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Napit R, Manandhar P, Poudel A, Rajbhandari PG, Watson S, Shakya S, Pradhan SM, Sharma AN, Chaudhary A, Johnson CK, Mazet JK, Karmacharya D. Novel strains of Campylobacter cause diarrheal outbreak in Rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) of Kathmandu Valley. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0270778. [PMID: 36857401 PMCID: PMC9977009 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0270778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter spp. is often underreported and underrated bacteria that present real health risks to both humans and animals, including non-human primates. It is a commensal microorganism of gastrointestinal tract known to cause gastroenteritis in humans. Commonly found in many wild animals including non-human primates (monkeys- Rhesus macaques) these pathogens are known to be a common cause of diarrhea in humans in many parts of developing and under developed countries. Rhesus macaques from the two holy sites in Kathmandu (Pashupati and Swoyambhu) were included in this cross-sectional study. Diarrheal samples of monkeys were analyzed to detect and characterize the pathogen using 16S rRNA-based PCR screening, followed by DNA sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. Out of a total 67 collected diarrheal samples, Campylobacter spp. were detected in the majority of the samples (n = 64; 96%). DNA sequences of the amplified PCR products were successfully obtained from 13 samples. Phylogenetic analysis identified Candidatus Campylobacter infans (n = 10, Kimura-2 parameter (K2P) pairwise distance values of 0.002287). Remaining three sequences might potentially belong to a novel Campylobacter species/sub-species- closely relating to known species of C. helviticus (K2P pairwise distance of 0.0267). Both Candidatus Campylobacter infans and C. helvitucus are known to infect humans and animals. Additionally, we also detected the bacteria in water and soil samples from the sites. Campylobacter spp. caused the 2018 diarrhea outbreak in Rhesus macaques in the Kathmandu valley. Campylobacter might be one of the important contributing pathogens in diarrheal outbreaks-both in humans and animals (monkeys) in Nepal. Due to close interactions of these animals with humans and other animals, One Health approach might be the most effective way to prevent and mitigate the threat posed by this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajindra Napit
- One Health Research Division, Center for Molecular Dynamics Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal
- Research Division, BIOVAC Nepal Pvt. Ltd., Nala, Banepa, Nepal
| | - Prajwol Manandhar
- One Health Research Division, Center for Molecular Dynamics Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal
- Research Division, BIOVAC Nepal Pvt. Ltd., Nala, Banepa, Nepal
| | - Ajit Poudel
- One Health Research Division, Center for Molecular Dynamics Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal
- Research Division, BIOVAC Nepal Pvt. Ltd., Nala, Banepa, Nepal
| | | | - Sarah Watson
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sapana Shakya
- One Health Research Division, Center for Molecular Dynamics Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Saman M. Pradhan
- One Health Research Division, Center for Molecular Dynamics Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal
- Research Division, BIOVAC Nepal Pvt. Ltd., Nala, Banepa, Nepal
| | - Ajay N. Sharma
- One Health Research Division, Center for Molecular Dynamics Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Ashok Chaudhary
- One Health Research Division, Center for Molecular Dynamics Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Christine K. Johnson
- One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Jonna K. Mazet
- One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Dibesh Karmacharya
- One Health Research Division, Center for Molecular Dynamics Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal
- Research Division, BIOVAC Nepal Pvt. Ltd., Nala, Banepa, Nepal
- The School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
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Campylobacteriosis, Shigellosis and Salmonellosis in Hospitalized Children with Acute Inflammatory Diarrhea in Georgia. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11020232. [PMID: 35215176 PMCID: PMC8877102 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11020232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This is the first study on campylobacteriosis carried out in Georgia. It targeted 382 hospitalized children with acute inflammatory diarrhea. The study was conducted between July 2020 to July 2021 based on the main infection clinic of the capital city. Culture-based bacteriological methods were followed by phenotypic and Real-time PCR tests for bacterial confirmation and identification. The data revealed recent epidemiologic prevalences of the three main causative bacteria in the target population. Shigella sonnei with 19.1% (95% CI: 15.2%−23.4%) was the most frequently detected pathogen followed by Campylobacter spp. with 12.3% (95% CI: 9.2%−16.0%) and Salmonella spp. with 4.9% (95% CI: 3.0%−7.6%). However, in 63.6% of the samples, the causative agent remained unknown. Species differentiation of Campylobacter spp. revealed 81% Campylobacter jejuni and 19% Campylobacter coli. An epidemiological pyramid with estimated magnification factors may give more insights into the burden of campylobacteriosis among the studied population, resulting in a putative annual incidence of 6 per 1000 children in Tbilisi. Children with campylobacteriosis were younger (median age 40 months (interquartile range (IQR) 22−95)) than with shigellosis (median age 92 months (interquartile range (IQR) 52−140)). However, no statistically significant difference was found with the age range of patients with campylobacteriosis and salmonellosis as well as with salmonellosis and shigellosis. In conclusion, Campylobacter spp. may be suspected to be the second most frequent bacterial causative agent of acute inflammatory diarrhea in hospitalized children and the primary cause in the 0–3 age group in Georgia. In addition, Campylobacter CROMagar showed better selectivity in comparison to mCCDA selective agar of stool samples in our study.
