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Veiga RF, Clarindo LN, Fensterseifer AL, Pompelli LH, Sfaciotte RAP, Schwarz DGG, Eloy LR, Ferraz SM. Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Streptococcus equi isolated from horses in Santa Catarina state, Southern Brazil. Braz J Microbiol 2024:10.1007/s42770-024-01479-8. [PMID: 39155341 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-024-01479-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of Streptococcus equi (S. equi subsp equi and S. equi subsp zooepidemicus) in the state of Santa Catarina and evaluate the antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolates. For this, 420 nasal swab samples were collected from randomly selected horses. Isolation and phenotypic characterization of the bacteria were performed by sowing on 5% sheep blood agar, followed by analysis of morphotinctorial characteristics and biochemical analysis. To differentiate the main beta-hemolytic Streptococcus in horses, the fermentation profiles of the sugar's lactose, maltose, sorbitol, and trehalose were used, which were confirmed at the subspecies level by the PCR technique. The antimicrobial susceptibility panel was defined by the disk diffusion method, testing 13 antimicrobials from ten different classes, all regularly used in equine medical clinics, followed by the calculation of the multiple antimicrobial resistance index. Ten strains of S. equi were isolated, with a prevalence of 2.38% (10/420). Of the total positive samples, 3% (3/10) were confirmed as belonging to S. equi subsp equi and 70% (7/10) were confirmed as belonging to S. zooepidemicus. Multidrug resistance was observed in 60% (6/10) of isolates. The antimicrobial with the greatest resistance was clindamycin with 70% (7/10), followed by beta-lactams, with 40% (4/10) resistance to penicillin and 30% (3/10) to ceftiofur. The isolates were 100% (10/10) sensitive to gentamicin, chloramphenicol, levofloxacin, and vancomycin. This was the first study carried out in the state, and based on these data, it can be said that Santa Catarina has a low prevalence of S. equi and the presence of multi-resistant strains of S. equi was confirmed in the equine herd in Santa Catarina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta F Veiga
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Centro Agroveterinário, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Lages, SC, 88520000, Brazil.
| | - Luiza N Clarindo
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Centro Agroveterinário, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Lages, SC, 88520000, Brazil
| | - Arthur L Fensterseifer
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Centro Agroveterinário, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Lages, SC, 88520000, Brazil
| | - Luis H Pompelli
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Centro Agroveterinário, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Lages, SC, 88520000, Brazil
| | - Ricardo A P Sfaciotte
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Centro Agroveterinário, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Lages, SC, 88520000, Brazil
| | - David Germano G Schwarz
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Centro Agroveterinário, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Lages, SC, 88520000, Brazil
| | - Lidiane R Eloy
- Departamento de Agrometeorologia e Forragicultura, Faculdade de Agronomia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, 91540000, Brazil
| | - Sandra M Ferraz
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Centro Agroveterinário, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Lages, SC, 88520000, Brazil
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Morris ERA, Schroeder ME, Ferro PJ, Waller AS, McGlennon AA, Bustos CP, Gressler LT, Wu J, Lawhon SD, Boyle AG, Lingsweiler S, Paul N, Dimitrov K, Swinford AK, Bordin AI, Cohen ND. Development of a novel real-time PCR multiplex assay for detection of Streptococcus equi subspecies equi and Streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus. Vet Microbiol 2023; 284:109797. [PMID: 37290208 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2023.109797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Strangles is a contagious bacterial disease of horses caused by Streptococcus equi subspecies equi (SEE) that occurs globally. Rapid and accurate identification of infected horses is essential for controlling strangles. Because of limitations of existing PCR assays for SEE, we sought to identify novel primers and probes that enable simultaneous detection and differentiation of infection with SEE and S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus (SEZ). Comparative genomics of U.S. strains of SEE and SEZ (n = 50 each) identified SE00768 from SEE and comB from SEZ as target genes. Primers and probes for real-time PCR (rtPCR) were designed for these genes and then aligned in silico with the genomes of strains of SEE (n = 725) and SEZ (n = 343). Additionally, the sensitivity and specificity relative to microbiologic culture were compared between 85 samples submitted to an accredited veterinary medical diagnostic laboratory. The respective primer and probe sets aligned with 99.7 % (723/725) isolates of SEE and 97.1 % (333/343) of SEZ. Of 85 diagnostic samples, 20 of 21 (95.2 %) SEE and 22 of 23 SEZ (95.6 %) culture-positive samples were positive by rtPCR for SEE and SEZ, respectively. Both SEE (n = 2) and SEZ (n = 3) were identified by rtPCR among 32 culture-negative samples. Results were rtPCR-positive for both SEE and SEZ in 21 of 44 (47.7 %) samples that were culture-positive for SEE or SEZ. The primers and probe sets reported here reliably detect SEE and SEZ from Europe and the U.S., and permit detection of concurrent infection with both subspecies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Ruth A Morris
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Megan E Schroeder
- Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Pamela J Ferro
- Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College Station, TX, USA.
