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Evaluation of insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphisms of ACE gene and circulating levels of angiotensin II in congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:4341-4347. [PMID: 35212925 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07269-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Congenital Anomalies of the Kidney and the Urinary Tract (CAKUT) are defined as a heterogeneous group of anomalies that resulted from defects in kidney and urinary tract embryogenesis. CAKUT have a complex etiology. Genetic, epigenetic and environmental factors have been investigated in this context. Angiotensin II is a potent vasoconstrictor and exerts an important role in kidney embryogenesis. The angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) converts Angiotensin I into Angiotensin II (Ang II) and ACE gene has insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphisms that have been evaluated in several nephropathies. This study aimed to evaluate whether the I/D polymorphisms of ACE gene and the circulating levels of Ang II are associated with any CAKUT phenotype or CAKUT in general. METHODS AND RESULTS Our study was performed with 225 pediatric patients diagnosed with CAKUT and 210 age-and-sex matched healthy controls. ACE I/D alleles were analysed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The distribution of ACE I/D polymorphisms were compared between CAKUT patients and healthy controls, as well between ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO), vesicoureteral reflux (VUR), multicystic dysplastic kidney (MCDK) phenotypes and control group. No statistical association was detected between ACE I/D polymorphism and CAKUT and UPJO, VUR, and MCDK phenotypes. In a subset of 80 CAKUT patients and 80 controls, plasma levels of Ang II were measured. No significant differences were found between CAKUT patients and controls, even in regard to comparisons of UPJO, VUR and MCDK with control group. CONCLUSION Although CAKUT is a complex disease and the ACE gene may exert a role in kidney embryogenesis, CAKUT was not associated with any ACE I/D polymorphisms nor with differences in plasma levels of Ang II in this Brazilian pediatric population.
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Wang EY, Kuzmanov U, Smith JB, Dou W, Rafatian N, Lai BFL, Lu RXZ, Wu Q, Yazbeck J, Zhang XO, Sun Y, Gramolini A, Radisic M. An organ-on-a-chip model for pre-clinical drug evaluation in progressive non-genetic cardiomyopathy. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2021; 160:97-110. [PMID: 34216608 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2021.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Angiotensin II (Ang II) presents a critical mediator in various pathological conditions such as non-genetic cardiomyopathy. Osmotic pump infusion in rodents is a commonly used approach to model cardiomyopathy associated with Ang II. However, profound differences in electrophysiology and pharmacokinetics between rodent and human cardiomyocytes may limit predictability of animal-based experiments. This study investigates the application of an Organ-on-a-chip (OOC) system in modeling Ang II-induced progressive cardiomyopathy. The disease model is constructed to recapitulate myocardial response to Ang II in a temporal manner. The long-term tissue cultivation and non-invasive functional readouts enable monitoring of both acute and chronic cardiac responses to Ang II stimulation. Along with mapping of cytokine secretion and proteomic profiles, this model presents an opportunity to quantitatively measure the dynamic pathological changes that could not be otherwise identified in animals. Further, we present this model as a testbed to evaluate compounds that target Ang II-induced cardiac remodeling. Through assessing the effects of losartan, relaxin, and saracatinib, the drug screening data implicated multifaceted cardioprotective effects of relaxin in restoring contractile function and reducing fibrotic remodeling. Overall, this study provides a controllable platform where cardiac activities can be explicitly observed and tested over the pathological process. The facile and high-content screening can facilitate the evaluation of potential drug candidates in the pre-clinical stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Yan Wang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Uros Kuzmanov
- Translational Biology and Engineering Program, Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada; Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Jacob B Smith
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Wenkun Dou
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Naimeh Rafatian
- Toronto General Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Benjamin Fook Lun Lai
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Rick Xing Ze Lu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Qinghua Wu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Joshua Yazbeck
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Xiao-Ou Zhang
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yu Sun
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Anthony Gramolini
- Translational Biology and Engineering Program, Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada; Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Milica Radisic
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada; Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada; Toronto General Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C4, Canada.
