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Mersha FB, McClung CM, Chen M, Ruse CI, Foster JM. Defining the filarial N-glycoproteome by glycosite mapping in the human parasitic nematode Brugia malayi. Sci Rep 2023; 13:7951. [PMID: 37193733 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34936-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023] Open
Abstract
N-linked glycosylation is a critical post translational modification of eukaryotic proteins. N-linked glycans are present on surface and secreted filarial proteins that play a role in host parasite interactions. Examples of glycosylated Brugia malayi proteins have been previously identified but there has not been a systematic study of the N-linked glycoproteome of this or any other filarial parasite. In this study, we applied an enhanced N-glyco FASP protocol using an engineered carbohydrate-binding protein, Fbs1, to enrich N-glycosylated peptides for analysis by LC-MS/MS. We then mapped the N-glycosites on proteins from three host stages of the parasite: adult female, adult male and microfilariae. Fbs1 enrichment of N-glycosylated peptides enhanced the identification of N-glycosites. Our data identified 582 N-linked glycoproteins with 1273 N-glycosites. Gene ontology and cell localization prediction of the identified N-glycoproteins indicated that they were mostly membrane and extracellular proteins. Comparing results from adult female worms, adult male worms, and microfilariae, we find variability in N-glycosylation at the protein level as well as at the individual N-glycosite level. These variations are highlighted in cuticle N-glycoproteins and adult worm restricted N-glycoproteins as examples of proteins at the host parasite interface that are well positioned as potential therapeutic targets or biomarkers.
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Petralia LMC, van Diepen A, Nguyen DL, Lokker LA, Sartono E, Bennuru S, Nutman TB, Pfarr K, Hoerauf A, Wanji S, Foster JM, Hokke CH. Unraveling cross-reactivity of anti-glycan IgG responses in filarial nematode infections. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1102344. [PMID: 36949937 PMCID: PMC10026598 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1102344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Parasitic nematodes responsible for filarial diseases cause chronic disablement in humans worldwide. Elimination programs have substantially reduced the rate of infection in certain areas, but limitations of current diagnostics for population surveillance have been pointed out and improved assays are needed to reach the elimination targets. While serological tests detecting antibodies to parasite antigens are convenient tools, those currently available are compromised by the occurrence of antibodies cross-reactive between nematodes, as well as by the presence of residual antibodies in sera years after treatment and clearance of the infection. We recently characterized the N-linked and glycosphingolipid derived glycans of the parasitic nematode Brugia malayi and revealed the presence of various antigenic structures that triggered immunoglobulin G (IgG) responses in infected individuals. To address the specificity of IgG binding to these glycan antigens, we screened microarrays containing Brugia malayi glycans with plasma from uninfected individuals and from individuals infected with Loa loa, Onchocerca volvulus, Mansonella perstans and Wuchereria bancrofti, four closely related filarial nematodes. IgG to a restricted subset of cross-reactive glycans was observed in infection plasmas from all four species. In plasma from Onchocerca volvulus and Mansonella perstans infected individuals, IgG binding to many more glycans was additionally detected, resulting in total IgG responses similar to the ones of Brugia malayi infected individuals. For these infection groups, Brugia malayi, Onchocerca volvulus and Mansonella perstans, we further studied the different IgG subclasses to Brugia malayi glycans. In all three infections, IgG1 and IgG2 appeared to be the major subclasses involved in response to glycan antigens. Interestingly, in Brugia malayi infected individuals, we observed a marked reduction in particular in IgG2 to parasite glycans post-treatment with anthelminthic, suggesting a promising potential for diagnostic applications. Thus, we compared the IgG response to a broad repertoire of Brugia malayi glycans in individuals infected with various filarial nematodes. We identified broadly cross-reactive and more specific glycan targets, extending the currently scarce knowledge of filarial nematode glycosylation and host anti-glycan antibody response. We believe that our initial findings could be further exploited to develop disease-specific diagnostics as part of an integrated approach for filarial disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laudine M. C. Petralia
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University – Center of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- Division of Protein Expression & Modification, New England Biolabs, Ipswich, MA, United States
| | - Angela van Diepen
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University – Center of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Dieu-Linh Nguyen
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University – Center of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Lena A. Lokker
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University – Center of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Erliyani Sartono
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University – Center of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Sasisekhar Bennuru
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Thomas B. Nutman
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Kenneth Pfarr
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany
| | - Achim Hoerauf
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany
| | - Samuel Wanji
- Epidemiology and Control of Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Jeremy M. Foster
- Division of Protein Expression & Modification, New England Biolabs, Ipswich, MA, United States
| | - Cornelis H. Hokke
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University – Center of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
