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Haws W, England S, Grieb G, Susana G, Hernandez S, Mirer H, Lewis K. Analyses of binding partners and functional domains for the developmentally essential protein Hmx3a/HMX3. Sci Rep 2023; 13:1151. [PMID: 36670152 PMCID: PMC9859826 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-27878-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
HMX3 is a homeodomain protein with essential roles in CNS and ear development. Homeodomains are DNA-binding domains and hence homeodomain-containing proteins are usually assumed to be transcription factors. However, intriguingly, our recent data suggest that zebrafish Hmx3a may not require its homeodomain to function, raising the important question of what molecular interactions mediate its effects. To investigate this, we performed a yeast two-hybrid screen and identified 539 potential binding partners of mouse HMX3. Using co-immunoprecipitation, we tested whether a prioritized subset of these interactions are conserved in zebrafish and found that Tle3b, Azin1b, Prmt2, Hmgb1a, and Hmgn3 bind Hmx3a. Next, we tested whether these proteins bind the products of four distinct hmx3a mutant alleles that all lack the homeodomain. Embryos homozygous for two of these alleles develop abnormally and die, whereas zebrafish homozygous for the other two alleles are viable. We found that all four mutations abrogate binding to Prmt2 and Tle3b, whereas Azin1b binding was preserved in all cases. Interestingly, Hmgb1a and Hmgn3 had more affinity for products of the viable mutant alleles. These data shed light on how HMX3/Hmx3a might function at a molecular level and identify new targets for future study in these vital developmental processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Haws
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, 107 College Place, Syracuse, NY, 13244, USA
| | - Samantha England
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, 107 College Place, Syracuse, NY, 13244, USA
| | - Ginny Grieb
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, 107 College Place, Syracuse, NY, 13244, USA
| | - Gabriela Susana
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, 107 College Place, Syracuse, NY, 13244, USA
| | - Sophie Hernandez
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, 107 College Place, Syracuse, NY, 13244, USA
| | - Hunter Mirer
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, 107 College Place, Syracuse, NY, 13244, USA
| | - Katharine Lewis
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, 107 College Place, Syracuse, NY, 13244, USA.
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Papadogiannis V, Pennati A, Parker HJ, Rothbächer U, Patthey C, Bronner ME, Shimeld SM. Hmx gene conservation identifies the origin of vertebrate cranial ganglia. Nature 2022; 605:701-705. [PMID: 35585239 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04742-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The evolutionary origin of vertebrates included innovations in sensory processing associated with the acquisition of a predatory lifestyle1. Vertebrates perceive external stimuli through sensory systems serviced by cranial sensory ganglia, whose neurons arise predominantly from cranial placodes; however, the understanding of the evolutionary origin of placodes and cranial sensory ganglia is hampered by the anatomical differences between living lineages and the difficulty in assigning homology between cell types and structures. Here we show that the homeobox transcription factor Hmx is a constitutive component of vertebrate sensory ganglion development and that in the tunicate Ciona intestinalis, Hmx is necessary and sufficient to drive the differentiation programme of bipolar tail neurons, cells previously thought to be homologues of neural crest2,3. Using Ciona and lamprey transgenesis, we demonstrate that a unique, tandemly duplicated enhancer pair regulated Hmx expression in the stem-vertebrate lineage. We also show notably robust vertebrate Hmx enhancer function in Ciona, demonstrating that deep conservation of the upstream regulatory network spans the evolutionary origin of vertebrates. These experiments demonstrate regulatory and functional conservation between Ciona and vertebrate Hmx, and point to bipolar tail neurons as homologues of cranial sensory ganglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasileios Papadogiannis
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Gournes, Crete, Greece
| | - Alessandro Pennati
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Institute of Zoology and Center of Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Hugo J Parker
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Ute Rothbächer
- Institute of Zoology and Center of Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Cedric Patthey
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Oncology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Marianne E Bronner
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
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3
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Ermakova GV, Kucheryavyy AV, Zaraisky AG, Bayramov AV. Heterochrony of the Expression of Lanf and Foxg1 in the Lamprey Confirms the Appearance of the Telencephalon as an Evolutionarily Young Superstructure in the Central Nervous System of Vertebrates. Russ J Dev Biol 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062360420040049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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4
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Bayramov AV, Ermakova GV, Zaraisky AG. Genetic Mechanisms of the Early Development of the Telencephalon, a Unique Segment of the Vertebrate Central Nervous System, as Reflecting Its Emergence and Evolution. Russ J Dev Biol 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062360420030054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Bayramov AV, Ermakova GV, Kucheryavyy AV, Zaraisky AG. Lampreys, “Living Fossils,” in Research on Early Development and Regeneration in Vertebrates. Russ J Dev Biol 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062360418080015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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6
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Eroshkin FM, Bayramov AV, Ermakova GV, Zaraisky AG, Martynova NY. Molecular Mechanisms of the Xanf1 Homeobox Gene Expression Regulation during the Early Development of the Forebrain Rudiment in the Clawed Frog. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162018030032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Martynova NY, Eroshkin FM, Оrlov EE, Zaraisky AG. HMG-box factor SoxD/Sox15 and homeodomain-containing factor Xanf1/Hesx1 directly interact and regulate the expression of Xanf1/Hesx1 during early forebrain development in Xenopus laevis. Gene 2018; 638:52-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2017.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Bayramov AV, Ermakova GV, Eroshkin FM, Kucheryavyy AV, Martynova NY, Zaraisky AG. Presence of homeobox gene of Anf class in Pacific lamprey Lethenteron camtschaticum confirms the hypothesis about the importance of emergence of Anf genes for the origin of telencephalon in vertebrate evolution. Russ J Dev Biol 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062360417040026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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9
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Smoczer C, Hooker L, Sachani SS, Crawford MJ. Microinjection manipulations in the elucidation of Xenopus brain development. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1082:143-54. [PMID: 24048932 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-655-9_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Microinjection has a long and distinguished history in Xenopus and has been used to introduce a surprisingly diverse array of agents into embryos by both intra- and intercellular means. In addition to nuclei, investigators have variously injected peptides, antibodies, biologically active chemicals, lineage markers, mRNA, DNA, morpholinos, and enzymes. While enumerating many of the different microinjection approaches that can be taken, we will focus upon the mechanical operations and options available to introduce mRNA, DNA, and morpholinos intracellularly into early stage embryos for the study of neurogenesis.
