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Wang C, Pan YH, Wang Y, Blatt G, Yuan XB. Segregated expressions of autism risk genes Cdh11 and Cdh9 in autism-relevant regions of developing cerebellum. Mol Brain 2019; 12:40. [PMID: 31046797 PMCID: PMC6498582 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-019-0461-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Results of recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and whole genome sequencing (WGS) highlighted type II cadherins as risk genes for autism spectrum disorders (ASD). To determine whether these cadherins may be linked to the morphogenesis of ASD-relevant brain regions, in situ hybridization (ISH) experiments were carried out to examine the mRNA expression profiles of two ASD-associated cadherins, Cdh9 and Cdh11, in the developing cerebellum. During the first postnatal week, both Cdh9 and Cdh11 were expressed at high levels in segregated sub-populations of Purkinje cells in the cerebellum, and the expression of both genes was declined as development proceeded. Developmental expression of Cdh11 was largely confined to dorsal lobules (lobules VI/VII) of the vermis as well as the lateral hemisphere area equivalent to the Crus I and Crus II areas in human brains, areas known to mediate high order cognitive functions in adults. Moreover, in lobules VI/VII of the vermis, Cdh9 and Cdh11 were expressed in a complementary pattern with the Cdh11-expressing areas flanked by Cdh9-expressing areas. Interestingly, the high level of Cdh11 expression in the central domain of lobules VI/VII was correlated with a low level of expression of the Purkinje cell marker calbindin, coinciding with a delayed maturation of Purkinje cells in the same area. These findings suggest that these two ASD-associated cadherins may exert distinct but coordinated functions to regulate the wiring of ASD-relevant circuits in the cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlei Wang
- Hussman Institute for Autism, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Yi-Hsuan Pan
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (Ministry of Education and Shanghai), Institute of Brain Functional Genomics, School of Life Science and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Wang
- Hussman Institute for Autism, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Gene Blatt
- Hussman Institute for Autism, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Xiao-Bing Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (Ministry of Education and Shanghai), Institute of Brain Functional Genomics, School of Life Science and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
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Logan S, Jiang C, Yan Y, Inagaki Y, Arzua T, Bai X. Propofol Alters Long Non-Coding RNA Profiles in the Neonatal Mouse Hippocampus: Implication of Novel Mechanisms in Anesthetic-Induced Developmental Neurotoxicity. Cell Physiol Biochem 2018; 49:2496-2510. [PMID: 30261491 DOI: 10.1159/000493875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Propofol induces acute neurotoxicity (e.g., neuroapoptosis) followed by impairment of long-term memory and learning in animals. However, underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are found to participate in various pathological processes. We hypothesized that lncRNA profile and the associated signaling pathways were altered, and these changes might be related to the neurotoxicity observed in the neonatal mouse hippocampus following propofol exposure. METHODS In this laboratory experiment, 7-day-old mice were exposed to a subanesthetic dose of propofol for 3 hours, with 4 animals per group. Hippocampal tissues were harvested 3 hours after propofol administration. Neuroapoptosis was analyzed based on caspase 3 activity using a colorimetric assay. A microarray was performed to investigate the profiles of 35,923 lncRNAs and 24,881 messenger RNAs (mRNAs). Representative differentially expressed lncRNAs and mRNAs were validated using reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction. All mRNAs dysregulated by propofol and the 50 top-ranked, significantly dysregulated lncRNAs were subject to bioinformatics analysis for exploring the potential mechanisms and signaling network of propofol-induced neurotoxicity. RESULTS Propofol induced neuroapoptosis in the hippocampus, with differential expression of 159 lncRNAs and 100 mRNAs (fold change ± 2.0, P< 0.05). Bioinformatics analysis demonstrated that these lncRNAs and their associated mRNAs might participate in neurodegenerative pathways (e.g., calcium handling, apoptosis, autophagy, and synaptogenesis). CONCLUSION This novel report emphasizes that propofol alters profiles of lncRNAs, mRNAs, and their cooperative signaling network, which provides novel insights into molecular mechanisms of anesthetic-induced developmental neurodegeneration and preventive targets against the neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Logan
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology & Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.,Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Congshan Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xian, China
| | - Yasheng Yan
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology & Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Yasuyoshi Inagaki
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Nayoro City General Hospital, Nayoro, Japan
