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Blackwell AM, Jami-Alahmadi Y, Nasamu AS, Kudo S, Senoo A, Slam C, Tsumoto K, Wohlschlegel JA, Caaveiro JMM, Goldberg DE, Sigala PA. Malaria parasites require a divergent heme oxygenase for apicoplast gene expression and biogenesis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.30.596652. [PMID: 38853871 PMCID: PMC11160694 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.30.596652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Malaria parasites have evolved unusual metabolic adaptations that specialize them for growth within heme-rich human erythrocytes. During blood-stage infection, Plasmodium falciparum parasites internalize and digest abundant host hemoglobin within the digestive vacuole. This massive catabolic process generates copious free heme, most of which is biomineralized into inert hemozoin. Parasites also express a divergent heme oxygenase (HO)-like protein (PfHO) that lacks key active-site residues and has lost canonical HO activity. The cellular role of this unusual protein that underpins its retention by parasites has been unknown. To unravel PfHO function, we first determined a 2.8 Å-resolution X-ray structure that revealed a highly α-helical fold indicative of distant HO homology. Localization studies unveiled PfHO targeting to the apicoplast organelle, where it is imported and undergoes N-terminal processing but retains most of the electropositive transit peptide. We observed that conditional knockdown of PfHO was lethal to parasites, which died from defective apicoplast biogenesis and impaired isoprenoid-precursor synthesis. Complementation and molecular-interaction studies revealed an essential role for the electropositive N-terminus of PfHO, which selectively associates with the apicoplast genome and enzymes involved in nucleic acid metabolism and gene expression. PfHO knockdown resulted in a specific deficiency in levels of apicoplast-encoded RNA but not DNA. These studies reveal an essential function for PfHO in apicoplast maintenance and suggest that Plasmodium repurposed the conserved HO scaffold from its canonical heme-degrading function in the ancestral chloroplast to fulfill a critical adaptive role in organelle gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Armiyaw S. Nasamu
- Departments of Medicine and Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Shota Kudo
- Department of Chemistry & Biotechnology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akinobu Senoo
- Department of Protein Drug Discovery, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Celine Slam
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Kouhei Tsumoto
- Department of Chemistry & Biotechnology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Jose M. M. Caaveiro
- Department of Chemistry & Biotechnology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daniel E. Goldberg
- Departments of Medicine and Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Paul A. Sigala
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT
- Departments of Medicine and Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
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2
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Mamudu CO, Tebamifor ME, Sule MO, Dokunmu TM, Ogunlana OO, Iheagwam FN. Apicoplast-Resident Processes: Exploiting the Chink in the Armour of Plasmodium falciparum Parasites. Adv Pharmacol Pharm Sci 2024; 2024:9940468. [PMID: 38765186 PMCID: PMC11101256 DOI: 10.1155/2024/9940468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The discovery of a relict plastid, also known as an apicoplast (apicomplexan plastid), that houses housekeeping processes and metabolic pathways critical to Plasmodium parasites' survival has prompted increased research on identifying potent inhibitors that can impinge on apicoplast-localised processes. The apicoplast is absent in humans, yet it is proposed to originate from the eukaryote's secondary endosymbiosis of a primary symbiont. This symbiotic relationship provides a favourable microenvironment for metabolic processes such as haem biosynthesis, Fe-S cluster synthesis, isoprenoid biosynthesis, fatty acid synthesis, and housekeeping processes such as DNA replication, transcription, and translation, distinct from analogous mammalian processes. Recent advancements in comprehending the biology of the apicoplast reveal it as a vulnerable organelle for malaria parasites, offering numerous potential targets for effective antimalarial therapies. We provide an overview of the metabolic processes occurring in the apicoplast and discuss the organelle as a viable antimalarial target in light of current advances in drug discovery. We further highlighted the relevance of these metabolic processes to Plasmodium falciparum during the different stages of the lifecycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Collins Ojonugwa Mamudu
- Department of Biochemistry, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria
- Covenant Applied Informatics and Communication Africa Centre of Excellence, Ota, Nigeria
| | - Mercy Eyitomi Tebamifor
- Department of Biochemistry, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria
- Covenant Applied Informatics and Communication Africa Centre of Excellence, Ota, Nigeria
| | - Mary Ohunene Sule
- Confluence University of Science and Technology, Osara, Kogi, Nigeria
| | - Titilope Modupe Dokunmu
- Department of Biochemistry, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria
- Covenant Applied Informatics and Communication Africa Centre of Excellence, Ota, Nigeria
| | - Olubanke Olujoke Ogunlana
- Department of Biochemistry, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria
- Covenant Applied Informatics and Communication Africa Centre of Excellence, Ota, Nigeria
- Covenant University Public Health and Wellbeing Research Cluster, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria
| | - Franklyn Nonso Iheagwam
- Department of Biochemistry, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria
- Covenant University Public Health and Wellbeing Research Cluster, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria
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3
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Kobayashi Y, Komatsuya K, Imamura S, Nozaki T, Watanabe YI, Sato S, Dodd AN, Kita K, Tanaka K. Coordination of apicoplast transcription in a malaria parasite by internal and host cues. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2214765120. [PMID: 37406097 PMCID: PMC10334805 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2214765120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum has a nonphotosynthetic plastid called the apicoplast, which contains its own genome. Regulatory mechanisms for apicoplast gene expression remain poorly understood, despite this organelle being crucial for the parasite life cycle. Here, we identify a nuclear-encoded apicoplast RNA polymerase σ subunit (sigma factor) which, along with the α subunit, appears to mediate apicoplast transcript accumulation. This has a periodicity reminiscent of parasite circadian or developmental control. Expression of the apicoplast subunit gene, apSig, together with apicoplast transcripts, increased in the presence of the blood circadian signaling hormone melatonin. Our data suggest that the host circadian rhythm is integrated with intrinsic parasite cues to coordinate apicoplast genome transcription. This evolutionarily conserved regulatory system might be a future target for malaria treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Kobayashi