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Jung B, Köhler A, Schambony A, Wedlich D. PAPC and the Wnt5a/Ror2 pathway control the invagination of the otic placode in Xenopus. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2011; 11:36. [PMID: 21663658 PMCID: PMC3127988 DOI: 10.1186/1471-213x-11-36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2011] [Accepted: 06/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Paraxial protocadherin (PAPC) plays a crucial role in morphogenetic movements during gastrulation and somitogenesis in mouse, zebrafish and Xenopus. PAPC influences cell-cell adhesion mediated by C-Cadherin. A putative direct adhesion activity of PAPC is discussed. PAPC also promotes cell elongation, tissue separation and coordinates cell mass movements. In these processes the signaling function of PAPC in activating RhoA/JNK and supporting Wnt-11/PCP by binding to frizzled 7 (fz7) is important. RESULTS Here we demonstrate by loss of function experiments in Xenopus embryos that PAPC regulates another type of morphogenetic movement, the invagination of the ear placode. Knockdown of PAPC by antisense morpholinos results in deformation of the otic vesicle without altering otocyst marker expression. Depletion of PAPC could be rescued by full-length PAPC, constitutive active RhoA and by the closely related PCNS but not by classical cadherins. Also the cytoplasmic deletion mutant M-PAPC, which influences cell adhesion, does not rescue the PAPC knockdown. Interestingly, depletion of Wnt5a or Ror2 which are also expressed in the otocyst phenocopies the PAPC morphant phenotype. CONCLUSIONS PAPC signaling via RhoA and Wnt5a/Ror2 activity are required to keep cells aligned in apical-basal orientation during invagination of the ear placode. Since neither the cytoplasmic deletion mutant M-PAPC nor a classical cadherin is able to rescue loss of PAPC we suggest that the signaling function of the protocadherin rather than its role as modulator of cell-cell adhesion is required during invagination of the ear placode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Jung
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Karlsruhe, Germany
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11
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Sánchez-Arrones L, Ferrán JL, Rodríguez-Gallardo L, Puelles L. Incipient forebrain boundaries traced by differential gene expression and fate mapping in the chick neural plate. Dev Biol 2009; 335:43-65. [PMID: 19699194 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2009.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2009] [Revised: 07/23/2009] [Accepted: 08/13/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We correlated available fate maps for the avian neural plate at stages HH4 and HH8 with the progress of local molecular specification, aiming to determine when the molecular specification maps of the primary longitudinal and transversal domains of the anterior forebrain agree with the fate mapped data. To this end, we examined selected gene expression patterns as they normally evolved in whole mounts and sections between HH4 and HH8 (or HH10/11 in some cases), performed novel fate-mapping experiments within the anterior forebrain at HH4 and examined the results at HH8, and correlated grafts with expression of selected gene markers. The data provided new details to the HH4 fate map, and disclosed some genes (e.g., Six3 and Ganf) whose expression domains initially are very extensive and subsequently retract rostralwards. Apart from anteroposterior dynamics, some genes soon became downregulated at the prospective forebrain floor plate, or allowed to identify an early roof plate domain (dorsoventral pattern). Peculiarities of the telencephalon (initial specification and differentiation of pallium versus subpallium) are contemplated. The basic anterior forebrain subdivisions seem to acquire correlated specification and fate mapping patterns around stage HH8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Sánchez-Arrones
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, University of Murcia, School of Medicine, Murcia, E30071, Spain
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12
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Martynova NY, Eroshkin FM, Ermolina LV, Ermakova GV, Korotaeva AL, Smurova KM, Gyoeva FK, Zaraisky AG. The LIM-domain protein Zyxin binds the homeodomain factor Xanf1/Hesx1 and modulates its activity in the anterior neural plate of Xenopus laevis embryo. Dev Dyn 2008; 237:736-49. [PMID: 18297730 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.21471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The question of how subdivision of embryo into cell territories acquiring different fates is coordinated with morphogenetic movements shaping the embryonic body still remains poorly resolved. In the present report, we demonstrate that a key regulator of anterior neural plate patterning, the homeodomain transcriptional repressor Xanf1/Hesx1, can bind to the LIM-domain protein Zyxin, which is known to regulate cell morphogenetic movements via influence on actin cytoskeleton dynamics. Using a set of deletion mutants, we found that the Engrailed-type repressor domain of Xanf1 and LIM2-domain of Zyxin are primarily responsible for interaction of these proteins. We also demonstrate that Zyxin overexpression in Xenopus embryos elicits effects similar to those observed in embryos with downregulated Xanf1. In contrast, when the repressor-fused variant of Zyxin is expressed, the forebrain enlargements typical for embryos overexpressing Xanf1 develop. These results are consistent with a possible role of Zyxin as a negative modulator of Xanf1 transcriptional repressing activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Y Martynova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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13