| | - Thiago Arzua
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology & Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.,Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Xiaowen Bai
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology & Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
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Taneyhill LA, Schiffmacher AT. Should I stay or should I go? Cadherin function and regulation in the neural crest. Genesis 2017; 55. [PMID: 28253541 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Our increasing comprehension of neural crest cell development has reciprocally advanced our understanding of cadherin expression, regulation, and function. As a transient population of multipotent stem cells that significantly contribute to the vertebrate body plan, neural crest cells undergo a variety of transformative processes and exhibit many cellular behaviors, including epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), motility, collective cell migration, and differentiation. Multiple studies have elucidated regulatory and mechanistic details of specific cadherins during neural crest cell development in a highly contextual manner. Collectively, these results reveal that gradual changes within neural crest cells are accompanied by often times subtle, yet important, alterations in cadherin expression and function. The primary focus of this review is to coalesce recent data on cadherins in neural crest cells, from their specification to their emergence as motile cells soon after EMT, and to highlight the complexities of cadherin expression beyond our current perceptions, including the hypothesis that the neural crest EMT is a transition involving a predominantly singular cadherin switch. Further advancements in genetic approaches and molecular techniques will provide greater opportunities to integrate data from various model systems in order to distinguish unique or overlapping functions of cadherins expressed at any point throughout the ontogeny of the neural crest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Taneyhill
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, 20742
| | - Andrew T Schiffmacher
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, 20742
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Taneyhill LA, Schiffmacher AT. Cadherin dynamics during neural crest cell ontogeny. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2013; 116:291-315. [PMID: 23481200 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394311-8.00013-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Cell membrane-associated junctional complexes mediate cell-cell adhesion, intercellular interactions, and other fundamental processes required for proper embryo morphogenesis. Cadherins are calcium-dependent transmembrane proteins at the core of adherens junctions and are expressed in distinct spatiotemporal patterns throughout the development of an important vertebrate cell type, the neural crest. Multipotent neural crest cells arise from the ectoderm as epithelial cells under the influence of inductive cues, undergo an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, migrate throughout the embryonic body, and then differentiate into multiple derivatives at predetermined destinations. Neural crest cells change their expressed cadherin repertoires as they undergo each new morphogenetic transition, providing insight into distinct functions of expressed cadherins that are essential for proper completion of each specific stage. Cadherins modulate neural crest cell morphology, segregation, migration, and tissue formation. This chapter reviews the knowledge base of cadherin regulation, expression, and function during the ontogeny of the neural crest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Taneyhill
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, 1405 Animal Sciences Center, College Park, Maryland, USA
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Naj AC, Scott WK, Courtenay MD, Cade WH, Schwartz SG, Kovach JL, Agarwal A, Wang G, Haines JL, Pericak-Vance MA. Genetic factors in nonsmokers with age-related macular degeneration revealed through genome-wide gene-environment interaction analysis. Ann Hum Genet 2013; 77:215-31. [PMID: 23577725 DOI: 10.1111/ahg.12011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 10/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Relatively little is known about the interaction between genes and environment in the complex etiology of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). This study aimed to identify novel factors associated with AMD by analyzing gene-smoking interactions in a genome-wide association study of 1207 AMD cases and 686 controls of Caucasian background with genotype data on 668,238 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) after quality control. Participants' history of smoking at least 100 cigarettes lifetime was determined by a self-administered questionnaire. SNP associations modeled the effect of the minor allele additively on AMD using logistic regression, with adjustment for age, sex, and ever/never smoking. Joint effects of SNPs and smoking were examined comparing a null model containing only age, sex, and smoking against an extended model including genotypic and interaction terms. Genome-wide significant main effects were detected at three known AMD loci: CFH (P = 7.51×10(-30) ), ARMS2 (P = 1.94×10(-23) ), and RDBP/CFB/C2 (P = 4.37×10(-10) ), while joint effects analysis revealed three genomic regions with P < 10(-5) . Analyses stratified by smoking found genetic associations largely restricted to nonsmokers, with one notable exception: the chromosome 18q22.1 intergenic SNP rs17073641 (between SERPINB8 and CDH7), more strongly associated in nonsmokers (OR = 0.57, P = 2.73 × 10(-5) ), with an inverse association among smokers (OR = 1.42, P = 0.00228), suggesting that smoking modifies the effect of some genetic polymorphisms on AMD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam C Naj