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3
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Argeri R, Thomazini F, Lichtenecker DCK, Thieme K, do Carmo Franco M, Gomes GN. Programmed Adult Kidney Disease: Importance of Fetal Environment. Front Physiol 2020; 11:586290. [PMID: 33101064 PMCID: PMC7546361 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.586290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The Barker hypothesis strongly supported the influence of fetal environment on the development of chronic diseases in later life. Multiple experimental and human studies have identified that the deleterious effect of fetal programming commonly leads to alterations in renal development. The interplay between environmental insults and fetal genome can induce epigenetic changes and lead to alterations in the expression of renal phenotype. In this review, we have explored the renal development and its functions, while focusing on the epigenetic findings and functional aspects of the renin-angiotensin system and its components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rogério Argeri
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Thomazini
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Karina Thieme
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria do Carmo Franco
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Guiomar Nascimento Gomes
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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4
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Role of the renin-angiotensin system in kidney development and programming of adult blood pressure. Clin Sci (Lond) 2020; 134:641-656. [PMID: 32219345 DOI: 10.1042/cs20190765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Adverse events during fetal life such as insufficient protein intake or elevated transfer of glucocorticoid to the fetus may impact cardiovascular and metabolic health later in adult life and are associated with increased incidence of type 2 diabetes, ischemic heart disease and hypertension. Several adverse factors converge and suppress the fetal renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). The aim of this review is to summarize data on the significance of RAAS for kidney development and adult hypertension. Genetic inactivation of RAAS in rodents at any step from angiotensinogen to angiotensin II (ANGII) type 1 receptor (AT1) receptors or pharmacologic inhibition leads to complex developmental injury to the kidneys that has also been observed in human case reports. Deletion of the 'protective' arm of RAAS, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) 2 (ACE-2) and G-protein coupled receptor for Angiotensin 1-7 (Mas) receptor does not reproduce the AT1 phenotype. The changes comprise fewer glomeruli, thinner cortex, dilated tubules, thicker arterioles and arteries, lack of vascular bundles, papillary atrophy, shorter capillary length and volume in cortex and medulla. Altered activity of systemic and local regulators of fetal-perinatal RAAS such as vitamin D and cyclooxygenase (COX)/prostaglandins are associated with similar injuries. ANGII-AT1 interaction drives podocyte and epithelial cell formation of vascular growth factors, notably vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and angiopoietins (Angpts), which support late stages of glomerular and cortical capillary growth and medullary vascular bundle formation and patterning. RAAS-induced injury is associated with lower glomerular filtration rate (GFR), lower renal plasma flow, kidney fibrosis, up-regulation of sodium transporters, impaired sodium excretion and salt-sensitive hypertension. The renal component and salt sensitivity of programmed hypertension may impact dietary counseling and choice of pharmacological intervention to treat hypertension.
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de Almeida LF, Coimbra TM. When Less or More Isn't Enough: Renal Maldevelopment Arising From Disequilibrium in the Renin-Angiotensin System. Front Pediatr 2019; 7:296. [PMID: 31380328 PMCID: PMC6650528 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2019.00296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental and nutritional factors during fetal and neonatal life can have long-lasting effects on renal functions and physiology and susceptibility to kidney disease in adulthood. All components of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) are highly expressed in the kidneys during the period of renal development. The RAS plays a central role in the regulation of various cellular growth factors and stimulates adhesion molecules and cellular migration. The use of antagonists of this system during fetal development represents a major risk factor for hypertension, renal vascular dysfunction, and kidney medulla atrophy in adulthood. The inappropriate activation of the RAS by vitamin D (VitD) deficiency has been studied in recent years. Clinical and experimental studies have demonstrated an inverse relationship between circulating VitD levels and blood pressure, plasma and renin activity, and an increase in angiotensin II and the receptor AT1. These data raise new questions about the importance of the integrity of the RAS during development since RAS pathway inhibitors and VitD deficiency have opposing functions. This is a literature review on the possible mechanisms by which antagonists of the RAS and VitD deficiency during fetal development provoke disturbances in kidney structure and function. Potential mechanisms are presented and discussed, and the possible pathways by which an imbalanced maternal RAS may negatively impact fetal development and have consequences in adulthood are also explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Ferreira de Almeida