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Mnkai J, Ritter M, Maganga L, Maboko L, Olomi W, Clowes P, Minich J, Lelo AE, Kariuki D, Debrah AY, Geldmacher C, Hoelscher M, Saathoff E, Chachage M, Pfarr K, Hoerauf A, Kroidl I. Increased HIV Incidence in Wuchereria bancrofti Microfilaria Positive Individuals in Tanzania. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12030387. [PMID: 36986309 PMCID: PMC10054595 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12030387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Infections with Wuchereria bancrofti are associated with reduced immunity against concomitant infections. Indeed, our previous study described a 2.3-fold increased HIV incidence among individuals with W. bancrofti infection, as measured by the circulating filarial antigen of the adult worm. This new study aimed to retrospectively determine microfilariae status of the participants to assess if the previously described increased HIV susceptibility was associated with the presence of MF in the same cohort. Methods: CFA positive but HIV negative biobanked human blood samples (n = 350) were analyzed for W. bancrofti MF chitinase using real time PCR. Results: The PCR provided a positive signal in 12/350 (3.4%) samples. During four years of follow-up (1109 person years (PY)), 22 study participants acquired an HIV infection. In 39 PY of W. bancrofti MF chitinase positive individuals, three new HIV infections occurred (7.8 cases per 100 PY), in contrast to 19 seroconversions in 1070 PY of W. bancrofti MF chitinase negative individuals (1.8 cases per 100 PY, p = 0.014). Conclusions: In the subgroup of MF-producing Wb-infected individuals, the HIV incidence exceeded the previously described moderate increased risk for HIV seen in all Wb-infected individuals (regardless of MF status) compared with uninfected persons from the same area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Mnkai
- National Institute of Medical Research (NIMR), Mbeya Medical Research Center (MMRC), Mbeya P.O. Box 2410, Tanzania
| | - Manuel Ritter
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn (UKB), 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Lucas Maganga
- National Institute of Medical Research (NIMR), Mbeya Medical Research Center (MMRC), Mbeya P.O. Box 2410, Tanzania
| | - Leonard Maboko
- National Institute of Medical Research (NIMR), Mbeya Medical Research Center (MMRC), Mbeya P.O. Box 2410, Tanzania
- Tanzania Commission for AIDS, Dodoma P.O. Box 2904, Tanzania
| | - Willyhelmina Olomi
- National Institute of Medical Research (NIMR), Mbeya Medical Research Center (MMRC), Mbeya P.O. Box 2410, Tanzania
| | - Petra Clowes
- National Institute of Medical Research (NIMR), Mbeya Medical Research Center (MMRC), Mbeya P.O. Box 2410, Tanzania
| | - Jessica Minich
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn (UKB), 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Agola Eric Lelo
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), KNH, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Daniel Kariuki
- College of Health Sciences, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT), Juja, Kenya
| | - Alexander Yaw Debrah
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research (KCCR), Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, UPO, PMB, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Christof Geldmacher
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital of the University of Munich (LMU), 80802 Munich, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Hoelscher
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital of the University of Munich (LMU), 80802 Munich, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany
| | - Elmar Saathoff
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital of the University of Munich (LMU), 80802 Munich, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany
| | - Mkunde Chachage
- National Institute of Medical Research (NIMR), Mbeya Medical Research Center (MMRC), Mbeya P.O. Box 2410, Tanzania
- Mbeya College of Health and Allied Sciences (UDSM-MCHAS), University of Dar es Salaam, Mbeya 608, Tanzania
| | - Kenneth Pfarr
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn (UKB), 53127 Bonn, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Achim Hoerauf
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn (UKB), 53127 Bonn, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, 53127 Bonn, Germany
- German-West African Centre for Global Health and Pandemic Prevention (G-WAC), Partner Site Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Inge Kroidl
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital of the University of Munich (LMU), 80802 Munich, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany
- Correspondence:
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Petralia LM, van Diepen A, Lokker LA, Nguyen DL, Sartono E, Khatri V, Kalyanasundaram R, Taron CH, Foster JM, Hokke CH. Mass spectrometric and glycan microarray-based characterization of the filarial nematode Brugia malayi glycome reveals anionic and zwitterionic glycan antigens. Mol Cell Proteomics 2022; 21:100201. [PMID: 35065273 PMCID: PMC9046957 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpro.2022.100201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Millions of people worldwide are infected with filarial nematodes, responsible for lymphatic filariasis (LF) and other diseases causing chronic disablement. Elimination programs have resulted in a substantial reduction of the rate of infection in certain areas creating a need for improved diagnostic tools to establish robust population surveillance and avoid LF resurgence. Glycans from parasitic helminths are emerging as potential antigens for use in diagnostic assays. However, despite its crucial role in host–parasite interactions, filarial glycosylation is still largely, structurally, and functionally uncharacterized. Therefore, we investigated the glycan repertoire of the filarial nematode Brugia malayi. Glycosphingolipid and N-linked glycans were extracted from several life-stages using enzymatic release and characterized using a combination of MALDI-TOF-MS and glycan sequencing techniques. Next, glycans were purified by HPLC and printed onto microarrays to assess the host anti-glycan antibody response. Comprehensive glycomic analysis of B. malayi revealed the presence of several putative antigenic motifs such as phosphorylcholine and terminal glucuronic acid. Glycan microarray screening showed a recognition of most B. malayi glycans by immunoglobulins from rhesus macaques at different time points after infection, which permitted the characterization of the dynamics of anti-glycan immunoglobulin G and M during the establishment of brugian filariasis. A significant level of IgG binding to the parasite glycans was also detected in infected human plasma, while IgG binding to glycans decreased after anthelmintic treatment. Altogether, our work identifies B. malayi glycan antigens and reveals antibody responses from the host that could be exploited as potential markers for LF. Antigenic B. malayi N-linked and GSL glycans were structurally defined. IgG/IgM is induced to a subset of B. malayi glycans upon infection of rhesus macaques. Preferential IgG response to B. malayi glycans observed in chronically infected humans. Marked drop of anti-glycan IgG following treatment of individuals with anthelminthic.
