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Vučić T, Drobnjaković M, Ajduković M, Bugarčić M, Wielstra B, Ivanović A, Cvijanović M. A staging table of Balkan crested newt embryonic development to serve as a baseline in evolutionary developmental studies. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY. PART B, MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2024. [PMID: 38953174 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.23269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
There is an increased interest in the evolution and development of newts from the genus Triturus because: (1) morphological differentiation among the nine constituent species largely corresponds to different ecological preferences, (2) hybridization between different species pairs has various evolutionary outcomes in terms of life history traits and morphology, and (3) the genus expresses a balanced lethal system that causes arrested growth and death of half of the embryos. These features provide natural experimental settings for molecular, morphological, and life-history studies. Therefore, we produce a staging table for the Balkan crested newt (T. ivanbureschi). We provide detailed descriptions of 34 embryonic stages based on easily observable and interpretable external morphological characters, to ensure reproducibility. Compared with previous staging tables for Triturus, we include a vastly increased sample size and provide high-resolution photographs in lateral, ventral, and dorsal view, complemented by videos of specific developmental periods, and accompanied by detailed explanations on how to delineate the specific stages. Our staging table will serve as a baseline in comparative studies on Triturus newts: an emerging model system in evolutionary and developmental studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tijana Vučić
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marija Drobnjaković
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Maja Ajduković
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marko Bugarčić
- Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ben Wielstra
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ana Ivanović
- Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milena Cvijanović
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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Cao Z, Guo R, Fang Z, Wang Z, Liu Y, Lin L, Ji X. Normal table of embryonic development in the Anji salamander Hynobius amjiensis (Hynobiidae). Dev Biol 2024; 511:84-91. [PMID: 38648924 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2024.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
We established a normal embryonic development table for the Anji salamander Hynobius amjiensis, a critically endangered tailed amphibian of the family Hynobiidae with a very limited distribution in East China, following the standards set by the early developmental table of vertebrates. Put together 32 embryonic stages for the Anji salamander was defined. The total embryonic period from oviposition to hatching is approximately 30 days at 9 °C. Stages 1-16 represent early development from cleavage to neurulation. Stages 17-32 represent organogenesis documenting later developmental events such as tail, gill, and limb formation, and hatching (Stage 32). We provided a detailed description of the external morphology and color changes of the head, trunk, limbs, tail, external gills, and balancers at various stages from egg-laying to hatching. We also described several cases of abnormal embryonic development. The establishment of the embryonic development table in H. amjiensis contributes to better understanding of the ontogeny in tailed amphibians, distinguishing closely related species, and identifying abnormal embryonic amphibians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihao Cao
- Herpetological Research Center, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Ruiyang Guo
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Zhengyuan Fang
- Herpetological Research Center, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Zhiwen Wang
- Herpetological Research Center, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Herpetological Research Center, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Longhui Lin
- Herpetological Research Center, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China.
| | - Xiang Ji
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
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Lewis ZR, Kerney R, Hanken J. Developmental basis of evolutionary lung loss in plethodontid salamanders. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabo6108. [PMID: 35977024 PMCID: PMC9385146 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abo6108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
One or more members of four living amphibian clades have independently dispensed with pulmonary respiration and lack lungs, but little is known of the developmental basis of lung loss in any taxon. We use morphological, molecular, and experimental approaches to examine the Plethodontidae, a dominant family of salamanders, all of which are lungless as adults. We confirm an early anecdotal report that plethodontids complete early stages of lung morphogenesis: Transient embryonic lung primordia form but regress by apoptosis before hatching. Initiation of pulmonary development coincides with expression of the lung-specification gene Wnt2b in adjacent mesoderm, and the lung rudiment expresses pulmonary markers Nkx2.1 and Sox9. Lung developmental-genetic pathways are at least partially conserved despite the absence of functional adult lungs for at least 25 and possibly exceeding 60 million years. Adult lung loss appears associated with altered expression of signaling molecules that mediate later stages of tracheal and pulmonary development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary R. Lewis
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology and Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ryan Kerney
- Department of Biology, Gettysburg College, Gettysburg, PA, USA
| | - James Hanken
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology and Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
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Pekmezekmek AB, Emre M, Erdogan S, Yilmaz B, Tunc E, Sertdemir Y, Emre Y. Effects of high-molecular-weight polyvinyl chloride on Xenopus laevis adults and embryos: the mRNA expression profiles of Myf5, Esr1, Bmp4, Pax6, and Hsp70 genes during early embryonic development. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:14767-14779. [PMID: 34617235 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16527-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics and associated adverse effects have been on the global agenda in recent years. Because of its importance as a model organism for studies on developmental biology, Xenopus laevis has been chosen as the study animal in in vitro teratogenesis studies. FETAX test uses early-stage embryos of X. laevis to measure the potential of substances to cause mortality, malformation, and growth inhibition in developing embryos. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of high molecular weight polyvinyl chloride (HMW-PVC) on parental X. laevis frogs and their embryos using the FETAX test. To this purpose, a HMW-PVC dose of 1% of body weight/twice each week was provided to frogs by oral gavage throughout 6 weeks. After the procedure, oocytes and sperms of HMW-PVC-exposed frogs were fertilized and FETAX was applied to selected embryos. After the completion of a 96-h incubation period, tadpoles were examined, their live/dead status were determined, their lengths were measured, and their anomalies were photographed. Besides, excised organs of the parental frogs were referred to histopathology examination. On the other hand, the mRNA expression levels of Hsp70, Myf5, Bmp4, Pax6, and Esr1 genes were determined by applying real-time quantitative PCR method to cDNA which was synthesized from the total RNA of embryos. The results showed that treatment with HMW-PVC dose of 1% of body weight/twice each week caused malformations and decreased viability. Hsp70 and Pax6 gene expression levels significantly decreased in all assay groups, as compared with controls. Lung and intestine tissues showed normal appearance in histopatological examination. Further research is required to explain the whole effects of HMW-PVC exposure on X. laevis embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayper Boga Pekmezekmek
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Çukurova University, 01330 Balcalı, Adana, Turkey.