| | - Andrew S Waller
- Intervacc AB, Hägersten, Sweden; Department of Biomedical Science and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Abigail A McGlennon
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Carla P Bustos
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Cátedra de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Leticia T Gressler
- Laboratório de Microbiologia e Imunologia Veterinária, Medicina Veterinária, Instituto Federal Farroupilha (IFFar), Frederico Westphalen, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Jing Wu
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Sara D Lawhon
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Ashley G Boyle
- Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square, PA, USA
| | - Sonia Lingsweiler
- Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Narayan Paul
- Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Kiril Dimitrov
- Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Amy K Swinford
- Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Angela I Bordin
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Noah D Cohen
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
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Knox A, Zerna G, Beddoe T. Current and Future Advances in the Detection and Surveillance of Biosecurity-Relevant Equine Bacterial Diseases Using Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP). Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2663. [PMID: 37627456 PMCID: PMC10451754 DOI: 10.3390/ani13162663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Horses play an important role throughout the world, whether for work, culture, or leisure, providing an ever-growing significant contribution to the economy. The increase in importation and movement of horses, both nationally and internationally, has inevitably allowed for the global equine industry to grow. Subsequently, however, the potential for transmission of fatal equine bacterial diseases has also escalated, and devasting outbreaks continue to occur. To prevent such events, disease surveillance and diagnosis must be heightened throughout the industry. Current common, or "gold-standard" techniques, have shown to be inadequate at times, thus requiring newer technology to impede outbreaks. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) has proven to be a reliable, rapid, and accessible tool in both diagnostics and surveillance. This review will discuss equine bacterial diseases of biosecurity relevance and their current diagnostic approaches, as well as their respective LAMP assay developments. Additionally, we will provide insight regarding newer technology and advancements associated with this technique and their potential use for the outlined diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Travis Beddoe
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3082, Australia; (A.K.); (G.Z.)
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Nadruz V, Beard LA, Delph‐Miller KM, Larson RL, Bai J, Chengappa MM. Efficacy of high-level disinfection of endoscopes contaminated with Streptococcus equi subspecies equi with 2 different disinfectants. J Vet Intern Med 2023; 37:1561-1567. [PMID: 37232523 PMCID: PMC10365036 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prevention of spread of Streptococcus equi subspecies equi (S. equi) after an outbreak is best accomplished by endoscopic lavage of the guttural pouch, with samples tested by culture and real time, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Disinfection of endoscopes must eliminate bacteria and DNA to avoid false diagnosis of carrier horses of S. equi. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES Compare failure rates of disinfection of endoscopes contaminated with S. equi using 2 disinfectants (accelerated hydrogen peroxide [AHP] or ortho-phthalaldehyde [OPA]). The null hypothesis was that there would be no difference between the AHP and OPA products (based on culture and qPCR results) after disinfection. METHODS Endoscopes contaminated with S. equi were disinfected using AHP, OPA or water (control). Samples were collected before and after disinfection and submitted for detection of S. equi by culture and qPCR. Using a multivariable logistic regression model-adjusted probability, with endoscope and day as controlled variables, the probability of an endoscope being qPCR-positive was determined. RESULTS After disinfection, all endoscopes were culture-negative (0%). However, the raw unadjusted qPCR data were positive for 33% AHP, 73% OPA, and 71% control samples. The model-adjusted probability of being qPCR-positive after AHP disinfection was lower (0.31; 95% confidence interval [CI], -0.03-0.64) compared to OPA (0.81; 95% CI, 0.55-1.06), and control (0.72; 95% CI, 0.41-1.04). CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Disinfection using the AHP product resulted in significantly lower probability of endoscopes being qPCR-positive compared to the OPA product and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veridiana Nadruz
- Department of Clinical SciencesKansas State UniversityManhattanKansasUSA
| | - Laurie A. Beard
- Department of Clinical SciencesKansas State UniversityManhattanKansasUSA
| | | | - Robert L. Larson
- Department of Clinical SciencesKansas State UniversityManhattanKansasUSA
| | - Jianfa Bai
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/PathologyKansas State UniversityManhattanKansasUSA
