|
1
|
Chen Y, Sun X, Fang L, Jiang X, Zhang X, Ge Z, Wang R, Wang C. Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Polyphenols from Ilex latifolia Using Response Surface Methodology and Evaluation of Their Antioxidant Activity. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27133999. [PMID: 35807245 PMCID: PMC9268308 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27133999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The polyphenolic extract of Ilex latifolia (PEIL) exhibits a variety of biological activities. An evaluation of the parameters influencing the ultrasonic extraction process and the assessment of PEIL antioxidant activity are presented herein. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the experimental conditions for the polyphenols ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) from the leaves of Ilex latifolia. We identified the following optimal conditions of PEIL: ethanol concentration of 53%, extraction temperature of 60 °C, extraction time of 26 min and liquid−solid ratio of 60 mL/g. Using these parameters, the UAE had a yield of 35.77 ± 0.26 mg GAE/g, similar to the value we predicted using RSM (35.864 mg GAE/g). The antioxidant activity of PEIL was assessed in vitro, using various assays, as well as in vivo. We tested the effects of various doses of PEIL on D-galactose induced aging. Vitamin C (Vc) was used as positive control. After 21 days of administration, we measured superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in mouse serum and liver tissue. The results demonstrated that the PEIL exhibits potent radical scavenging activity against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrythydrazyl (DPPH∙), 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS+), and hydroxyl (∙OH) radicals. The serum concentrations of SOD and GSH-Px were higher, and MDA levels were lower, in the medium- and high-dose PEIL-treated groups than those in the aging group (p < 0.01), and the activity of MDA was lower than those of the model group (p < 0.01). The liver concentrations of SOD and GSH-Px were higher (p < 0.05), and MDA levels were lower, in the medium- and high-dose PEIL-treated groups than those in the aging control group (p < 0.01). These results suggest that optimizing the conditions of UAE using RSM could significantly increase the yield of PEIL extraction. PEIL possesses strong antioxidant activity and use as a medicine or functional food could be further investigated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241002, China; (Y.C.); (X.S.); (L.F.); (X.J.); (X.Z.); (Z.G.)
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Research Center for Polysaccharide Drugs, Anhui Province Key Lab of Active Biological Macromolecules, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Screening and Re-Evaluation of Active Compounds of Herbal Medicines in Southern Anhui, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Xuqiang Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241002, China; (Y.C.); (X.S.); (L.F.); (X.J.); (X.Z.); (Z.G.)
| | - Lanting Fang
- School of Pharmacy, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241002, China; (Y.C.); (X.S.); (L.F.); (X.J.); (X.Z.); (Z.G.)
| | - Xinxiu Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241002, China; (Y.C.); (X.S.); (L.F.); (X.J.); (X.Z.); (Z.G.)
| | - Xuena Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241002, China; (Y.C.); (X.S.); (L.F.); (X.J.); (X.Z.); (Z.G.)
| | - Zijun Ge
- School of Pharmacy, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241002, China; (Y.C.); (X.S.); (L.F.); (X.J.); (X.Z.); (Z.G.)
| | - Rongbin Wang
- Institute of Chinese Medicine Resources, Scientific Research Department, Anhui College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhu 241000, China
- Correspondence: (R.W.); (C.W.); Tel.: +86-553-3932497 (C.W.)
| | - Cunqin Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241002, China; (Y.C.); (X.S.); (L.F.); (X.J.); (X.Z.); (Z.G.)