| | - Mustafa Emre
- Department of Biophysics, School of Medicine, Çukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Seyda Erdogan
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Çukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Bertan Yilmaz
- Department of Medical Biology, School of Medicine, Çukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Erdal Tunc
- Department of Medical Biology, School of Medicine, Çukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Yasar Sertdemir
- Department of Bioistatictics, School of Medicine, Çukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Yılmaz Emre
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
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Sheng G, Martinez Arias A, Sutherland A. The primitive streak and cellular principles of building an amniote body through gastrulation. Science 2021; 374:abg1727. [PMID: 34855481 DOI: 10.1126/science.abg1727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Guojun Sheng
- International Research Center for Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Alfonso Martinez Arias
- Systems Bioengineering, DCEXS, Universidad Pompeu Fabra, Doctor Aiguader, 88 ICREA, Pag Lluis Companys 23, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ann Sutherland
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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Bernabò I, Brunelli E. Comparative morphological analysis during larval development of three syntopic newt species (Urodela: Salamandridae). THE EUROPEAN ZOOLOGICAL JOURNAL 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/24750263.2019.1568599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- I. Bernabò
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Science, University of Calabria, Cosenza, Italy
| | - E. Brunelli
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Science, University of Calabria, Cosenza, Italy
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Lewis ZR, Hanken J. Convergent evolutionary reduction of atrial septation in lungless salamanders. J Anat 2017; 230:16-29. [PMID: 27558020 PMCID: PMC5192874 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Nearly two thirds of the approximately 700 species of living salamanders are lungless. These species respire entirely through the skin and buccopharyngeal mucosa. Lung loss dramatically impacts the configuration of the circulatory system but the effects of evolutionary lung loss on cardiac morphology have long been controversial. For example, there is presumably little need for an atrial septum in lungless salamanders due to the absence of pulmonary veins and the presence of a single source of mixed blood flowing into the heart, but whether lungless salamanders possess an atrial septum and whether the sinoatrial aperture is located in the left or right atrium are unresolved; authors have stated opposing claims since the late 1800s. Here, we use micro-computed tomography (μ-CT) imaging, gross dissection and histological reconstruction to compare cardiac morphology among lungless plethodontid salamanders (Plethodontidae), salamanders with lungs, and the convergently lungless species Onychodactylus japonicus (Hynobiidae). Plethodontid salamanders have partial atrial septa and incomplete separation of the atrium into left and right halves. Partial septation is also seen in O. japonicus. Hence, lungless salamanders from two lineages convergently evolved similar morphology of the atrial septum. The partial septum in lungless salamanders can make it appear that the sinoatrial aperture is in the left atrium, but this interpretation is incorrect. Outgroup comparisons demonstrate that the aperture is located in a posterodorsal extension of the right atrium into the left side of the heart. Independent evolutionary losses of the atrial septum may have a similar developmental basis. In mammals, the lungs induce formation of the atrial septum by secreting morphogens to neighboring mesenchyme. We hypothesize that the lungs induce atrial septum development in amphibians in a similar fashion to mammals, and that atrial septum reduction in lungless salamanders is a direct result of lunglessness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary R. Lewis
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, and Museum of Comparative ZoologyHarvard UniversityCambridgeMAUSA
| | - James Hanken
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, and Museum of Comparative ZoologyHarvard UniversityCambridgeMAUSA
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