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama226-8503, Japan
| | - Keisuke Komatsuya
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo113-0033, Japan
- Laboratory of Biomembrane, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo156-8506, Japan
| | - Sousuke Imamura
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama226-8503, Japan
- Space Environment and Energy Laboratories, Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation, Tokyo180-8585, Japan
| | - Tomoyoshi Nozaki
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo113-0033, Japan
| | - Yoh-ichi Watanabe
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo113-0033, Japan
| | - Shigeharu Sato
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama226-8503, Japan
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah88400, Malaysia
- Borneo Medical and Health Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah88400, Malaysia
- School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki852-8523, Japan
| | - Antony N. Dodd
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, NorwichNR4 7RU, United Kingdom
| | - Kiyoshi Kita
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo113-0033, Japan
- School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki852-8523, Japan
- Department of Host-Defense Biochemistry, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki852-8523, Japan
| | - Kan Tanaka
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama226-8503, Japan
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4
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Manavski N, Vicente A, Chi W, Meurer J. The Chloroplast Epitranscriptome: Factors, Sites, Regulation, and Detection Methods. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12081121. [PMID: 34440296 PMCID: PMC8394491 DOI: 10.3390/genes12081121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Modifications in nucleic acids are present in all three domains of life. More than 170 distinct chemical modifications have been reported in cellular RNAs to date. Collectively termed as epitranscriptome, these RNA modifications are often dynamic and involve distinct regulatory proteins that install, remove, and interpret these marks in a site-specific manner. Covalent nucleotide modifications-such as methylations at diverse positions in the bases, polyuridylation, and pseudouridylation and many others impact various events in the lifecycle of an RNA such as folding, localization, processing, stability, ribosome assembly, and translational processes and are thus crucial regulators of the RNA metabolism. In plants, the nuclear/cytoplasmic epitranscriptome plays important roles in a wide range of biological processes, such as organ development, viral infection, and physiological means. Notably, recent transcriptome-wide analyses have also revealed novel dynamic modifications not only in plant nuclear/cytoplasmic RNAs related to photosynthesis but especially in chloroplast mRNAs, suggesting important and hitherto undefined regulatory steps in plastid functions and gene expression. Here we report on the latest findings of known plastid RNA modifications and highlight their relevance for the post-transcriptional regulation of chloroplast gene expression and their role in controlling plant development, stress reactions, and acclimation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolay Manavski
- Plant Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Großhaderner Street 2-4, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany; (N.M.); (A.V.)
| | - Alexandre Vicente
- Plant Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Großhaderner Street 2-4, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany; (N.M.); (A.V.)
| | - Wei Chi
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China;
| | - Jörg Meurer
- Plant Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Großhaderner Street 2-4, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany; (N.M.); (A.V.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-89-218074556
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5
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Direct Nanopore Sequencing of mRNA Reveals Landscape of Transcript Isoforms in Apicomplexan Parasites. mSystems 2021; 6:6/2/e01081-20. [PMID: 33688018 PMCID: PMC8561664 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.01081-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternative splicing is a widespread phenomenon in metazoans by which single genes are able to produce multiple isoforms of the gene product. However, this has been poorly characterized in apicomplexans, a major phylum of some of the most important global parasites. Efforts have been hampered by atypical transcriptomic features, such as the high AU content of Plasmodium RNA, but also the limitations of short-read sequencing in deciphering complex splicing events. In this study, we utilized the long read direct RNA sequencing platform developed by Oxford Nanopore Technologies to survey the alternative splicing landscape of Toxoplasma gondii and Plasmodium falciparum. We find that while native RNA sequencing has a reduced throughput, it allows us to obtain full-length or nearly full-length transcripts with comparable quantification to Illumina sequencing. By comparing these data with available gene models, we find widespread alternative splicing, particularly intron retention, in these parasites. Most of these transcripts contain premature stop codons, suggesting that in these parasites, alternative splicing represents a pathway to transcriptomic diversity, rather than expanding proteomic diversity. Moreover, alternative splicing rates are comparable between parasites, suggesting a shared splicing machinery, despite notable transcriptomic differences between the parasites. This study highlights a strategy in using long-read sequencing to understand splicing events at the whole-transcript level and has implications in the future interpretation of transcriptome sequencing studies. IMPORTANCE We have used a novel nanopore sequencing technology to directly analyze parasite transcriptomes. The very long reads of this technology reveal the full-length genes of the parasites that cause malaria and toxoplasmosis. Gene transcripts must be processed in a process called splicing before they can be translated to protein. Our analysis reveals that these parasites very frequently only partially process their gene products, in a manner that departs dramatically from their human hosts.