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Research Center for Polysaccharide Drugs, Anhui Province Key Lab of Active Biological Macromolecules, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Screening and Re-Evaluation of Active Compounds of Herbal Medicines in Southern Anhui, Wuhu 241002, China
- Correspondence: (R.W.); (C.W.); Tel.: +86-553-3932497 (C.W.)
| |
Collapse
|
|
2
|
Jansen GJ, Wiersma M, van Wamel WJB, Wijnberg ID. Direct detection of SARS-CoV-2 antisense and sense genomic RNA in human saliva by semi-autonomous fluorescence in situ hybridization: A proxy for contagiousness? PLoS One 2021; 16:e0256378. [PMID: 34403446 PMCID: PMC8370601 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Saliva is a matrix which may act as a vector for pathogen transmission and may serve as a possible proxy for SARS-CoV-2 contagiousness. Therefore, the possibility of detection of intracellular SARS-CoV-2 in saliva by means of fluorescence in situ hybridization is tested, utilizing probes targeting the antisense or sense genomic RNA of SARS-CoV-2. This method was applied in a pilot study with saliva samples collected from healthy persons and those presenting with mild or moderate COVID-19 symptoms. In all participants, saliva appeared a suitable matrix for the detection of SARS-CoV-2. Among the healthy, mild COVID-19-symptomatic and moderate COVID-19-symptomatic persons, 0%, 90% and 100% tested positive for SARS-CoV-2, respectively. Moreover, the procedure allows for simultaneous measurement of viral load ('presence', sense genomic SARS-CoV-2 RNA) and viral replication ('activity', antisense genomic SARS-CoV-2 RNA) and may yield qualitative results. In addition, the visualization of DNA in the cells in saliva provides an additional cytological context to the validity and interpretability of the test results. The method described in this pilot study may be a valuable diagnostic tool for detection of SARS-CoV-2, distinguishing between 'presence' (viral load) and 'activity' (viral replication) of the virus. Moreover, the method potentially gives more information about possible contagiousness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Willem J. B. van Wamel
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Inge D. Wijnberg
- Coordination Centre for Expertise on Working Conditions & Health, Cluster Infectious Diseases and (micro)biology, Ministry of Defense, Doorn, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
|
3
|
Zhang Y, Yu L, Jin W, Li C, Wang Y, Wan H, Yang J. Simultaneous Optimization of the Ultrasonic Extraction Method and Determination of the Antioxidant Activities of Hydroxysafflor Yellow A and Anhydrosafflor Yellow B from Safflower Using a Response Surface Methodology. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25051226. [PMID: 32182800 PMCID: PMC7179454 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25051226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
An evaluation of the ultrasonic extraction process and the antioxidant activities of hydroxysafflor yellow A (HSYA) and anhydrosafflor yellow B (AHSYB) from safflower are presented herein. Using response surface methodology (RSM), based on a four-factor-three-level Box–Behnken design (BBD), the extraction parameters, namely, temperature, extraction time, solvent-to-material ratio, and extraction power, were optimized for maximizing the yields of HSYA and AHSYB. The maximum yield was obtained at a temperature of 66 °C with an extraction time of 36 min, solvent-to-material ratio of 16 mL/g, and the extraction power of 150 W, which was adjusted according to the actual conditions. The HSYA and AHSYB contents were determined using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The yield and the comprehensive evaluation value of HSYA and AHSYB were calculated. The antioxidant activities of the extracts were determined using a ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) kit and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity. The results suggested that the safflower extracts possessed obvious ferric reducing and DPPH radical scavenging activities. The antioxidant activity increased with increasing concentration. The results suggested that optimizing the conditions of ultrasonic extraction using RSM can significantly increase the yields of HSYA and AHSYB from safflower. The safflower extracts showed better antioxidant activity. This study can encourage future research on cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Zhang
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang, China; (Y.Z.); (L.Y.); (C.L.); (Y.W.)
| | - Li Yu
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang, China; (Y.Z.); (L.Y.); (C.L.); (Y.W.)
| | - Weifeng Jin
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang, China;
| | - Chang Li
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang, China; (Y.Z.); (L.Y.); (C.L.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yu Wang
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang, China; (Y.Z.); (L.Y.); (C.L.); (Y.W.)
| | - Haitong Wan
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang, China; (Y.Z.); (L.Y.); (C.L.); (Y.W.)
- Correspondence: (H.W.); (J.Y.)
| | - Jiehong Yang
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang, China
- Correspondence: (H.W.); (J.Y.)
| |
Collapse
|