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Terezila Machado Coimbra
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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Song R, Sequeira Lopez MLS, Yosypiv IV. Foxd1 is an upstream regulator of the renin-angiotensin system during metanephric kidney development. Pediatr Res 2017; 82:855-862. [PMID: 28665931 PMCID: PMC5645264 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2017.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BackgroundWe tested the hypothesis that Foxd1, a transcription factor essential for normal kidney development, is an upstream regulator of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) during ureteric bud (UB)-branching morphogenesis.MethodsUB branching, RAS gene, and protein expression were studied in embryonic mouse kidneys. RAS mRNA expression was studied in mesenchymal MK4 cells.ResultsThe number of UB tips was reduced in Foxd1-/- compared with that in Foxd1+/+ metanephroi on embryonic day E12.5 (14±2.1 vs. 28±1.3, P<0.05). Quantitative real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) demonstrated that renin, angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE), and angiotensin (Ang) II receptor type 1 (AT1R) mRNA levels were decreased in Foxd1-/- compared with those in Foxd1+/+ E14.5 metanephroi. Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry showed decreased expression of AGT and renin proteins in Foxd1-/- metanephroi compared with that in Foxd1+/+ metanephroi. Foxd1 overexpression in mesenchymal MK4 cells in vitro increased renin, AGT, ACE, and AT1R mRNA levels. Exogenous Ang II stimulated UB branching equally in whole intact E12.5 Foxd1-/- and Foxd1+/+ metanephroi grown ex vivo (+364±21% vs. +336±18%, P=0.42).ConclusionWe conclude that Foxd1 is an upstream positive regulator of RAS during early metanephric development and propose that the cross-talk between Foxd1 and RAS is essential in UB-branching morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renfang Song
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Hypertension and Renal Center of Excellence, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | | | - Ihor V. Yosypiv
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Hypertension and Renal Center of Excellence, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
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7
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Calcitriol reduces kidney development disorders in rats provoked by losartan administration during lactation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11472. [PMID: 28904363 PMCID: PMC5597607 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11815-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcitriol has important effects on cellular differentiation and proliferation, as well as on the regulation of the renin gene. Disturbances in renal development can be observed in rats exposed to angiotensin II (AngII) antagonists during lactation period. The lack of tubular differentiation in losartan-treated rats can affect calcitriol uptake. This study evaluated the effect of calcitriol administration in renal development disturbances in rats provoked by losartan (AngII type 1 receptor antagonist) administration during lactation. Animals exposed to losartan presented higher albuminuria, systolic blood pressure, increased sodium and potassium fractional excretion, and decreased glomerular filtration rate compared to controls. These animals also showed a decreased glomerular area and a higher interstitial relative area from the renal cortex, with increased expression of fibronectin, alpha-SM-actin, vimentin, and p-JNK; and an increased number of macrophages, p-p38, PCNA and decreased cubilin expression. Increased urinary excretion of MCP-1 and TGF-β was also observed. All these alterations were less intense in the losartan + calcitriol group.The animals treated with calcitriol showed an improvement in cellular differentiation, and in renal function and structure. This effect was associated with reduction of cell proliferation and inflammation.
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8
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Epistatic interaction between common AGT G(-6)A (rs5051) and AGTR1 A1166C (rs5186) variants contributes to variation in kidney size at birth. Gene 2015; 572:72-78. [PMID: 26142106 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.06.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Low nephron number has been recognised as an important cardiovascular risk factor and recently a strong correlation between renal mass and nephron number has been demonstrated in newborns. The aim of this study was to investigate individual, as well as combined, effects of common variants of genes which encode for major components of the renin-angiotensin system (REN G10601A, AGT G(-6)A, ACE I/D, AGTR1 A1166C) on kidney size in healthy, full-term newborns. A significant additive main effect of the ACE I/D polymorphism, as well as an additive-by-additive interaction between AGT G(-6)A and AGTR1 A1166C variants, were found. The variance attributed to the epistatic effect was 27.9 ml(2)/m(4), which accounted for 73.8% of the interaction variance (37.8 ml(2)/m(4)), 66.4% of the genetic variance (42.0 ml(2)/m(4)) and 4.4% to the total phenotypic variance (628 ml(2)/m(4)). No other statistically significant main or epistatic effects were detected. Our results highlight the importance of considering gene-gene interactions as part of the genetic architecture of congenital nephron number, even when the loci do not show significant single locus effects. Unravelling the genetic determinants of low nephron number, along with early molecular screening, may well help to identify children at risk for cardiovascular disease.
