR). In vitro cytotoxicity tests were performed on Raw 264.7. For the studied compounds, morphological, ultrastructural, and physical-chemical analyses were performed. Drug-polymer interactions that occur through the H bridges were confirmed by physical-chemical analyses. The CS-EMB compound is stable at pHs of 6.5-7.5, allowing its release at physiological pH. The antibacterial activity (minimum inhibitory concentration) of the CS-EMB compound was 50% greater than that of the EMB in the H37Rv and MDR strains and the ultrastructural changes in the bacilli observed by TEM proved that the CS-EMB compound has a bactericidal action, allowing it to break down the Mtb cell wall. The cytotoxicity of CS-EMB was higher than that of isolated EMB, IC50 279, and 176 μg/mL, respectively. It is concluded that CS-EMB forms a promising composite against strains Mtb H37Rv and multidrug resistant (MDR-TB).Key points• Our study will be the first to observe ultrastructurally the effects of the CS-EMB compound on Mtb cells.• CS-EMB antimicrobial activity in a multidrug-resistant clinical strain.• The CS-EMB compound has promising potential for the development of a new drug to fight tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E F A G Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Morfotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, PE, 50670-420, Brazil.
| | - Y J A Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciência de Materiais, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, PE, 50740-560, Brazil
| | - L A Azevedo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciência de Materiais, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, PE, 50740-560, Brazil
| | - L A Linhares
- Instituto Aggeu Magalhães/Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (IAM/FIOCRUZ), 50740-465, Recife-PE, Brazil
| | - L M L Montenegro
- Instituto Aggeu Magalhães/Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (IAM/FIOCRUZ), 50740-465, Recife-PE, Brazil
| | - S Alves
- Departamento de Química Fundamental (dQF), Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, PE, 50740-560, Brazil
| | - R V S Amorim
- Departamento de Histologia E Embriologia (DHE-CB), Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, PE, 50670-420, Brazil
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Openshaw R, Maepa K, Benjamin SJ, Wainwright L, Combrinck JM, Hunter R, Egan TJ. A Diverse Range of Hemozoin Inhibiting Scaffolds Act on Plasmodium falciparum as Heme Complexes. ACS Infect Dis 2021; 7:362-376. [PMID: 33430579 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A diverse series of hemozoin-inhibiting quinolines, benzamides, triarylimidazoles, quinazolines, benzimidazoles, benzoxazoles, and benzothiazoles have been found to lead to exchangeable heme levels in cultured Plasmodium falciparum (NF54) that ranged over an order of magnitude at the IC50. Surprisingly, less active compounds often exhibited higher levels of exchangeable heme than more active ones. Quantities of intracellular inhibitor measured using the inoculum effect exhibited a linear correlation with exchangeable heme, suggesting formation of heme-inhibitor complexes in the parasite. In an effort to confirm this, the presence of a Br atom in one of the benzimidazole derivatives was exploited to image its distribution in the parasite using electron spectroscopic imaging of Br, an element not naturally abundant in cells. This showed that the compound colocalized with iron, consistent with its presence as a heme complex. Direct evidence for this complex was then obtained using confocal Raman microscopy. Exchangeable heme and inhibitor were found to increase with decreased rate of killing, suggesting that slow-acting compounds have more time to build up exchangeable heme complexes. Lastly, some but not all compounds evidently cause pro-oxidant effects because their activity could be attenuated with N-acetylcysteine and potentiated with t-butyl hydroperoxide. Collectively, these findings suggest that hemozoin inhibitors act as complexes with free heme, each with its own unique activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxanne Openshaw
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Private Bag Rondebosch, Cape Town 7701, South Africa
| | | | - Stefan J. Benjamin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Private Bag Rondebosch, Cape Town 7701, South Africa
| | - Lauren Wainwright
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Private Bag Rondebosch, Cape Town 7701, South Africa
| | | | - Roger Hunter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Private Bag Rondebosch, Cape Town 7701, South Africa
| | - Timothy J. Egan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Private Bag Rondebosch, Cape Town 7701, South Africa
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Yamaguchi M, Wakabayashi S, Nakamura Y, Matsue H, Hirao T, Aoki S, Yamashina S, Yamada H, Mamizu N, Furukawa H, Chibana H. Good Ultrastructural Preservation of Human Tissues and Cultured Cells by Glutaraldehyde Fixation, Sandwich Freezing, and Freeze-Substitution. CYTOLOGIA 2020. [DOI: 10.1508/cytologia.85.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yuumi Nakamura
- Department of Dermatology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Hiroyuki Matsue
- Department of Dermatology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Takuya Hirao
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, International University of Health and Welfare
| | - Shigeki Aoki
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University
| | | | - Hiroyuki Yamada
- The Research Institute of Tuberculosis, JATA (Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association)
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Yamada H, Yamaguchi M, Chikamatsu K, Aono A, Mitarai S. Structome analysis of virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which survives with only 700 ribosomes per 0.1 fl of cytoplasm. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117109. [PMID: 25629354 PMCID: PMC4309607 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported the exquisite preservation of the ultrastructures of virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis cells processed through cryofixation and rapid freeze substitution. Here, we report the “structome” analysis (i.e., the quantitative three-dimensional structural analysis of a whole cell at the electron microscopic level) of virulent M. tuberculosis using serial ultrathin sections prepared after cryofixation and rapid freeze substitution and analyzed by transmission electron microscopy. Five M. tuberculosis cells, which were contained in the serial ultrathin cross sections encompassing from one end to the other, were cut into 24, 36, 69, 55, and 63 serial ultrathin sections, respectively. On average, the cells were 2.71 ± 1.05 μm in length, and the average diameter of the cell was 0.345 ± 0.029 μm. The outer membrane and plasma membrane surface areas were 3.04 ± 1.33 μm2 and 2.67 ± 1.19 μm2, respectively. The cell, outer membrane, periplasm, plasma membrane, and cytoplasm volumes were 0.293 ± 0.113 fl (= μm3), 0.006 ± 0.003 fl, 0.060 ± 0.021 fl, 0.019 ± 0.008 fl, and 0.210 ± 0.091 fl, respectively. The average total ribosome number was 1,672 ± 568, and the ribosome density was 716.5 ± 171.4/0.1 fl. This is the first report of a structome analysis of M. tuberculosis cells prepared as serial ultrathin sections following cryofixation and rapid freeze substitution and examined by transmission electron microscopy. These data are based on the direct measurement and enumeration of exquisitely preserved single-cell structures in transmission electron microscopy images rather than calculations or assumptions from indirect biochemical or molecular biological data. In addition, these data may explain the slow growth of M. tuberculosis and enhance understanding of the structural properties related to the expression of antigenicity, acid-fastness, and the mechanism of drug resistance, particularly in regard to the ratio of target to drug concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Yamada