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Liu Q, Dalman M, Chen Y, Akhter M, Brahmandam S, Patel Y, Lowe J, Thakkar M, Gregory AV, Phelps D, Riley C, Londraville RL. Knockdown of leptin A expression dramatically alters zebrafish development. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2012; 178:562-72. [PMID: 22841760 PMCID: PMC3428433 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2012.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Revised: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Using morpholino antisense oligonucleotide (MO) technology, we blocked leptin A or leptin receptor expression in embryonic zebrafish, and analyzed consequences of leptin A knock-down on fish development. Embryos injected with leptin A or leptin receptor MOs (leptin A or leptin receptor morphants) had smaller bodies and eyes, undeveloped inner ear, enlarged pericardial cavity, curved body and/or tail and larger yolk compared to control embryos of the same stages. The defects persisted in 6-9 days old larvae. We found that blocking leptin A function had little effect on the development of early brain (1 day old), but differentiation of both the morphant dorsal brain and retinal cells was severely disrupted in older (2 days old) embryos. Despite the enlarged pericardial cavity, differentiation of cardiac cells appeared to be similar to control embryos. Formation of the morphants' inner ear is also severely disrupted, which corroborates existing reports of leptin receptor expression in inner ear of both zebrafish and mammals. Co-injection of leptin A MO and recombinant leptin results in partial rescue of the wild-type phenotype. Our results suggest that leptin A plays distinct roles in zebrafish development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Liu
- Department of Biology and Program in Integrated Bioscience, University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325
| | - Mark Dalman
- Department of Biology and Program in Integrated Bioscience, University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325
| | - Yun Chen
- Department of Biology and Program in Integrated Bioscience, University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325
| | - Mashal Akhter
- Department of Biology and Program in Integrated Bioscience, University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325
| | - Sravya Brahmandam
- Department of Biology and Program in Integrated Bioscience, University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325
| | - Yesha Patel
- Department of Biology and Program in Integrated Bioscience, University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325
| | - Josef Lowe
- Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272
| | | | - Akil-Vuai Gregory
- Department of Biology and Program in Integrated Bioscience, University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325
| | - Daryllanae Phelps
- Department of Biology and Program in Integrated Bioscience, University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325
| | - Caitlin Riley
- Department of Biology and Program in Integrated Bioscience, University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325
| | - Richard L. Londraville
- Department of Biology and Program in Integrated Bioscience, University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: Phone: 330-972-7151; Fax: 330-972-8445;
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Duband JL. Diversity in the molecular and cellular strategies of epithelium-to-mesenchyme transitions: Insights from the neural crest. Cell Adh Migr 2010; 4:458-82. [PMID: 20559020 DOI: 10.4161/cam.4.3.12501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Although epithelial to mesenchymal transitions (EMT) are often viewed as a unique event, they are characterized by a great diversity of cellular processes resulting in strikingly different outcomes. They may be complete or partial, massive or progressive, and lead to the complete disruption of the epithelium or leave it intact. Although the molecular and cellular mechanisms of EMT are being elucidated owing chiefly from studies on transformed epithelial cell lines cultured in vitro or from cancer cells, the basis of the diversity of EMT processes remains poorly understood. Clues can be collected from EMT occuring during embryonic development and which affect equally tissues of ectodermal, endodermal or mesodermal origins. Here, based on our current knowledge of the diversity of processes underlying EMT of neural crest cells in the vertebrate embryo, we propose that the time course and extent of EMT do not depend merely on the identity of the EMT transcriptional regulators and their cellular effectors but rather on the combination of molecular players recruited and on the possible coordination of EMT with other cellular processes.