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9
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Sequeira-Lopez MLS, Nagalakshmi VK, Li M, Sigmund CD, Gomez RA. Vascular versus tubular renin: role in kidney development. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2015; 309:R650-7. [PMID: 26246508 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00313.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Renin, the key regulated enzyme of the renin-angiotensin system regulates blood pressure, fluid-electrolyte homeostasis, and renal morphogenesis. Whole body deletion of the renin gene results in severe morphological and functional derangements, including thickening of renal arterioles, hydronephrosis, and inability to concentrate the urine. Because renin is found in vascular and tubular cells, it has been impossible to discern the relative contribution of tubular versus vascular renin to such a complex phenotype. Therefore, we deleted renin independently in the vascular and tubular compartments by crossing Ren1(c fl/fl) mice to Foxd1-cre and Hoxb7-cre mice, respectively. Deletion of renin in the vasculature resulted in neonatal mortality that could be rescued with daily injections of saline. The kidneys of surviving mice showed the absence of renin, hypertrophic arteries, hydronephrosis, and negligible levels of plasma renin. In contrast, lack of renin in the collecting ducts did not affect kidney morphology, intra-renal renin, or circulating renin in basal conditions or in response to a homeostatic stress, such as sodium depletion. We conclude that renin generated in the renal vasculature is fundamental for the development and integrity of the kidney, whereas renin in the collecting ducts is dispensable for normal kidney development and cannot compensate for the lack of renin in the vascular compartment. Further, the main source of circulating renin is the kidney vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vidya K Nagalakshmi
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia; and
| | - Minghong Li
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia; and
| | - Curt D Sigmund
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - R Ariel Gomez
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia; and
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10
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Nagalakshmi VK, Yu J. The ureteric bud epithelium: morphogenesis and roles in metanephric kidney patterning. Mol Reprod Dev 2015; 82:151-66. [PMID: 25783232 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.22462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian metanephric kidney is composed of two epithelial components, the collecting duct system and the nephron epithelium, that differentiate from two different tissues -the ureteric bud epithelium and the nephron progenitors, respectively-of intermediate mesoderm origin. The collecting duct system is generated through reiterative ureteric bud branching morphogenesis, whereas the nephron epithelium is formed in a process termed nephrogenesis, which is initiated with the mesenchymal-epithelial transition of the nephron progenitors. Ureteric bud branching morphogenesis is regulated by nephron progenitors, and in return, the ureteric bud epithelium regulates nephrogenesis. The metanephric kidney is physiologically divided along the corticomedullary axis into subcompartments that are enriched with specific segments of these two epithelial structures. Here, we provide an overview of the major molecular and cellular processes underlying the morphogenesis and patterning of the ureteric bud epithelium and its roles in the cortico-medullary patterning of the metanephric kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidya K Nagalakshmi
- Department of Cell Biology and Division of Center of Immunity, Inflammation and Regenerative Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
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11
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Sun Z, Hu S, Zuo N, Yang S, He Z, Ao Y, Wang H. Prenatal nicotine exposure induced GDNF/c-Ret pathway repression-related fetal renal dysplasia and adult glomerulosclerosis in male offspring. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5tx00040h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Prenatal nicotine exposure could induce fetal renal dysplasia associated with the suppression of the GDNF/c-Ret pathway and adult glomerulosclerosis in male offspring, which might be mediated by alterations in angiotensin II receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoxia Sun
- Department of Pharmacology
- Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences
- Wuhan 430071
- China
| | - Shuangshuang Hu
- Department of Pharmacology
- Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences
- Wuhan 430071
- China
| | - Na Zuo
- Department of Pharmacology
- Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences
- Wuhan 430071
- China
| | - Shuailong Yang
- Department of Pharmacology
- Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences
- Wuhan 430071
- China
| | - Zheng He
- Department of Pharmacology
- Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences
- Wuhan 430071
- China