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Hertz MI, Hamlin I, Rush A, Budge PJ. Brugia malayi Glycoproteins Detected by the Filariasis Test Strip Antibody AD12.1. FRONTIERS IN TROPICAL DISEASES 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fitd.2021.729294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundRapid and accurate prevalence mapping of lymphatic filariasis (LF) is necessary to eliminate this disfiguring and disabling neglected tropical disease. Unfortunately, rapid tests such as the filariasis test strip (FTS) for Wuchereria bancrofti, the causative agent of LF in Africa, can cross-react with antigens circulating in some persons infected by the African eye worm, Loa loa, rendering the test unreliable in eleven co-endemic nations. The intended target of the FTS is a heavily glycosylated W. bancrofti circulating filarial antigen (Wb-CFA). Previously, we determined that the FTS monoclonal antibody, AD12.1, which detects a carbohydrate epitope on Wb-CFA, also detects multiple L. loa proteins in cross-reactive sera from persons with loiasis. Since the carbohydrate epitope recognized by AD12.1 is present on glycoproteins of other parasitic nematodes, including Brugia species, it is unclear why reactive glycoproteins are not detected in infections with other filarial parasites.MethodsTo gain a better understanding of the proteins recognized by the FTS diagnostic antibody, we used proteomics and lectin array technology to characterize filarial glycoproteins that are bound by the AD12.1 antibody using Brugia malayi as a model.ResultsDistinct but overlapping sets of AD12 glycoproteins were identified from somatic and excretory/secretory worm products. One of the identified proteins, Bm18019 was confirmed as a secreted AD12-reactive glycoprotein by in-gel proteomics and immunoassays. Based on lectin binding patterns, Brugia AD12-reactive glycoproteins express glycans including core fucose, galactose, N-acetylglucosamine and galactose(β1-3)N-acetylgalactosamine in addition to the epitope recognized by AD12.1. None of the lectins that bound B. malayi AD12 glycoproteins had affinity for the Wb-CFA, highlighting a key difference between it and other AD12 glycoproteins.ConclusionsB. malayi somatic and excretory/secretory proteins are similar to L. loa antigens found in FTS-positive human sera, bolstering the hypothesis that circulating L. loa AD12 antigens result from worm tissue damage or death. The difference in glycan and protein composition between the Wb-CFA and other AD12 glycoproteins can be used to differentiate LF from cross-reactive loiasis.
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Sheel M, Lau CL, Sheridan S, Fuimaono S, Graves PM. Comparison of Immunochromatographic Test (ICT) and Filariasis Test Strip (FTS) for Detecting Lymphatic Filariasis Antigen in American Samoa, 2016. Trop Med Infect Dis 2021; 6:tropicalmed6030132. [PMID: 34287387 PMCID: PMC8293346 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed6030132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating filarial antigen (Ag) prevalence, measured using rapid point-of-care tests, is the standard indicator used for monitoring and surveillance in the Global Program to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis. In 2015, the immunochromatographic test (ICT) was replaced with the filariasis test strip (FTS), which has higher reported sensitivity. Despite differences in sensitivity, no changes in recommended surveillance targets were made when the FTS was introduced. In 2016, we conducted lymphatic filariasis surveys in American Samoa using FTS, which found higher Ag prevalence than previous surveys that used ICT. To determine whether the increase was real, we assessed the concordance between FTS and ICT results by paired testing of heparinised blood from 179 individuals (63% FTS-positive). ICT had 93.8% sensitivity and 100% specificity for identifying FTS-positive persons, and sensitivity was not associated with age, gender, or presence of microfilariae. Based on these findings, if ICT had been used in the 2016 surveys, the results and interpretation would have been similar to those reported using FTS. American Samoa would have failed Transmission Assessment Survey (TAS) of Grade 1 and 2 children with either test, and community prevalence would not have been significantly different (4.1%, 95% CI, 3.3-4.9% with FTS vs. predicted 3.8%, 95%, CI: 3.1-4.6% with ICT).
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Affiliation(s)
- Meru Sheel
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Health, Research School of Population Health, ANU College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University, Acton 2601, Australia
- Correspondence:
| | - Colleen L. Lau
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4006, Australia;
- Research School of Population Health, ANU College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University, Acton 2601, Australia
| | - Sarah Sheridan
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, Westmead 2145, Australia;
| | | | - Patricia M. Graves
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns 4870, Australia;
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