1
|
Zhang Q, Chai W, Pan X, Gai H. Amplification-Free Digital Immunoassay down to the Attomolar Level by Synergistic Sedimentation of Brownian Motion Suppression and Dehydration Transfer. Anal Chem 2024. [PMID: 38329294 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c05066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Amplification-free digital immunoassays (DIAs) typically utilize optical nanoparticles to enhance single immunocomplex molecule detection. The efficiency and uniformity of transferring the nanoparticles from a bulk solution to a solid surface determine the limit of detection (LOD) and the accuracy of DIAs. Previous methods suffer from issues like low efficiency, nonuniform distribution, and particle aggregation. Here, we present a novel technique named synergistic sedimentation of Brownian motion suppression and dehydration transfer (SynSed) for nanoparticles using water-soluble polymers. The efficiency of transferring quantum dots (QDs) was increased from 10.7 to 91.4%, and the variation in QD distribution was restricted to 8.8%. By incorporating SynSed into DIAs, we achieved a remarkable reduction in the LOD (down to 3.9 aM) for carcinoembryonic antigen and expanded the dynamic range to cover 3 orders of magnitude in concentration, ranging from 0.01 to 10 fM. DIAs enhanced with SynSed possess ultrahigh sensitivity, advanced accuracy, and specificity, offering a great premise in early disease diagnostics, risk stratification, and treatment response monitoring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingquan Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China
| | - Wenwen Chai
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China
| | - Xiaoyan Pan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Hongwei Gai
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Alshahrani A, Skarratt KK, Robledo KP, Hassanvand M, Tang B, Fuller SJ. Differential Levels of mRNAs in Normal B Lymphocytes, Monoclonal B Lymphocytosis and Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Cells from the Same Family Identify Susceptibility Genes. Oncol Ther 2021; 9:621-634. [PMID: 34622420 PMCID: PMC8593151 DOI: 10.1007/s40487-021-00172-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION People with a family history of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (F-CLL) have an increased risk of monoclonal B lymphocytosis (F-MBL), which is found in up to 18% of first-degree relatives of patients compared to 5% of the total population. This may indicate that the presence of an F-MBL in the relative of a F-CLL patient is due to genetic susceptibility. In this study, we hypothesized that progressive changes in gene expression result in malignant transformation of B lymphocytes to F-MBL, and subsequent alterations in gene expression occur before overt F-CLL develops. The aim of this study of affected and unaffected individuals from a family with multiple CLL cases was to compare mRNA expression levels in control B-lymphocytes, pre-malignant F-MBL and malignant F-CLL cells. METHODS To identify inherited changes in gene expression, a high-resolution DNA microarray was used to identify differentially abundant mRNAs in age-matched cases of F-MBL (n = 4), F-CLL (n = 2) and unaffected family relatives (F-Controls, n = 3) within one family. These were then compared to non-kindred controls (NK-Controls, n = 3) and sporadic CLL (S-CLL) cases (n = 6). RESULTS Seven differentially abundant mRNAs were identified against similar genetic backgrounds of the family: GRASP and AC016745.3 were decreased in F-MBL and further decreased in F-CLL compared to F-Controls, whereas C11orf80 and METTL8 were progressively increased. PARP3 was increased in F-MBL compared to F-Controls but was decreased in F-CLL compared to F-MBL. Compared to F-Controls, levels of ROR1 and LEF1 were similarly increased in F-MBL and F-CLL. For six of the genes, there were no differences in mRNA levels between S-CLL and F-CLL; however PARP3 was higher in S-CLL. CONCLUSION These results are consistent with the hypothesis that changes in expression of specific genes contribute to transformation from normal lymphocytes to MBL and CLL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Alshahrani
- Department of Medicine, Sydney Medical School Nepean, Nepean Hospital, University of Sydney, Penrith, NSW, 2750, Australia
- College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Guraiger, Abha, 62529, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Kristen K Skarratt
- Department of Medicine, Sydney Medical School Nepean, Nepean Hospital, University of Sydney, Penrith, NSW, 2750, Australia
| | - Kristy P Robledo
- NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Maryam Hassanvand
- Department of Medicine, Sydney Medical School Nepean, Nepean Hospital, University of Sydney, Penrith, NSW, 2750, Australia
| | - Benjamin Tang
- Department of Medicine, Sydney Medical School Nepean, Nepean Hospital, University of Sydney, Penrith, NSW, 2750, Australia
| | - Stephen J Fuller
- Department of Medicine, Sydney Medical School Nepean, Nepean Hospital, University of Sydney, Penrith, NSW, 2750, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Skarratt KK, Gu BJ, Lovelace MD, Milligan CJ, Stokes L, Glover R, Petrou S, Wiley JS, Fuller SJ. A P2RX7 single nucleotide polymorphism haplotype promotes exon 7 and 8 skipping and disrupts receptor function. FASEB J 2020; 34:3884-3901. [PMID: 32003498 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201901198rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
P2X7 is an ATP-gated membrane ion channel that is expressed by multiple cell types. Brief exposure to ATP induces the opening of a nonselective cation channel; while repeated or prolonged exposure induces formation of a transmembrane pore. This process may be partially regulated by alternative splicing of full-length P2RX7A pre-mRNA, producing isoforms that delete or retain functional domains. Here, we report cloning and expression of a novel P2RX7 splice variant, P2RX7L, that is, characterized by skipping of exons 7 and 8. In HEK 293 cells, expression of P2RX7L produces a protein isoform, P2X7L, that forms a heteromer with P2X7A. A haplotype defined by six single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (rs208307, rs208306, rs36144485, rs208308, rs208309, and rs373655596) promotes allele-specific alternative splicing, increasing mRNA levels of P2RX7L and another isoform, P2RX7E, which in addition has a truncated C-terminus. Skipping of exons 7 and 8 is predicted to delete critical amino acids in the ATP-binding site. P2X7L-transfected HEK 293 cells have phagocytic but not channel, pore, or membrane-blebbing function, and double-transfected P2X7L and P2X7A cells have reduced pore function. Heteromeric receptor complexes of P2X7A and P2X7L are predicted to have reduced numbers of ATP-binding sites, which potentially alters receptor function compared to homomeric P2X7A complexes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristen K Skarratt
- Department of Medicine, Sydney Medical School Nepean, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Kingswood, NSW, Australia
| | - Ben J Gu
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Michael D Lovelace
- Department of Medicine, Sydney Medical School Nepean, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Kingswood, NSW, Australia
| | - Carol J Milligan
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Leanne Stokes
- Department of Medicine, Sydney Medical School Nepean, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Kingswood, NSW, Australia.,School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Rachel Glover
- Department of Medicine, Sydney Medical School Nepean, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Kingswood, NSW, Australia
| | - Steven Petrou
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - James S Wiley
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Stephen J Fuller
- Department of Medicine, Sydney Medical School Nepean, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Kingswood, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|