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Salarilak L, Pirdel Z, Dinmohammadi H, Rokni‐Zadeh H, Lavend'homme R, Karimi M, Jacquemin M, Shahani T. Pro-haemostatic effect of DDAVP is partially derived through non-classical (CD14 dim /CD16 ++ ) monocytes residing the spleen. J Cell Mol Med 2022; 27:30-35. [PMID: 36479816 PMCID: PMC9806299 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The splenic endothelial Weibel-palade bodies are one of the most important candidate organelles to release von Willebrand factor upon stimulation with desmopressin. However, the presence of functional desmopressin-specific receptor has not yet been demonstrated on endothelial cells. Experimental evidences are in favour of an indirect pro-haemostatic effect of desmopressin, but the exact mediator and its cellular origin are largely elusive. Here, we report partially hampered desmopressin response in a splenectomised severe haemophilia A/Beta Thalassemia patient without any genetic variant relevant to his incomplete desmopressin response. To further investigate the role of the spleen in this phenomenon, the release of VWF from desmopressin-treated human splenic endothelial cells was assessed in vitro. As a result, desmopressin induced the release of VWF from endothelial cells when the cells were co-cultured with non-classical (CD14dim /CD16++ ), but not other subtypes of monocytes or PBMCs. This in vitro study which resembles close proximity of endothelial cells of sinusoids to monocyte reservoir reside in parenchyma of subcapsular red pulp of the spleen sheds a light upon the role of this highly vascularized VWF-producing organ in driving indirect effect of desmopressin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laleh Salarilak
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of MedicineZanjan University of Medical Sciences (ZUMS)ZanjanIran
| | - Zahra Pirdel
- Deputy of Research and TechnologyArdabil University of Medical SciencesArdabilIran
| | - Hossein Dinmohammadi
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of MedicineZanjan University of Medical Sciences (ZUMS)ZanjanIran
| | - Hassan Rokni‐Zadeh
- Zanjan Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Research CenterZanjan University of Medical Sciences (ZUMS)ZanjanIran,Department of Medical BiotechnologySchool of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences (ZUMS)ZanjanIran
| | - Renaud Lavend'homme
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Center for Molecular and Vascular BiologyKU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Mehran Karimi
- Hematology Research CenterShiraz University of Medical SciencesShirazIran
| | - Marc Jacquemin
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Center for Molecular and Vascular BiologyKU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Tina Shahani
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of MedicineZanjan University of Medical Sciences (ZUMS)ZanjanIran,Zanjan Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Research CenterZanjan University of Medical Sciences (ZUMS)ZanjanIran
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2
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Ravanbod S, Faranoush M, Changi-Ashtiani M, Rokni-Zadeh H, Shahani T. Extensive genetic screening of Iranian Factor FVII-deficient individuals unraveled several novel mutations and postulated founder effects in some cases. Res Pract Thromb Haemost 2022; 7:100003. [PMID: 36760778 PMCID: PMC9903653 DOI: 10.1016/j.rpth.2022.100003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background As the most frequent congenital rare bleeding disorder that transmits in an autosomal recessive manner, factor VII (FVII) deficiency is a serious bleeding complication in populations with high rate of in-marriages. While diagnosis mainly relies on clinical and laboratory phenotypes, plasma FVII antigen and activity levels do not often correlate with symptoms' severity. Objectives Genetic profiling of the affected individuals potentially improves our biological understanding of this complicated rare disorder. Methods Conventional polymerase chain reaction-Sanger sequencing and whole-exome sequencing were applied for genetic profiling of F7 gene in 66 symptomatic FVII-deficient individuals from 62 independent pedigrees. Thirty-nine asymptomatic relatives of the patients were also studied. Results Thirty different F7 pathogenic variations were identified in the studied cases of which 11 have not been reported before. The novel mutations include 5 missenses (c.715G>A, c.794T>C, c.1090C>G, c.1222C>A, c.1265T>C), 3 splicing (c.316+1G>T, c.682-2A>G, c.572-16C>G), 2 nonsenses (c.790delC, c.1248G>A), and 1 frameshift (c.1346delA). A founder effect is proposed for c.790delC that was detected in 8 independent pedigrees who were all from similar geographical regions and ethnic backgrounds. Homozygous c.790delC reduces plasma FVII activity to <1% and causes spontaneous intracranial hemorrhage in early infancy. Conclusion From the 66 studied symptomatic FVII-deficient individuals, 58 were homozygous carriers of the identified variations. Identification of homozygotes clarifies the potential role of nucleotide variations in reducing FVII activity and their contributions to a certain phenotype. Some of those variations, such as c.1A>G, c.509G>A, c.634C>T, and c.1285G>A have only been previously reported as heterozygous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirin Ravanbod
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Iranian Hemophilia and Thrombophilia Association (MAHTA), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Faranoush
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Iranian Hemophilia and Thrombophilia Association (MAHTA), Tehran, Iran,Pediatric Growth and Development Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1449614535, Iran
| | - Majid Changi-Ashtiani
- School of Mathematics, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences (IPM), Tehran, Iran
| | - Hassan Rokni-Zadeh
- Zanjan Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran,Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University, of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran,Hassan Rokni-Zadeh, Zanjan Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Shahrak-e Karmandan, 13th St. Zanjan, 45139-56184, Iran.