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Garner C, Stephen C, Pant SD, Ghorashi SA. Comparison of PCR-HRM, colorimetric LAMP and culture based diagnostic assays in the detection of endometritis caused by Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus in mares. Vet Res Commun 2022; 47:495-509. [PMID: 36538151 PMCID: PMC9765344 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-022-10047-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus (S. zooepidemicus) is one of the causative agents of equine endometritis. In this study, a panel of different bacterial species, and colonies derived from bacteriological cultures of 38 clinical samples, were subjected to Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) assay and PCR, followed by high-resolution melt (HRM) curve analysis. All clinical samples were genotyped into three distinct groups based on HRM curve analysis. Differences in melting curve profiles were a reflection of DNA variation in sorD gene which was confirmed by DNA sequencing. A mathematical model based on Genetic Confidence Percentage (GCP) was used in HRM curve analysis and a cut-off point value was established which differentiated S. zooepidemicus isolates without requiring visual interpretation of curve profiles. The accuracy of PCR-HRM and bacterial culture in detection of S. zooepidemicus were identical with 100% sensitivity and specificity, while LAMP assay had similar specificity but a lower sensitivity (89.5%). PCR-HRM and LAMP assay provided an effective detection method with a turn-around time of six hours for PCR-HRM and 120 min for LAMP assay, compared to a minimum three days that was required when routine bacteriological culture method was used. In summary, results indicate that LAMP had the quickest turnaround, and HRM curve analysis could potentially be used for genotyping without DNA sequencing. Any mare suspected of endometritis will benefit from developed rapid diagnostic tests for detection of S. zooepidemicus and proper treatment prior to being bred and will mitigate unnecessary treatment and antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Garner
- School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678 Australia
| | - Cyril Stephen
- School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678 Australia ,Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Wagga Wagga, Australia
| | - Sameer Dinkar Pant
- School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678 Australia ,Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Wagga Wagga, Australia
| | - Seyed Ali Ghorashi
- School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678 Australia ,Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Wagga Wagga, Australia
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Noll LW, Highland MA, Hamill VA, Tsui WNT, Porter EP, Lu N, Sebhatu T, Brown S, Herndon DR, Grossman PC, Bai J. Development of a real-time PCR assay for detection and differentiation of Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae and a novel respiratory-associated Mycoplasma species in domestic sheep and goats. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:e1460-e1468. [PMID: 35166453 PMCID: PMC9790229 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A novel respiratory-associated Mycoplasma species (M. sp. nov.) of unknown clinical significance was recently identified that causes false positive results with multiple published PCR methods reported to specifically detect Mycoplasma ovipneumonaie, a well-known respiratory pathogen in small ruminants. This necessitates our objective to develop a real-time PCR (qPCR) assay for improved specificity and sensitivity, and more rapid detection and differentiation of M. ovipneumoniae and the M. sp. nov. in domestic sheep (DS) and domestic goat (DG) samples, as compared to a conventional PCR and sequencing (cPCR-seq) assay. Primers and probes were designed based on available M. ovipneumoniae 16S rRNA gene sequences in the GenBank database, and partial 16S rRNA gene sequences provided by the United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS) for M. ovipneumoniae and M. sp. nov. USDA-ARS provided DS (n = 153) and DG (n = 194) nasal swab nucleic acid that previously tested positive for either M. ovipneumoniae (n = 117) or M. sp. nov. (n = 138), or negative for both targets (n = 92) by cPCR-seq. A host 18S rRNA gene was included as an internal control to monitor for the failure of nucleic acid extraction and possible PCR inhibition. For samples positive by cPCR-seq, qPCR agreement was 88.0% (103/117; κ = 0.81) and 89.9% (124/138; κ = 0.84) for M. ovipneumoniae and M. sp. nov., respectively; 12 of 255 (4.7%) cPCR-seq positive samples were qPCR positive for both targets. Of samples negative by cPCR for both mycoplasmas, qPCR detected M. ovipneumoniae and M. sp. nov. in 6.5% (6/92) and 4.3% (4/92), respectively. Samples with discordant results between the cPCR and sequencing assay and the new qPCR were analyzed by target sequencing; successfully sequenced samples had identity matches that confirmed the qPCR result. The increased target specificity of this qPCR is predicted to increase testing accuracy as compared to other published assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lance W. Noll
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic LaboratoryDepartment of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary MedicineKansas State UniversityManhattanKansasUSA
| | - Margaret A. Highland
