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Wang R, Chow BKC, Zhang L. Distribution and Functional Implication of Secretin in Multiple Brain Regions. J Mol Neurosci 2018; 68:485-493. [PMID: 29882022 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-018-1089-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Secretin is a polypeptide hormone initially identified for its gastrointestinal functions. However, emerging evidences show wide distribution of secretin and secretin receptor across various brain regions from cerebral cortex, hippocampus, hypothalamus to cerebellum. In this mini review, we will firstly describe the region-specific expression pattern of secretin and secretin receptor in the brain, followed by a summary of central physiological and neurological functions mediated by secretin. Using genetic manipulation and pharmaceutical approaches, one can elucidate the role of secretin in mediating various neurological functions from simple behaviors, such as water and food intake, to more complex functions including emotion, motor, and learning or memory. At last, current weakness and future perspectives of secretin in the central nervous system will be discussed, aiming to provide the potency of using secretin or its analog for treating various neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruanna Wang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of CNS Regeneration, GHM Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Billy K C Chow
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Li Zhang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of CNS Regeneration, GHM Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
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2
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Wang L, Zhang L, Chow BKC. Secretin Modulates the Postnatal Development of Mouse Cerebellar Cortex Via PKA- and ERK-dependent Pathways. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:382. [PMID: 29249942 PMCID: PMC5714926 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Postnatal development of the cerebellum is critical for its intact function such as motor coordination and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of psychiatric disorders. We previously reported that deprivation of secretin (SCT) from cerebellar Purkinje neurons impaired motor coordination and motor learning function, while leaving the potential role of SCT in cerebellar development to be determined. SCT and its receptor (SCTR) were constitutively expressed in the postnatal cerebellum in a temporal and cell-specific manner. Using a SCT knockout mouse model, we provided direct evidence showing altered developmental patterns of Purkinje cells (PCs) and granular cells (GCs). SCT deprivation reduced the PC density, impaired the PC dendritic formation, induced accelerated GC migration and potentiated cerebellar apoptosis. Furthermore, our results indicated the involvement of protein kinase A (PKA) and extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathways in SCT-mediated protective effects against neuronal apoptosis. Results of this study illustrated a novel function of SCT in the postnatal development of cerebellum, emphasizing the necessary role of SCT in cerebellar-related functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Li Zhang
- GHM Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Billy K. C. Chow
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
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3
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Bai JJ, Tan CD, Chow BKC. Secretin, at the hub of water-salt homeostasis. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2016; 312:F852-F860. [PMID: 27279485 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00191.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Water and salt metabolism are tightly regulated processes. Maintaining this milieu intérieur within narrow limits is critical for normal physiological processes to take place. Disturbances to this balance can result in disease and even death. Some of the better-characterized regulators of water and salt homeostasis include angiotensin II, aldosterone, arginine vasopressin, and oxytocin. Although secretin (SCT) was first described >100 years ago, little is known about the role of this classic gastrointestinal hormone in the maintenance of water-salt homeostasis. In recent years, increasing body of evidence suggested that SCT and its receptor play important roles in the central nervous system and kidney to ensure that the mammalian extracellular fluid osmolarity is kept within a healthy range. In this review, we focus on recent advances in our understanding of the molecular, cellular, and network mechanisms by which SCT and its receptor mediate the control of osmotic homeostasis. Implications of hormonal cross talk and receptor-receptor interaction are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Juan Bai
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chong Da Tan
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Billy K C Chow
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Chen L, Chu C, Kong X, Huang T, Cai YD. Discovery of new candidate genes related to brain development using protein interaction information. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118003. [PMID: 25635857 PMCID: PMC4311913 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human brain development is a dramatic process composed of a series of complex and fine-tuned spatiotemporal gene expressions. A good comprehension of this process can assist us in developing the potential of our brain. However, we have only limited knowledge about the genes and gene functions that are involved in this biological process. Therefore, a substantial demand remains to discover new brain development-related genes and identify their biological functions. In this study, we aimed to discover new brain-development related genes by building a computational method. We referred to a series of computational methods used to discover new disease-related genes and developed a similar method. In this method, the shortest path algorithm was executed on a weighted graph that was constructed using protein-protein interactions. New candidate genes fell on at least one of the shortest paths connecting two known genes that are related to brain development. A randomization test was then adopted to filter positive discoveries. Of the final identified genes, several have been reported to be associated with brain development, indicating the effectiveness of the method, whereas several of the others may have potential roles in brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Chen