| | - Ying Ao
- Department of Pharmacology
- Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences
- Wuhan 430071
- China
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disorder
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Pharmacology
- Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences
- Wuhan 430071
- China
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disorder
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12
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Yosypiv IV. Renin-angiotensin system in ureteric bud branching morphogenesis: implications for kidney disease. Pediatr Nephrol 2014; 29:609-20. [PMID: 24061643 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-013-2616-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Revised: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Failure of normal branching morphogenesis of the ureteric bud (UB), a key ontogenic process that controls organogenesis of the metanephric kidney, leads to congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT), the leading cause of end-stage kidney disease in children. Recent studies have revealed a central role of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), the cardinal regulator of blood pressure and fluid/electrolyte homeostasis, in the control of normal kidney development. Mice or humans with mutations in the RAS genes exhibit a spectrum of CAKUT which includes renal medullary hypoplasia, hydronephrosis, renal hypodysplasia, duplicated renal collecting system and renal tubular dysgenesis. Emerging evidence indicates that severe hypoplasia of the inner medulla and papilla observed in angiotensinogen (Agt)- or angiotensin (Ang) II AT 1 receptor (AT 1 R)-deficient mice is due to aberrant UB branching morphogenesis resulting from disrupted RAS signaling. Lack of the prorenin receptor (PRR) in the UB in mice causes reduced UB branching, resulting in decreased nephron endowment, marked kidney hypoplasia, urinary concentrating and acidification defects. This review provides a mechanistic rational supporting the hypothesis that aberrant signaling of the intrarenal RAS during distinct stages of metanephric kidney development contributes to the pathogenesis of the broad phenotypic spectrum of CAKUT. As aberrant RAS signaling impairs normal renal development, these findings advocate caution for the use of RAS inhibitors in early infancy and further underscore a need to avoid their use during pregnancy and to identify the types of molecular processes that can be targeted for clinical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ihor V Yosypiv
- Section of Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Hypertension and Renal Center of Excellence, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA,
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13
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Relevance of ureteric bud development and branching to tissue engineering, regeneration and repair in acute and chronic kidney disease. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2014; 19:153-61. [DOI: 10.1097/mot.0000000000000053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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14
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Deletion of the prorenin receptor from the ureteric bud causes renal hypodysplasia. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63835. [PMID: 23704941 PMCID: PMC3660567 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of the prorenin receptor (PRR) in the regulation of ureteric bud (UB) branching morphogenesis is unknown. Here, we investigated whether PRR acts specifically in the UB to regulate UB branching, kidney development and function. We demonstrate that embryonic (E) day E13.5 mouse metanephroi, isolated intact E11.5 UBs and cultured UB cells express PRR mRNA. To study its role in UB development, we conditionally ablated PRR in the developing UB (PRRUB−/−) using Hoxb7Cre mice. On E12.5, PRRUB−/− mice had decreased UB branching and increased UB cell apoptosis. These defects were associated with decreased expression of Ret, Wnt11, Etv4/Etv5, and reduced phosphorylation of Erk1/2 in the UB. On E18.5, mutants had marked kidney hypoplasia, widespread apoptosis of medullary collecting duct cells and decreased expression of Foxi1, AE1 and H+-ATPase α4 mRNA. Ultimately, they developed occasional small cysts in medullary collecting ducts and had decreased nephron number. To test the functional consequences of these alterations, we determined the ability of PRRUB−/− mice to acidify and concentrate the urine on postnatal (P) day P30. PRRUB−/− mice were polyuric, had lower urine osmolality and a higher urine pH following 48 hours of acidic loading with NH4Cl. Taken together, these data show that PRR present in the UB epithelia performs essential functions during UB branching morphogenesis and collecting duct development via control of Ret/Wnt11 pathway gene expression, UB cell survival, activation of Erk1/2, terminal differentiation and function of collecting duct cells needed for maintaining adequate water and acid-base homeostasis. We propose that mutations in PRR could possibly cause renal hypodysplasia and renal tubular acidosis in humans.