| | - Tina Shahani
- Zanjan Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran,Department of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran,Correspondence Tina Shahani, Department of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran. Zanjan Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Shahrak-e Karmandan, 13th St. Zanjan, 45139-56111, Iran.
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3
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Shen Y, Chen H, Huang Q, Du H, Zhou L. Transcriptomic signature associated with RNA-binding proteins for survival stratification of laryngeal cancer. Aging (Albany NY) 2022; 14:6605-6625. [PMID: 35985767 PMCID: PMC9467394 DOI: 10.18632/aging.204234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) have been suggested as important prognostic indicators in different human cancers. This study was designed to search the prognostic value of RBPs of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC). Differentially expressed RBPs (DERBPs) were screened via The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Bioinformatics methods were used to identify prognostic DERBPs. Expression profiling of training cohort were calculated to develop a transcriptomic signature, which was validated by three independent cohorts (TCGA cohort, GSE65858 cohort and GSE27020 cohort). We identified DERBPs and a set of signatures (GTPBP3, KHDRBS3 and RBM38) were confirmed as prognosis-related hub DERBPs in LSCC, which was also tested and verified by bioinformatics method and molecular biology experiment. The role of immune cell infiltration and drug resistance between subgroups was explored. Furthermore, the risk score based on transcriptomic signature was turned out to be an independent prognostic indicator for LSCC. Finally, a nomogram for further clinical application was established. Our study demonstrated that the transcriptomic signature we constructed could serve as a novel therapeutic target and biomarker for LSCC from the perspective of RBPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Shen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Eye, Ear, Nose, and Throat Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, Shanghai, China
| | - Huijun Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qiang Huang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Eye, Ear, Nose, and Throat Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, Shanghai, China
| | - Huaidong Du
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Eye, Ear, Nose, and Throat Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, Shanghai, China
| | - Liang Zhou
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Eye, Ear, Nose, and Throat Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, Shanghai, China
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4
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Pan J, Ma S, Teng Y, liang D, Li Z, Wu L. Whole-exome sequencing identifies genetic variants of hearing loss in 113 Chinese families. Clin Chim Acta 2022; 532:53-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2022.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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5
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Mahshid SS, Higazi AM, Ogier JM, Dabdoub A. Extracellular Biomarkers of Inner Ear Disease and Their Potential for Point-of-Care Diagnostics. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2104033. [PMID: 34957708 PMCID: PMC8948604 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202104033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Rapid diagnostic testing has become a mainstay of patient care, using easily obtained samples such as blood or urine to facilitate sample analysis at the point-of-care. These tests rely on the detection of disease or organ-specific biomarkers that have been well characterized for a particular disorder. Currently, there is no rapid diagnostic test for hearing loss, which is one of the most prevalent sensory disorders in the world. In this review, potential biomarkers for inner ear-related disorders, their detection, and quantification in bodily fluids are described. The authors discuss lesion-specific changes in cell-free deoxyribonucleic acids (DNAs), micro-ribonucleic acids (microRNAs), proteins, and metabolites, in addition to recent biosensor advances that may facilitate rapid and precise detection of these molecules. Ultimately, these biomarkers may be used to provide accurate diagnostics regarding the site of damage in the inner ear, providing practical information for individualized therapy and assessment of treatment efficacy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Sadat Mahshid