- College of Information Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chen Chu
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiangyin Kong
- Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200025, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tao Huang
- Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200025, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (TH); (YDC)
| | - Yu-Dong Cai
- Institute of Systems Biology, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (TH); (YDC)
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Zhang L, Chung SK, Chow BKC. The knockout of secretin in cerebellar Purkinje cells impairs mouse motor coordination and motor learning. Neuropsychopharmacology 2014; 39:1460-8. [PMID: 24356714 PMCID: PMC3988549 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2013.344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Revised: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Secretin (SCT) was first considered to be a gut hormone regulating gastrointestinal functions when discovered. Recently, however, central actions of SCT have drawn intense research interest and are supported by the broad distribution of SCT in specific neuronal populations and by in vivo physiological studies regarding its role in water homeostasis and food intake. The direct action of SCT on a central neuron was first discovered in cerebellar Purkinje cells in which SCT from cerebellar Purkinje cells was found to potentiate GABAergic inhibitory transmission from presynaptic basket cells. Because Purkinje neurons have a major role in motor coordination and learning functions, we hypothesize a behavioral modulatory function for SCT. In this study, we successfully generated a mouse model in which the SCT gene was deleted specifically in Purkinje cells. This mouse line was tested together with SCT knockout and SCT receptor knockout mice in a full battery of behavioral tasks. We found that the knockout of SCT in Purkinje neurons did not affect general motor ability or the anxiety level in open field tests. However, knockout mice did exhibit impairments in neuromuscular strength, motor coordination, and motor learning abilities, as shown by wire hanging, vertical climbing, and rotarod tests. In addition, SCT knockout in Purkinje cells possibly led to the delayed development of motor neurons, as supported by the later occurrence of key neural reflexes. In summary, our data suggest a role in motor coordination and motor learning for SCT expressed in cerebellar Purkinje cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Sookja Kim Chung
- Department of Anatomy, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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6
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Zhang L, Chow BKC. The central mechanisms of secretin in regulating multiple behaviors. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2014; 5:77. [PMID: 24904528 PMCID: PMC4033102 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2014.00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Secretin (SCT) was firstly discovered as a gut peptide hormone in stimulating pancreatic secretion, while its novel neuropeptide role has drawn substantial research interests in recent years. SCT and its receptor (SCTR) are widely expressed in different brain regions, where they exert multiple cellular functions including neurotransmission, gene expression regulation, neurogenesis, and neural protection. As all these neural functions ultimately can affect behaviors, it is hypothesized that SCT controls multiple behavioral paradigms. Current findings support this hypothesis as SCT-SCTR axis participates in modulating social interaction, spatial learning, water and food intake, motor coordination, and motor learning behaviors. This mini-review focuses on various aspects of SCT and SCTR in hippocampus, hypothalamus, and cerebellum including distribution profiles, cellular functions, and behavioral phenotypes to elucidate the link between cellular mechanisms and behavioral control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Billy K. C. Chow
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- *Correspondence: Billy K. C. Chow, School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Kardoorie Biological Science Building, Pokfulam Road 4N-12, Sai Ying Pun, Hong Kong, China e-mail:
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7
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Huang Z, Wang TS, Qi QR, Zuo RJ, Liang XH, Zhao XY, Yang ZM. Progesterone regulates secretin expression in mouse uterus during early pregnancy. Reprod Sci 2013; 21:724-32. [PMID: 24336673 DOI: 10.1177/1933719113512527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Secretin, a classical gastrointestinal and neuroendocrine peptide, plays an important role in maintaining the body fluid balance. However, the expression and regulation of secretin in the reproductive system are still unknown. In our study, secretin is specifically expressed in the decidua on days 5 to 8 of pregnancy. Secretin expression is not detected under delayed implantation but is stimulated after estrogen activation and under artificial decidualization. Progesterone induces secretin expression in ovariectomized mice and cultured stromal cells, which is abrogated by specific LY294002. Because secretin is mainly localized in the decidua and also strongly expressed during in vitro decidualization, secretin may play a role during mouse decidualization through regulating cyclic adenosine monophosphate level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu Huang