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15
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Madsen K, Tinning AR, Marcussen N, Jensen BL. Postnatal development of the renal medulla; role of the renin-angiotensin system. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2013; 208:41-9. [PMID: 23432903 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Revised: 12/15/2012] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Adverse events during foetal development can predispose the individual for cardiovascular disease later in life, a correlation known as foetal programming of adult hypertension. The 'programming' events have been associated with the kidneys due to the significant role in extracellular volume control and long-term blood pressure regulation. Previously, nephron endowment and functional consequences of a low nephron number have been extensively investigated without achieving a full explanation of the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms. In this review, we will focus on mechanisms of postnatal development in the renal medulla with regard to the programming effects. The renin-angiotensin system is critically involved in mammalian kidney development and impaired signalling gives rise to developmental renal lesions that have been associated with hypertension later in life. A consistent finding in both experimental animal models and in human case reports is atrophy of the renal medulla with developmental lesions to both medullary nephron segments and vascular development with concomitant functional disturbances reaching into adulthood. A review of current knowledge of the role of the renin-angiotensin system for renal medullary development will be given.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - A. R. Tinning
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research; Institute of Molecular Medicine; University of Southern Denmark; Odense; Denmark
| | - N. Marcussen
- Department of Pathology; Odense University Hospital; Odense; Denmark
| | - B. L. Jensen
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research; Institute of Molecular Medicine; University of Southern Denmark; Odense; Denmark
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Vaughan D, Huber-Abel FA, Graber F, Hoppeler H, Flück M. The angiotensin converting enzyme insertion/deletion polymorphism alters the response of muscle energy supply lines to exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 2013; 113:1719-29. [PMID: 23397151 PMCID: PMC3677975 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-012-2583-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The presence of a silencing sequence (the I-allele) in the gene for the upstream regulator of blood flow, angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE), is associated with superior endurance performance and its trainability. We tested in a retrospective study with 36 Caucasian men of Swiss descent whether carriers of the ACE I-allele demonstrate a modified adaptive response of energy supply lines in knee extensor muscle, and aerobic fitness, to endurance training based on 6 weeks of supervised bicycle exercise or 6 months of self-regulated running (p value <Bonferroni-corrected 5 %). Body weight related maximal oxygen uptake and capillary density in vastus lateralis muscle before training were 20 and 23 % lower, respectively, in carriers of the I-allele. Bicycle (n = 16) but not running type endurance training (n = 19) increased the volume content of subsarcolemmal mitochondria (2.5-fold) and intramyocellular lipid (2.1-fold). This was specifically amplified in I-allele carriers after 6 weeks of bicycle exercise. The enhanced adjustment in myocellular organelles of aerobic metabolism with bicycle training corresponded to ACE I-allele dependent upregulation of 23 muscle transcripts during recovery from the bicycle stimulus and with training. The majority of affected transcripts were associated with glucose (i.e. ALDOC, Glut2, LDHC) and lipid metabolism (i.e. ACADL, CPTI, CPTII, LIPE, LPL, FATP, CD36/FAT); all demonstrating an enhanced magnitude of change in carriers of the ACE I-allele. Our observations suggest that local improvements in mitochondrial metabolism, through a novel expression pathway, contribute to the varying trainability in endurance performance between subjects with genetically modified expression of the regulator of vascular tone, ACE.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Vaughan
- Institute for Biomedical Research into Human Movement and Health, School of HealthCare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester, M1 5GD UK
| | | | | | - Hans Hoppeler
- Department of Anatomy, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Martin Flück
- Institute for Biomedical Research into Human Movement and Health, School of HealthCare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester, M1 5GD UK
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Zürich, Balgrist University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
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