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Schlosser G. Induction and specification of cranial placodes. Dev Biol 2006; 294:303-51. [PMID: 16677629 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2006.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2005] [Revised: 12/22/2005] [Accepted: 12/23/2005] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cranial placodes are specialized regions of the ectoderm, which give rise to various sensory ganglia and contribute to the pituitary gland and sensory organs of the vertebrate head. They include the adenohypophyseal, olfactory, lens, trigeminal, and profundal placodes, a series of epibranchial placodes, an otic placode, and a series of lateral line placodes. After a long period of neglect, recent years have seen a resurgence of interest in placode induction and specification. There is increasing evidence that all placodes despite their different developmental fates originate from a common panplacodal primordium around the neural plate. This common primordium is defined by the expression of transcription factors of the Six1/2, Six4/5, and Eya families, which later continue to be expressed in all placodes and appear to promote generic placodal properties such as proliferation, the capacity for morphogenetic movements, and neuronal differentiation. A large number of other transcription factors are expressed in subdomains of the panplacodal primordium and appear to contribute to the specification of particular subsets of placodes. This review first provides a brief overview of different cranial placodes and then synthesizes evidence for the common origin of all placodes from a panplacodal primordium. The role of various transcription factors for the development of the different placodes is addressed next, and it is discussed how individual placodes may be specified and compartmentalized within the panplacodal primordium. Finally, tissues and signals involved in placode induction are summarized with a special focus on induction of the panplacodal primordium itself (generic placode induction) and its relation to neural induction and neural crest induction. Integrating current data, new models of generic placode induction and of combinatorial placode specification are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Schlosser
- Brain Research Institute, AG Roth, University of Bremen, FB2, 28334 Bremen, Germany.
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Chou SJ, Hermesz E, Hatta T, Feltner D, El-Hodiri HM, Jamrich M, Mahon K. Conserved regulatory elements establish the dynamic expression of Rpx/HesxI in early vertebrate development. Dev Biol 2006; 292:533-45. [PMID: 16527264 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.12.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2005] [Revised: 12/06/2005] [Accepted: 12/23/2005] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
TheRpx/Hesx1 homeobox gene is expressed during gastrulation in the anterior visceral and definitive endoderm and the cephalic neural plate. At later stages of development, its expression is restricted to Rathke's pouch, the primordium of the pituitary gland. This expression pattern suggests the presence of at least two distinct regulatory regions that control early and late Rpx transcription. Using transgenic mice, we have demonstrated that regulatory sequences in the 5' upstream region of Rpx are important for early expression in the anterior endoderm and neural plate and regulatory elements in the 3' region are required for late expression in Rathke's pouch. We have found that the genetically required LIM homeodomain-containing proteins Lim1/Lhx1 and Lhx3 are directly involved in the regulation of Rpx transcription. They bind two LIM protein-binding sites in the 5' upstream region of Rpx, which are required for Rpx promoter activity in both mice and Xenopus. Furthermore, we have found that a conserved enhancer in the 3' regulatory sequences of Rpx is not only required, but is also sufficient for the expression of Rpx transgenes in the developing Rathke's pouch.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Binding Sites
- Cells, Cultured
- Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay
- Embryo, Mammalian/cytology
- Embryo, Nonmammalian
- Endoderm/cytology
- Gastrula
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Genes, Homeobox
- Genes, Reporter
- Homeodomain Proteins/genetics
- Homeodomain Proteins/metabolism
- Hypothalamus/embryology
- Hypothalamus/metabolism
- Lac Operon
- Luciferases/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Models, Biological
- Point Mutation
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Protein Binding
- Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid/genetics
- Transgenes
- Vertebrates/embryology
- Xenopus
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen-Ju Chou
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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