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Budge S, Barnett M, Hutchings P, Parker A, Tyrrel S, Hassard F, Garbutt C, Moges M, Woldemedhin F, Jemal M. Risk factors and transmission pathways associated with infant Campylobacter spp. prevalence and malnutrition: A formative study in rural Ethiopia. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232541. [PMID: 32384130 PMCID: PMC7209302 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Early infection from enteropathogens is recognised as both a cause and effect of infant malnutrition. Specifically, evidence demonstrates associations between growth shortfalls and Campylobacter infection, endemic across low-income settings, with poultry a major source. Whilst improvements in water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) should reduce pathogen transmission, interventions show inconsistent effects on infant health. This cross-sectional, formative study aimed to understand relationships between infant Campylobacter prevalence, malnutrition and associated risk factors, including domestic animal husbandry practices, in rural Ethiopia. Thirty-five households were visited in Sidama zone, Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples' region. Infant and poultry faeces and domestic floor surfaces (total = 102) were analysed for presumptive Campylobacter spp. using selective culture. Infant anthropometry and diarrhoeal prevalence, WASH facilities and animal husbandry data were collected. Of the infants, 14.3% were wasted, 31.4% stunted and 31.4% had recent diarrhoea. Presumptive Campylobacter spp. was isolated from 48.6% of infant, 68.6% of poultry and 65.6% of floor surface samples. Compared to non-wasted infants, wasted infants had an increased odds ratio (OR) of 1.41 for a Campylobacter-positive stool and 1.81 for diarrhoea. Positive infant stools showed a significant relationship with wasting (p = 0.026) but not stunting. Significant risk factors for a positive stool included keeping animals inside (p = 0.027, OR 3.5), owning cattle (p = 0.018, OR 6.5) and positive poultry faeces (p<0.001, OR 1.34). Positive floor samples showed a significant correlation with positive infant (p = 0.023), and positive poultry (p = 0.013, OR 2.68) stools. Ownership of improved WASH facilities was not correlated with lower odds of positive stools. This formative study shows a high prevalence of infants positive for Campylobacter in households with free-range animals. Findings reaffirm contaminated floors as an important pathway to infant pathogen ingestion and suggest that simply upgrading household WASH facilities will not reduce infection without addressing the burden of contamination from animals, alongside adequate separation in the home.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Megan Barnett
- British Geological Survey, Environmental Science Centre, Keyworth, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Sean Tyrrel
- Cranfield University, Cranfield, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Mathewos Moges
- Department of Environmental Health, Hawassa University College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hawassa, Ethiopia
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Pavlova M, Alexandrova E, Donkov G, Mitova-Mineva Y, Kantardjiev T, Velev V. Campylobacter infections among Bulgarian children: molecular characterization and antimicrobial susceptibility. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2020.1817783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Pavlova
- Laboratory of Enteric Infections, Pathogenic Cocci and Diphtheria, Department of Microbiology, National Center of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases (NCIPD), Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Ekaterina Alexandrova
- Laboratory of Enteric Infections, Pathogenic Cocci and Diphtheria, Department of Microbiology, National Center of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases (NCIPD), Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - George Donkov
- Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Sofia, Bulgaria
| | | | - Todor Kantardjiev
- Laboratory of Enteric Infections, Pathogenic Cocci and Diphtheria, Department of Microbiology, National Center of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases (NCIPD), Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Valeri Velev
- Clinic of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Hospital for Infectious and Parasitic Diseases ‘Prof. Iv. Kirov’, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
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Igwaran A, Okoh AI. Human campylobacteriosis: A public health concern of global importance. Heliyon 2019; 5:e02814. [PMID: 31763476 PMCID: PMC6861584 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter species are among the leading cause of bacterial foodborne and waterborne infections. In addition, Campylobacter is one of the major causative agent of bacterial gastrointestinal infections and the rise in the incidence of Campylobacter infections have been reported worldwide. Also, the emergence of some Campylobacter species as one of the main causative agent of diarrhea and the propensity of these bacteria species to resist the actions of antimicrobial agents; position them as a serious threat to the public health. This paper reviews Campylobacter pathogenicity, infections, isolation and diagnosis, their reservoirs, transmission pathways, epidemiology of Campylobacter outbreaks, prevention and treatment option, antibiotics resistance and control of antibiotics use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aboi Igwaran
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700, South Africa
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice, 5700, Eastern Cape, South Africa
| | - Anthony Ifeanyi Okoh
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700, South Africa
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice, 5700, Eastern Cape, South Africa
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