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6
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Mathur V, Kwong WK, Husnik F, Irwin NAT, Kristmundsson Á, Gestal C, Freeman M, Keeling PJ. Phylogenomics Identifies a New Major Subgroup of Apicomplexans, Marosporida class nov., with Extreme Apicoplast Genome Reduction. Genome Biol Evol 2021; 13:evaa244. [PMID: 33566096 PMCID: PMC7875001 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evaa244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The phylum Apicomplexa consists largely of obligate animal parasites that include the causative agents of human diseases such as malaria. Apicomplexans have also emerged as models to study the evolution of nonphotosynthetic plastids, as they contain a relict chloroplast known as the apicoplast. The apicoplast offers important clues into how apicomplexan parasites evolved from free-living ancestors and can provide insights into reductive organelle evolution. Here, we sequenced the transcriptomes and apicoplast genomes of three deep-branching apicomplexans, Margolisiella islandica, Aggregata octopiana, and Merocystis kathae. Phylogenomic analyses show that these taxa, together with Rhytidocystis, form a new lineage of apicomplexans that is sister to the Coccidia and Hematozoa (the lineages including most medically significant taxa). Members of this clade retain plastid genomes and the canonical apicomplexan plastid metabolism. However, the apicoplast genomes of Margolisiella and Rhytidocystis are the most reduced of any apicoplast, are extremely GC-poor, and have even lost genes for the canonical plastidial RNA polymerase. This new lineage of apicomplexans, for which we propose the class Marosporida class nov., occupies a key intermediate position in the apicomplexan phylogeny, and adds a new complexity to the models of stepwise reductive evolution of genome structure and organelle function in these parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varsha Mathur
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Waldan K Kwong
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Filip Husnik
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Nicholas A T Irwin
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Árni Kristmundsson
- Fish Disease Laboratory, Institute for Experimental Pathology, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Camino Gestal
- Institute of Marine Research (IIM-CSIC), Vigo, Spain
| | - Mark Freeman
- Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis, West Indies
| | - Patrick J Keeling
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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7
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Meade MJ, Proulex GCR, Manoylov KM, Cahoon AB. Chloroplast mRNAs are 3' polyuridylylated in the Green Alga Pithophora roettleri (Cladophorales). JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2020; 56:1124-1134. [PMID: 32464681 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.13033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Species within the green algal order Cladophorales have an unconventional plastome structure where individual coding regions or small numbers of genes occur as linear single-stranded DNAs folded into hairpin structures. Another group of photosynthetic organisms with an equivalently reduced chloroplast genome are the peridinin dinoflagellates of the Alveolata eukaryotic lineage whose plastomes are mini-circles carrying one or a few genes required for photosynthesis. One unusual aspect of the Alveolata is the polyuridylylation of mRNA 3' ends among peridinin dinoflagellates and the chromerid algae. This study was conducted to understand if an unconventional highly reduced plastome structure co-occurs with unconventional RNA processing. To address this, the 5' and 3' mRNA termini of the known chloroplast genes of Pithophora roettleri (order Cladophorales) were analyzed for evidence of post-transcriptional processing. Circular Reverse Transcriptase PCR (cRT-PCR) followed by deep sequencing of the amplicons was used to analyze 5' and 3' mRNA termini. Evidence of several processing events were collected, most notably the 3' termini of six of the eight genes were polyuridylylated, which has not been reported for any lineage outside of the Alveolata. Other processing events include poly(A) and heteropolymeric 3' additions, 5' primary transcript start sites, as well as the presence of circularized RNAs. Five other species representing other green algal lineages were also tested and poly(U) additions appear to be limited to the order Cladophorales. These results demonstrate that chloroplast mRNA polyuridylylation is not the sole provenance of photosynthetic alveolates and may have convergently evolved in two distinct photosynthetic lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus J Meade
- Department of Natural Sciences, The University of Virginia's College at Wise, 1 College Ave., Wise, Virginia, 24293, USA
| | - Grayson C R Proulex
- Department of Natural Sciences, The University of Virginia's College at Wise, 1 College Ave., Wise, Virginia, 24293, USA
| | - Kalina M Manoylov
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Georgia College and State University, Milledgeville, Georgia, 31061, USA
| | - A Bruce Cahoon
- Department of Natural Sciences, The University of Virginia's College at Wise, 1 College Ave., Wise, Virginia, 24293, USA
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8