- Biological SciencesSunnybrook Research InstituteSunnybrook Health Sciences CentreTorontoONM4N 3M5Canada
| | - Aliaa Monir Higazi
- Biological SciencesSunnybrook Research InstituteSunnybrook Health Sciences CentreTorontoONM4N 3M5Canada
- Department of Clinical and Chemical PathologyMinia UniversityMinia61519Egypt
| | - Jacqueline Michelle Ogier
- Biological SciencesSunnybrook Research InstituteSunnybrook Health Sciences CentreTorontoONM4N 3M5Canada
| | - Alain Dabdoub
- Biological SciencesSunnybrook Research InstituteSunnybrook Health Sciences CentreTorontoONM4N 3M5Canada
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck SurgeryUniversity of TorontoTorontoONM5G 2C4Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and PathobiologyUniversity of TorontoTorontoONM5S 1A8Canada
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6
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田 雨, 陈 正. [Progress in genetic susceptibility to aminoglycoside-induced deafness]. LIN CHUANG ER BI YAN HOU TOU JING WAI KE ZA ZHI = JOURNAL OF CLINICAL OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGY, HEAD, AND NECK SURGERY 2021; 35:375-379. [PMID: 33794642 PMCID: PMC10128447 DOI: 10.13201/j.issn.2096-7993.2021.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Aminoglycoside antibiotics can cause irreversible hearing loss, but they are still widely used because of their low production cost and broad-spectrum effect on most infections. Although it has been studied for decades, the mechanism of aminoglycoside-induced deafness has not been fully elucidated. Since patients'individual susceptibility to aminoglycoside-ototoxicity varies considerably, it is necessary to identify high-risk patients. This review summarizes the genetic mutations linked to aminoglycoside-induced deafness, in order to provide reference for further prevention and treatment of aminoglycoside-induced deafness.
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Affiliation(s)
- 雨鑫 田
- 上海交通大学附属第六人民医院耳鼻咽喉头颈外科 上海交通大学耳鼻咽喉科研究所 上海市睡眠呼吸障碍疾病重点实验室(上海,200233)
| | - 正侬 陈
- 上海交通大学附属第六人民医院耳鼻咽喉头颈外科 上海交通大学耳鼻咽喉科研究所 上海市睡眠呼吸障碍疾病重点实验室(上海,200233)
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7
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Khatami S, Askari M, Bahreini F, Hashemzadeh-Chaleshtori M, Hematian S, Asgharzade S. Novel MYO15A variants are associated with hearing loss in the two Iranian pedigrees. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2020; 21:226. [PMID: 33208113 PMCID: PMC7672957 DOI: 10.1186/s12881-020-01168-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical genetic diagnosis of non-syndromic hearing loss (NSHL) is quite challenging. With regard to its high heterogeneity as well as large size of some genes, it is also really difficult to detect causative mutations using traditional approaches. One of the recent technologies called whole-exome sequencing (WES) has been thus developed in this domain to remove the limitations of conventional methods. METHODS This study was a report on a research study of two unrelated pedigrees with multiple affected cases of hearing loss (HL). Accordingly, clinical evaluations and genetic analysis were performed in both families. RESULTS The results of WES data analysis to uncover autosomal recessive non-syndromic hearing loss (ARNSHL) disease-causing variants was reported in the present study. Initial analysis identified two novel variants of MYO15A i.e. c.T6442A:p.W2148R and c.10504dupT:p.C3502Lfs*15 correspondingly which were later confirmed by Sanger validations and segregation analyses. According to online prediction tools, both identified variants seemed to have damaging effects. CONCLUSION In this study, whole exome sequencing were used as a first approach strategy to identify the two novel variants in MYO15A in two Iranian families with ARNSHL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayeh Khatami
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Masomeh Askari
- Department of Genetics at Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Bahreini
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Morteza Hashemzadeh-Chaleshtori
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Saeed Hematian
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Samira Asgharzade
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran.