- Department of Mycobacterium Reference and Research, the Research Institute of Tuberculosis, Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association, Kiyose, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Kinuyo Chikamatsu
- Department of Mycobacterium Reference and Research, the Research Institute of Tuberculosis, Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association, Kiyose, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akio Aono
- Department of Mycobacterium Reference and Research, the Research Institute of Tuberculosis, Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association, Kiyose, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Mitarai
- Department of Mycobacterium Reference and Research, the Research Institute of Tuberculosis, Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association, Kiyose, Tokyo, Japan
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Kahramanoglou C, Cortes T, Matange N, Hunt DM, Visweswariah SS, Young DB, Buxton RS. Genomic mapping of cAMP receptor protein (CRP Mt) in Mycobacterium tuberculosis: relation to transcriptional start sites and the role of CRPMt as a transcription factor. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 42:8320-9. [PMID: 24957601 PMCID: PMC4117774 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromatin immunoprecipitation identified 191 binding sites of Mycobacterium tuberculosis cAMP receptor protein (CRPMt) at endogenous expression levels using a specific α-CRPMt antibody. Under these native conditions an equal distribution between intragenic and intergenic locations was observed. CRPMt binding overlapped a palindromic consensus sequence. Analysis by RNA sequencing revealed widespread changes in transcriptional profile in a mutant strain lacking CRPMt during exponential growth, and in response to nutrient starvation. Differential expression of genes with a CRPMt-binding site represented only a minor portion of this transcriptional reprogramming with ∼19% of those representing transcriptional regulators potentially controlled by CRPMt. The subset of genes that are differentially expressed in the deletion mutant under both culture conditions conformed to a pattern resembling canonical CRP regulation in Escherichia coli, with binding close to the transcriptional start site associated with repression and upstream binding with activation. CRPMt can function as a classical transcription factor in M. tuberculosis, though this occurs at only a subset of CRPMt-binding sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Kahramanoglou
- Division of Mycobacterial Research, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London, NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Teresa Cortes
- Division of Mycobacterial Research, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London, NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Nishad Matange
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Debbie M Hunt
- Division of Mycobacterial Research, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London, NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Sandhya S Visweswariah
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Douglas B Young
- Division of Mycobacterial Research, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London, NW7 1AA, UK Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Roger S Buxton
- Division of Mycobacterial Research, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London, NW7 1AA, UK
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Fu Y, Jia FB, Wang J, Song M, Liu SM, Li YF, Liu SZ, Bu QW. Effects of sub-chronic aluminum chloride exposure on rat ovaries. Life Sci 2014; 100:61-6. [PMID: 24530740 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.01.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2013] [Revised: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This experiment investigated the effects of sub-chronic aluminum chloride (AlCl3) exposure on rat ovaries. MAIN METHODS Eighty female Wistar (5weeks old) rats, weighed 110-120g, were randomly divided into four treatment groups: control group (CG), low-dose group (LG, 64mg/kg BW AlCl3), mid-dose group (MG, 128mg/kg BW AlCl3) and high-dose group (HG, 256mg/kg BW AlCl3). The AlCl3 was administered in drinking water for 120days. The ovarian ultrastructure was observed. The activities of acid phosphatase (ACP), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase, Mg(2+)-ATPase and Ca(2+)-ATPase, the contents of Fe, Cu and Zn, and the protein expression of follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR) and luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) in the ovary were determined. KEY FINDINGS The results showed that the structure of the ovary was disrupted, the activities of ALP, ACP, SDH, Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase, Mg(2+)-ATPase and Ca(2+)-ATPase, the contents of Zn, Fe and the protein expression of FSHR and LHR were lowered, and the content of Cu was increased in AlCl3-treated rats than those in control. SIGNIFICANCE The results indicate that sub-chronic AlCl3 exposure caused the damage of the ovarian structure, the disturbed metabolism of Fe, Zn and Cu and the decreased activities of Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase, Mg(2+)-ATPase and Ca(2+)-ATPase in the ovary, which could result in suppressed energy supply in the ovary. A combination of suppression of energy supply and reduction of expression of FSHR and LHR could inhibit ovulation and corpus luteum development, leading to infertility in female rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Fu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - F B Jia
- Veterinary and Animal Husbandry Department, Liaoning Agricultural College, Liaoning 115009, China
| | - J Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - M Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - S M Liu
- School of Animal Biology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Y F Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
| | - S Z Liu
- Weike Biotechnology Development Company, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Q W Bu
- Veterinary Health And Epidemic Prevention Station, The Forest Industry Region of Heilongjiang, Harbin 150008, China
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