- 1School of Life Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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Knox K, Leuenberger D, Penn AA, Baker JC. Global hormone profiling of murine placenta reveals Secretin expression. Placenta 2011; 32:811-6. [PMID: 21944867 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2011.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Revised: 08/10/2011] [Accepted: 08/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To elucidate and categorize the murine placental hormones expressed across gestation, including the expression of hormones with previously undescribed roles. STUDY DESIGN Expression levels of all genes with known or predicted hormone activity expressed in two separate tissues, the placenta and maternal decidua, were assessed across a timecourse spanning the full lifetime of the placenta. Novel expression patterns were confirmed by in situ hybridization and protein level measurements. RESULTS A combination of temporal and spatial information defines five groups that can accurately predict the patterns of uncharacterized hormones. Our analysis identified Secretin, a novel placental hormone that is expressed specifically by the trophoblast at levels many times greater than in any other tissue. CONCLUSIONS The characteristics of Secretin fit the paradigm of known placental hormones and suggest that it may play an important role during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Knox
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94062, USA
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Rubin BP, Nishijo K, Chen HIH, Yi X, Schuetze DP, Pal R, Prajapati SI, Abraham J, Arenkiel BR, Chen QR, Davis S, McCleish AT, Capecchi MR, Michalek JE, Zarzabal LA, Khan J, Yu Z, Parham DM, Barr FG, Meltzer PS, Chen Y, Keller C. Evidence for an unanticipated relationship between undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma and embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma. Cancer Cell 2011; 19:177-91. [PMID: 21316601 PMCID: PMC3040414 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2010.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2010] [Revised: 10/06/2010] [Accepted: 12/21/2010] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma (eRMS) shows the most myodifferentiation among sarcomas, yet the precise cell of origin remains undefined. Using Ptch1, p53 and/or Rb1 conditional mouse models and controlling prenatal or postnatal myogenic cell of origin, we demonstrate that eRMS and undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma (UPS) lie in a continuum, with satellite cells predisposed to giving rise to UPS. Conversely, p53 loss in maturing myoblasts gives rise to eRMS, which have the highest myodifferentiation potential. Regardless of origin, Rb1 loss modifies tumor phenotype to mimic UPS. In human sarcomas that lack pathognomic chromosomal translocations, p53 loss of function is prevalent, whereas Shh or Rb1 alterations likely act primarily as modifiers. Thus, sarcoma phenotype is strongly influenced by cell of origin and mutational profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian P. Rubin
- Depts. of Anatomic Pathology and Molecular Genetics, Taussig Cancer Center and Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195 USA
| | - Koichi Nishijo
- Greehey Children s Cancer Research Institute, Univ. of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229 USA
| | - Hung-I Harry Chen
- Greehey Children s Cancer Research Institute, Univ. of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229 USA
| | - Xiaolan Yi
- Greehey Children s Cancer Research Institute, Univ. of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229 USA
| | - David P. Schuetze
- Depts. of Anatomic Pathology and Molecular Genetics, Taussig Cancer Center and Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195 USA
| | - Ranadip Pal
- Dept. of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Texas Tech Univ., Lubbock, TX 79409 USA
| | - Suresh I. Prajapati
- Greehey Children s Cancer Research Institute, Univ. of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229 USA
| | - Jinu Abraham
- Greehey Children s Cancer Research Institute, Univ. of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229 USA
| | | | - Qing-Rong Chen
- Oncogenomics Section, Pediatric Oncology Branch, Advanced Technology Center, National Cancer Institute, Gaithersburg, MD 20877 USA
| | - Sean Davis
- Genetics Branch, Laboratory of Pathology, NIH/National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Amanda T. McCleish
- Greehey Children s Cancer Research Institute, Univ. of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229 USA
| | - Mario R. Capecchi
- Dept. of Human Genetics, Univ. of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA
| | - Joel E. Michalek
- Dept. of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Univ. of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229 USA
| | - Lee Ann Zarzabal
- Dept. of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Univ. of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229 USA
| | - Javed Khan
- Oncogenomics Section, Pediatric Oncology Branch, Advanced Technology Center, National Cancer Institute, Gaithersburg, MD 20877 USA
| | - Zhongxin Yu
- Depts. of Pathology and Pediatrics, Univ. of Oklahoma Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104 USA
| | - David M. Parham
- Depts. of Pathology and Pediatrics, Univ. of Oklahoma Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104 USA
| | - Frederic G. Barr
- Dept. of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Univ. of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Paul S. Meltzer
- Genetics Branch, Laboratory of Pathology, NIH/National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Yidong Chen
- Greehey Children s Cancer Research Institute, Univ. of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229 USA