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Bayona-Bafaluy MP, Iglesias E, López-Gallardo E, Emperador S, Pacheu-Grau D, Labarta L, Montoya J, Ruiz-Pesini E. Genetic aspects of the oxidative phosphorylation dysfunction in dilated cardiomyopathy. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2020; 786:108334. [PMID: 33339579 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2020.108334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Dilated cardiomyopathy is a frequent and extremely heterogeneous medical condition. Deficits in the oxidative phosphorylation system have been described in patients suffering from dilated cardiomyopathy. Hence, mutations in proteins related to this biochemical pathway could be etiological factors for some of these patients. Here, we review the clinical phenotypes of patients harboring pathological mutations in genes related to the oxidative phosphorylation system, either encoded in the mitochondrial or in the nuclear genome, presenting with dilated cardiomyopathy. In addition to the clinical heterogeneity of these patients, the large genetic heterogeneity has contributed to an improper allocation of pathogenicity for many candidate mutations. We suggest criteria to avoid incorrect assignment of pathogenicity to newly found mutations and discuss possible therapies targeting the oxidative phosphorylation function.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pilar Bayona-Bafaluy
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad de Zaragoza. C/ Miguel Servet, 177. 50013, Zaragoza, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IIS) de Aragón, Av. San Juan Bosco, 13., 50009, Zaragoza, Spain; Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Eldris Iglesias
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad de Zaragoza. C/ Miguel Servet, 177. 50013, Zaragoza, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IIS) de Aragón, Av. San Juan Bosco, 13., 50009, Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Ester López-Gallardo
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad de Zaragoza. C/ Miguel Servet, 177. 50013, Zaragoza, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IIS) de Aragón, Av. San Juan Bosco, 13., 50009, Zaragoza, Spain; Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Sonia Emperador
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad de Zaragoza. C/ Miguel Servet, 177. 50013, Zaragoza, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IIS) de Aragón, Av. San Juan Bosco, 13., 50009, Zaragoza, Spain; Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
| | - David Pacheu-Grau
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, University Medical Center, Georg-August University,Humboldtalle, 23., 37073, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Lorenzo Labarta
- Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos, Hospital San Jorge, Av. Martínez de Velasco, 36., 22004, Huesca, Spain.
| | - Julio Montoya
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad de Zaragoza. C/ Miguel Servet, 177. 50013, Zaragoza, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IIS) de Aragón, Av. San Juan Bosco, 13., 50009, Zaragoza, Spain; Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Eduardo Ruiz-Pesini
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad de Zaragoza. C/ Miguel Servet, 177. 50013, Zaragoza, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IIS) de Aragón, Av. San Juan Bosco, 13., 50009, Zaragoza, Spain; Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, 28029, Madrid, Spain; Fundación ARAID, Av. de Ranillas, 1-D., 50018, Zaragoza, Spain.
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9
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de Crécy-Lagard V, Boccaletto P, Mangleburg CG, Sharma P, Lowe TM, Leidel SA, Bujnicki JM. Matching tRNA modifications in humans to their known and predicted enzymes. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 47:2143-2159. [PMID: 30698754 PMCID: PMC6412123 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkz011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
tRNA are post-transcriptionally modified by chemical modifications that affect all aspects of tRNA biology. An increasing number of mutations underlying human genetic diseases map to genes encoding for tRNA modification enzymes. However, our knowledge on human tRNA-modification genes remains fragmentary and the most comprehensive RNA modification database currently contains information on approximately 20% of human cytosolic tRNAs, primarily based on biochemical studies. Recent high-throughput methods such as DM-tRNA-seq now allow annotation of a majority of tRNAs for six specific base modifications. Furthermore, we identified large gaps in knowledge when we predicted all cytosolic and mitochondrial human tRNA modification genes. Only 48% of the candidate cytosolic tRNA modification enzymes have been experimentally validated in mammals (either directly or in a heterologous system). Approximately 23% of the modification genes (cytosolic and mitochondrial combined) remain unknown. We discuss these 'unidentified enzymes' cases in detail and propose candidates whenever possible. Finally, tissue-specific expression analysis shows that modification genes are highly expressed in proliferative tissues like testis and transformed cells, but scarcely in differentiated tissues, with the exception of the cerebellum. Our work provides a comprehensive up to date compilation of human tRNA modifications and their enzymes that can be used as a resource for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie de Crécy-Lagard
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Cancer and Genetic Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Pietro Boccaletto
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Protein Engineering, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, ul. Trojdena 4, 02-109 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Carl G Mangleburg
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Puneet Sharma
- Max Planck Research Group for RNA Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, 48149 Muenster, Germany
- Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence, University of Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Todd M Lowe
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Sebastian A Leidel
- Max Planck Research Group for RNA Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, 48149 Muenster, Germany
- Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence, University of Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany
- Research Group for RNA Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Janusz M Bujnicki
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Protein Engineering, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, ul. Trojdena 4, 02-109 Warsaw, Poland
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, ul. Umultowska 89, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
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