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Hicks JL, Lassadi I, Carpenter EF, Eno M, Vardakis A, Waller RF, Howe CJ, Nisbet RER. An essential pentatricopeptide repeat protein in the apicomplexan remnant chloroplast. Cell Microbiol 2019; 21:e13108. [PMID: 31454137 PMCID: PMC6899631 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The malaria parasite Plasmodium and other apicomplexans such as Toxoplasma evolved from photosynthetic organisms and contain an essential, remnant plastid termed the apicoplast. Transcription of the apicoplast genome is polycistronic with extensive RNA processing. Yet little is known about the mechanism of apicoplast RNA processing. In plants, chloroplast RNA processing is controlled by multiple pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) proteins. Here, we identify the single apicoplast PPR protein, PPR1. We show that the protein is essential and that it binds to RNA motifs corresponding with previously characterized processing sites. Additionally, PPR1 shields RNA transcripts from ribonuclease degradation. This is the first characterization of a PPR protein from a nonphotosynthetic plastid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna L. Hicks
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Present address:
Faculty of ScienceWaikato UniversityHamiltonNew Zealand
| | - Imen Lassadi
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | | | - Madeleine Eno
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | | | - Ross F. Waller
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
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9
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García-Mauriño SM, Díaz-Quintana A, Rivero-Rodríguez F, Cruz-Gallardo I, Grüttner C, Hernández-Vellisca M, Díaz-Moreno I. A putative RNA binding protein from Plasmodium vivax apicoplast. FEBS Open Bio 2017; 8:177-188. [PMID: 29435408 PMCID: PMC5794462 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria is caused by Apicomplexa protozoans from the Plasmodium genus entering the bloodstream of humans and animals through the bite of the female mosquitoes. The annotation of the Plasmodium vivax genome revealed a putative RNA binding protein (apiRBP) that was predicted to be trafficked into the apicoplast, a plastid organelle unique to Apicomplexa protozoans. Although a 3D structural model of the apiRBP corresponds to a noncanonical RNA recognition motif with an additional C‐terminal α‐helix (α3), preliminary protein production trials were nevertheless unsuccessful. Theoretical solvation analysis of the apiRBP model highlighted an exposed hydrophobic region clustering α3. Hence, we used a C‐terminal GFP‐fused chimera to stabilize the highly insoluble apiRBP and determined its ability to bind U‐rich stretches of RNA. The affinity of apiRBP toward such RNAs is highly dependent on ionic strength, suggesting that the apiRBP–RNA complex is driven by electrostatic interactions. Altogether, apiRBP represents an attractive tool for apicoplast transcriptional studies and for antimalarial drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofía M García-Mauriño
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ) Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Isla de la Cartuja (cicCartuja) Universidad de Sevilla Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) Sevilla Spain
| | - Antonio Díaz-Quintana
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ) Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Isla de la Cartuja (cicCartuja) Universidad de Sevilla Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) Sevilla Spain
| | - Francisco Rivero-Rodríguez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ) Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Isla de la Cartuja (cicCartuja) Universidad de Sevilla Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) Sevilla Spain
| | | | - Christian Grüttner
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ) Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Isla de la Cartuja (cicCartuja) Universidad de Sevilla Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) Sevilla Spain
| | - Marian Hernández-Vellisca
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ) Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Isla de la Cartuja (cicCartuja) Universidad de Sevilla Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) Sevilla Spain
| | - Irene Díaz-Moreno
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ) Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Isla de la Cartuja (cicCartuja) Universidad de Sevilla Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) Sevilla Spain
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10
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Exploiting the apicoplast: apicoplast-targeting drugs and malaria vaccine development. Microbes Infect 2017; 20:477-483. [PMID: 29287981 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2017.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The apicoplast, a relic plastid found in most Apicomplexan parasites, is a notable drug target. Certain antibiotics elicit a delayed death phenotype by targeting this organelle. Here, we review apicoplast-targeting drugs and their targets, particularly those that cause delayed death, and highlight its potential uses in malaria vaccine development.
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11
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Rai P, Sharma D, Soni R, Khatoon N, Sharma B, Bhatt TK. Plasmodium falciparum apicoplast and its transcriptional regulation through calcium signaling. J Microbiol 2017; 55:231-236. [DOI: 10.1007/s12275-017-6525-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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