- Dept. of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Univ. of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229 USA
| | - Charles Keller
- Greehey Children s Cancer Research Institute, Univ. of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229 USA
- Dept. of Pediatrics, Univ. of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229 USA
- Pediatric Cancer Biology Program, Pape' Family Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239 USA
- corresponding author: 3181 S.W. Sam Jackson Park Road, Mail Code: L321, Portland, OR 97239-3098, Tel 503.494.1210, Fax 503.418.5044,
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10
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The choroid plexus response to a repeated peripheral inflammatory stimulus. BMC Neurosci 2009; 10:135. [PMID: 19922669 PMCID: PMC2784788 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-10-135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2009] [Accepted: 11/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic systemic inflammation triggers alterations in the central nervous system that may relate to the underlying inflammatory component reported in neurodegenerative disorders such as multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer's disease. However, it is far from being understood whether and how peripheral inflammation contributes to induce brain inflammatory response in such illnesses. As part of the barriers that separate the blood from the brain, the choroid plexus conveys inflammatory immune signals into the brain, largely through alterations in the composition of the cerebrospinal fluid. Results In the present study we investigated the mouse choroid plexus gene expression profile, using microarray analyses, in response to a repeated inflammatory stimulus induced by the intraperitoneal administration of lipopolysaccharide every two weeks for a period of three months; mice were sacrificed 3 and 15 days after the last lipopolysaccharide injection. The data show that the choroid plexus displays a sustained response to the repeated inflammatory stimuli by altering the expression profile of several genes. From a total of 24,000 probes, 369 are up-regulated and 167 are down-regulated 3 days after the last lipopolysaccharide injection, while at 15 days the number decreases to 98 and 128, respectively. The pathways displaying the most significant changes include those facilitating entry of cells into the cerebrospinal fluid, and those participating in the innate immune response to infection. Conclusion These observations contribute to a better understanding of the brain response to peripheral inflammation and pave the way to study their impact on the progression of several disorders of the central nervous system in which inflammation is known to be implicated.
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Lam IPY, Siu FKY, Chu JYS, Chow BKC. Multiple actions of secretin in the human body. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 2008; 265:159-90. [PMID: 18275888 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(07)65004-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of secretin initiated the field of endocrinology. Over the past century, multiple gastrointestinal functions of secretin have been extensively studied, and it was discovered that the principal function of this peptide in the gastrointestinal system is to facilitate digestion and to provide protection. In view of the late identification of secretin and the secretin receptor in various tissues, including the central nervous system, the pleiotropic functions of secretin have more recently been an area of intense focus. Secretin is a classical hormone, and recent studies clearly showed secretin's involvement in neural and neuroendocrine pathways, although the neuroactivity and neural regulation of its release are yet to be elucidated. This chapter reviews our current understanding of the pleiotropic actions of secretin with a special focus on the hormonal and neural interdependent pathways that mediate these actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian P Y Lam
- Department of Zoology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Shu KX, Wu LX, Xie YF, Zhao JF, Liang YL, Li B. Characterization of the human PAP1 gene and its homologue possible involvement in mouse embryonic development. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2006; 52:22-30. [PMID: 16837177 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2006.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2006] [Revised: 05/01/2006] [Accepted: 05/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We have identified PAP1 gene, a novel member of the immunoglobulin superfamily (IGSF) from U251-pTet-p53 cell line, which carried a wild-type p53 transgene. The gene has been localised to chromosome 16p12-13. Alignment of the predicted protein sequence for Human, Pan troglodytes, Canis, Mus musculus and Gallus gallus revealed it was highly conserved. Its homologue, IGSF6, possible involves in mouse embryonic development. The presence of IGSF6 specific transcript was detected by Northern blot in the RNAs extracted from 11 to 14 day postconception. IGSF6 expression is different in mouse embryos of the different ages. In situ hybridization performed on mice embryos sections showed the differential presence of IGSF6 in developing lung and kidney. This structure and differential expression suggests a function involvement in embryonic development, perhaps involvement in cell proliferation.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Neoplasm/genetics
- Apoptosis/physiology
- Base Sequence
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16/genetics
- Embryonic Development
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Humans
- Immunoglobulins/genetics
- Kidney/growth & development
- Lectins, C-Type/genetics
- Lung/growth & development
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Pancreatitis-Associated Proteins
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Xian Shu
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410065, China.