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Gribble SL, Nikolaus OB, Carver MS, Hoshijima K, Dorsky RI. Chromosomal position mediates spinal cord expression of a dbx1a enhancer. Dev Dyn 2010; 238:2929-35. [PMID: 19842185 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dbx homeodomain proteins are important for the production of multiple spinal cord cell types. To examine the regulation of Dbx genes in more detail, we have generated transgenic zebrafish in which fluorescent protein expression is driven by predicted dbx1a enhancers. We identified three areas of sequence conservation upstream of the dbx1a coding sequence and generated fluorescent reporter constructs driven by these predicted enhancer elements and the endogenous dbx1a promoter. In multiple stable insertions of a 3.5-kb enhancer fragment, we observed that there was additional reporter expression in the dorsal spinal cord not normally observed by dbx1a in situ hybridization. In addition, these lines exhibited only transient reporter expression, unlike the endogenous gene. Surprisingly, a single insertion line expressed the reporter in the endogenous pattern, indicating that other local regulatory elements modulate gene expression through the 3.5-kb enhancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanna L Gribble
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132-3401, USA
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Cadherin-19 expression is restricted to myelin-forming cells in the chicken embryo. Neuroscience 2009; 165:168-78. [PMID: 19850111 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2009] [Revised: 10/14/2009] [Accepted: 10/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We cloned chicken cadherin-19 that demonstrates high similarity to human and rat cadherin-19. Chicken cadherin-19 is a type II classic cadherin that is located on the long arm of chicken chromosome 2 and is composed of 13 exons and 12 introns. The expression profile of cadherin-19 was analyzed by semi-quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and in situ hybridization during chicken embryonic development. Its expression starts at E2.5, then gradually increases to reach a peak at E20. In contrast to previous results obtained in rat, chicken cadherin-19 is expressed both in Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes, also at late stages of development. We found no other cell type positive for cadherin-19 in the chicken embryo throughout development, suggesting that cadherin-19 is selectively expressed by myelin-forming cells and might play a role in myelin formation. The sequence of cadherin-19 shares high similarity with that of cadherin-7 and cadherin-20, and the three genes form a cluster on chromosome 2. Their expression patterns, however, are rather distinct although partial overlap is observed. For example, cadherin-19 and cadherin-7 are co-expressed by Schwann cells but not by oligodendrocytes. Moreover, a subset of interneurons express cadherin-7 but not cadherin-19 or cadherin-20. Despite their close genetic relation, the three cadherins have acquired functions in rather different cell types during nervous system development.
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Cadherin-7 function in zebrafish development. Cell Tissue Res 2008; 334:37-45. [PMID: 18665394 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-008-0664-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2008] [Accepted: 06/10/2008] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cadherin cell adhesion molecules play crucial roles in vertebrate development. Most studies have focused on examining the functions of classical type I cadherins (e.g., cadherin-2) in the development of vertebrates. Little information is available concerning the function of classical type II cadherins (e.g., cadherin-7) in vertebrate development. We have previously shown that cadherin-7 mRNA exhibits a dynamic expression pattern in the central nervous system and notochord in embryonic zebrafish. To gain insight into the role of cadherin-7 in the formation of these structures, we analyzed their formation in zebrafish embryos injected with cadherin-7-specific antisense morpholino oligonucleotides (MO). Notochord development was severely disrupted in MO-injected embryos, whereas gross defects in the development of the central nervous system were not detected in MO-injected embryos. Our results thus demonstrate that cadherin-7 plays an important role in the normal development of the zebrafish notochord.
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