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic LaboratoryDepartment of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary MedicineKansas State UniversityManhattanKansasUSA
| | - Vaughn A. Hamill
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic LaboratoryDepartment of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary MedicineKansas State UniversityManhattanKansasUSA
| | - Wai Ning Tiffany Tsui
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic LaboratoryDepartment of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary MedicineKansas State UniversityManhattanKansasUSA
| | - Elizabeth P. Porter
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic LaboratoryDepartment of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary MedicineKansas State UniversityManhattanKansasUSA
| | - Nanyan Lu
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic LaboratoryDepartment of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary MedicineKansas State UniversityManhattanKansasUSA,Bioinformatics CenterKansas State UniversityManhattanKansasUSA
| | - Tesfaalem Sebhatu
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic LaboratoryDepartment of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary MedicineKansas State UniversityManhattanKansasUSA
| | - Susan Brown
- Bioinformatics CenterKansas State UniversityManhattanKansasUSA
| | - David R. Herndon
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research ServiceAnimal Disease Research UnitPullmanWashingtonUSA
| | - Paige C. Grossman
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary MedicineWashington State UniversityPullmanWashingtonUSA
| | - Jianfa Bai
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic LaboratoryDepartment of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary MedicineKansas State UniversityManhattanKansasUSA
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Hanafi M, Tahzima R, Ben Kaab S, Tamisier L, Roux N, Massart S. Identification of Divergent Isolates of Banana Mild Mosaic Virus and Development of a New Diagnostic Primer to Improve Detection. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9121045. [PMID: 33322809 PMCID: PMC7764570 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9121045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Banana mild mosaic virus (BanMMV) (Betaflexiviridae, Quinvirinae, unassigned species) is a filamentous virus belonging to the Betaflexiviridae family. It infects Musa spp. with a very wide geographic distribution. The genome variability of plant viruses, including the members of the Betaflexiviridae family, makes their molecular detection by specific primers particularly challenging. During routine indexing of the Musa germplasm accessions, a discrepancy was observed between electron microscopy and immunocapture (IC) reverse transcription (RT) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test results for one asymptomatic accession. Filamentous viral particles were observed while molecular tests failed to amplify any fragment. The accession underwent high-throughput sequencing and two complete genomes of BanMMV with 75.3% of identity were assembled. Based on these sequences and on the 54 coat protein sequences available from GenBank, a new forward primer, named BanMMV CP9, compatible with Poty1, an oligodT reverse primer already used in diagnostics, was designed. A retrospective analysis of 110 different germplasm accessions from diverse origins was conducted, comparing BanMMCP2 and BanMMV CP9 primers. Of these 110 accessions, 16 tested positive with both BanMMCP2 and BanMMV CP9, 3 were positive with only BanMMCP2 and 2 tested positive with only BanMMV CP9. Otherwise, 89 were negative with the two primers and free of flexuous virions. Sanger sequencing was performed from purified PCR products in order to confirm the amplification of the BanMMV sequence for the five accessions with contrasting results. It is highly recommended to use the two primers successively to improve the inclusiveness of the protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa Hanafi
- Integrated and Urban Plant Pathology Laboratory, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, 2, Passage des Déportés, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium; (R.T.); (S.B.K.); (L.T.); (S.M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Rachid Tahzima
- Integrated and Urban Plant Pathology Laboratory, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, 2, Passage des Déportés, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium; (R.T.); (S.B.K.); (L.T.); (S.M.)
| | - Sofiene Ben Kaab
- Integrated and Urban Plant Pathology Laboratory, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, 2, Passage des Déportés, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium; (R.T.); (S.B.K.); (L.T.); (S.M.)
| | - Lucie Tamisier
- Integrated and Urban Plant Pathology Laboratory, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, 2, Passage des Déportés, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium; (R.T.); (S.B.K.); (L.T.); (S.M.)
| | - Nicolas Roux
- Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research, 34090 Montpellier, France;
| | - Sébastien Massart
- Integrated and Urban Plant Pathology Laboratory, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, 2, Passage des Déportés, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium; (R.T.); (S.B.K.); (L.T.); (S.M.)
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