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Zhao Q, Boismenu R, Rusche JR, Holmes GL. Lack of effect of secretin on kindling and seizures. Epilepsy Behav 2006; 9:46-50. [PMID: 16723277 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2006.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2006] [Revised: 03/28/2006] [Accepted: 04/02/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Secretin infused into rats activates neurons located in brain areas controlling autonomic function and emotion. The brain activity of secretin is mediated, at least in part, through vagal pathways. It is known that afferent stimulation of the vagus nerve results in considerable antiepileptic effects. Whether or not secretin has an effect on seizures is unknown. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy and safety of secretin as an antiepileptogenic agent in electrical kindling and as an anticonvulsant in fully kindled seizures. To assess antiepileptogenic effects, we administered secretin (10, 30, or 100 microg/kg/dose) or normal saline intravenously 5 min before twice-daily kindling stimulation. To assess the anticonvulsant effect of secretin, we administered either normal saline or secretin (100 microg/kg/dose) 5 min before the electrical stimulation to fully kindled rats. We observed no effect on kindling rate or afterdischarge duration. In fully kindled rats, secretin administration had no effect on kindling stage or afterdischarge duration. Thus, in the dose range used in this preliminary acute treatment study, secretin had no discernible antiepileptogenic or anticonvulsant effects. Secretin was very well tolerated in this multidose protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhao
- Neuroscience Center at Dartmouth, Section of Neurology, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, NH, USA.
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Abstract
There is increasing interest in the role played by secretin in the central nervous system. Recent evidence suggests that this peptide is widely expressed in the brain but some areas, notably the cerebellum, show a prominent expression of the peptide and its specific receptor. In this article we summarize our current understanding of the expression pattern and action of secretin in the cerebellum. We discuss the findings supporting the endogenous release of this peptide from Purkinje neurons and its role as a retrograde messenger modulating GABAergic synaptic transmission via multiple mechanisms. In addition, we would like to propose other possible, but still to be confirmed, functions of secretin in the cerebellum..
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Affiliation(s)
- Wing-Ho Yung
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong.
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15
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Lee LTO, Tan-Un KC, Lin MCM, Chow BKC. Retinoic acid activates human secretin gene expression by Sp proteins and nuclear factor I in neuronal SH-SY5Y cells. J Neurochem 2005; 93:339-50. [PMID: 15816857 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2005.03018.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Secretin is a neuropeptide that is expressed in distinct central neurones. As there is no information on how the secretin gene is regulated in neuronal cells, a well established neuronal differentiation cell model, SH-SY5Y, was used to study transcriptional regulation of the human secretin gene. High secretin transcript and peptide levels were found in this cell, and secretin gene expression and promoter activity were up-regulated upon all-trans retinoic acid (RA) treatment. Within the promoter, a functional GC-box 1 (-131 from ATG, relative to the ATG initiation codon) was found to be regulated by a brain-specific Sp protein, Sp4, and ubiquitous factors Sp1 and Sp3. The human secretin gene in SH-SY5Y cells is controlled by the (Sp1 + Sp4)/Sp3 ratio and the RA-induced activation is a partial result of a decrease in Sp3 levels. In addition to the GC-box 1, an N1 motif in close proximity was also responsible for RA-induced secretin gene activation. Competitive gel mobility shift and southwestern blot studies revealed binding of Nuclear Factor I (NFI) with the N1 motif. Overexpression of NFI-C increased promoter activity upon RA treatment. Consistent with this observation, NFI-C transcript levels were augmented after RA treatment. We conclude that RA induction of the secretin gene in neuronal cells is regulated by the combined actions of reducing Sp3 and increasing NFI-C expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo Tsz-On Lee
- Department of Zoology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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