1
|
Mei J, Cai Y, Wang H, Xu R, Zhou J, Lu J, Yang X, Pan J, Liu C, Xu J, Zhu Y. Formin protein DIAPH1 positively regulates PD-L1 expression and predicts the therapeutic response to anti-PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy. Clin Immunol 2023; 246:109204. [PMID: 36503156 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2022.109204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Formins are evolutionarily conserved genes and profoundly affect cancer progression. This study aims to explore the expressions, prognostic values, and immunological correlations of Formins in cancer. Specific Formins were dysregulated and immuno-biologically correlated in breast cancer (BRCA). Formins showed different expression patterns, namely some were enriched in immune cells while some were enriched in tumor cells. Among all Formins, DIAPH1 was enriched in tumor cells and associated with an inflamed tumor microenvironment (TME). DIAPH1 functioned as an oncogene in BRCA and mediated TGF-β1-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transformation (EMT) and PD-L1 expression. Moreover, DIAPH1 was overexpressed in most cancers and functioned as a novel pan-cancer immuno-marker, which could predict the response to anti-PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy. Overall, DIAPH1 functions as an oncogene and is immunologically correlated, which could be utilized as an alternative biomarker for predicting the immunotherapeutic response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Mei
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi 214023, Jiangsu, China; Wuxi College of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi 214023, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Yun Cai
- Wuxi College of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi 214023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huiyu Wang
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi 214023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Rui Xu
- The First College of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiaofeng Zhou
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiahui Lu
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi 214023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xuejing Yang
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi 214023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiadong Pan
- Wuxi College of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi 214023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chaoying Liu
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi 214023, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Junying Xu
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi 214023, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Yichao Zhu
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Multiple roles of the actin and microtubule-regulating formins in the developing brain. Neurosci Res 2019; 138:59-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2018.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
3
|
Silkworth WT, Kunes KL, Nickel GC, Phillips ML, Quinlan ME, Vizcarra CL. The neuron-specific formin Delphilin nucleates nonmuscle actin but does not enhance elongation. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 29:610-621. [PMID: 29282276 PMCID: PMC6004577 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e17-06-0363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The formin Delphilin binds the glutamate receptor, GluRδ2, in dendritic spines of Purkinje cells. Both proteins play a role in learning. To understand how Delphilin functions in neurons, we studied the actin assembly properties of this formin. Formins have a conserved formin homology 2 domain, which nucleates and associates with the fast-growing end of actin filaments, influencing filament growth together with the formin homology 1 (FH1) domain. The strength of nucleation and elongation varies widely across formins. Additionally, most formins have conserved domains that regulate actin assembly through an intramolecular interaction. Delphilin is distinct from other formins in several ways: its expression is limited to Purkinje cells, it lacks classical autoinhibitory domains, and its FH1 domain has minimal proline-rich sequence. We found that Delphilin is an actin nucleator that does not accelerate elongation, although it binds to the barbed end of filaments. In addition, Delphilin exhibits a preference for actin isoforms, nucleating nonmuscle actin but not muscle actin, which has not been described or systematically studied in other formins. Finally, Delphilin is the first formin studied that is not regulated by intramolecular interactions. We speculate how the activity we observe is consistent with its localization in the small dendritic spines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William T Silkworth
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Kristina L Kunes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Grace C Nickel
- Department of Chemistry, Barnard College, New York, NY 10027
| | - Martin L Phillips
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Margot E Quinlan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 .,Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Non diaphanous formin delphilin acts as a barbed end capping protein. Exp Cell Res 2017; 357:163-169. [PMID: 28527698 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Formins are multi domain proteins present ubiquitously in all eukaryotes from lower fungi to higher vertebrates. Formins are characterized by the presence of formin homology domain-2 (FH2) and formin homology domain-1 (FH1). There are fifteen different formins present in mouse and human. Among these metazoan formins, Delphilin is a unique formin having two PDZ domains at the N-terminus and FH1, FH2 domain at the C-terminus respectively. In this study we observed that Delphilin binds to actin filaments, and Delphilin inhibits actin filament elongation like barbed end capping protein CapZ. In vitro, Delphilin stabilized actin filaments by inhibiting actin filament depolymerisation. Therefore, our study demonstrates Delphilin as an actin-filament capping protein.
Collapse
|
5
|
Chesarone MA, DuPage AG, Goode BL. Unleashing formins to remodel the actin and microtubule cytoskeletons. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2009; 11:62-74. [PMID: 19997130 DOI: 10.1038/nrm2816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 394] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Formins are highly conserved proteins that have essential roles in remodelling the actin and microtubule cytoskeletons to influence eukaryotic cell shape and behaviour. Recent work has identified numerous cellular factors that locally recruit, activate or inactivate formins to bridle and unleash their potent effects on actin nucleation and elongation. The effects of formins on microtubules have also begun to be described, which places formins in a prime position to coordinate actin and microtubule dynamics. The emerging complexity in the mechanisms governing formins mirrors the wide range of essential functions that they perform in cell motility, cell division and cell and tissue morphogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Chesarone
- Rosenstiel Basic Medical Science Research Center, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
An orphan ionotropic glutamate receptor: The δ2 subunit. Neuroscience 2009; 158:67-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.02.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2007] [Revised: 02/13/2008] [Accepted: 02/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
7
|
Watanabe-Kaneko K, Sonoda T, Miyagi Y, Yamashita T, Okuda K, Kawamoto S. The synaptic scaffolding protein Delphilin interacts with monocarboxylate transporter 2. Neuroreport 2007; 18:489-93. [PMID: 17496809 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0b013e3280586821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Delphilin, which interacts with a glutamate receptor (GluR) delta2-subunit, is a postsynaptic density scaffolding protein at the cerebellar parallel fiber-Purkinje cell synapses. Delphilin specifically interacts with the GluRdelta2 C-terminus via its postsynaptic density-95/discs-large/ZO-1 (PDZ) domain. As a number of PDZ-containing scaffolding proteins bind to several membrane proteins, we expected that Delphilin might also have other binding partners besides GluRdelta2. To search for the link between Delphilin and other binding proteins, we carried out screening among candidate membrane proteins localized in Purkinje cells by surface plasmon resonance analyses. As a result, we found that the C-terminus of the monocarboxylate transporter 2 binds specifically and significantly with Delphilin PDZ and there is a probable existence of GluRdelta2-Delphilin-monocarboxylate transporter 2 complex in synaptic membranes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Watanabe-Kaneko
- Department of Molecular Biodefense Research, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Sonoda T, Mochizuki C, Yamashita T, Watanabe-Kaneko K, Miyagi Y, Shigeri Y, Yazama F, Okuda K, Kawamoto S. Binding of glutamate receptor delta2 to its scaffold protein, Delphilin, is regulated by PKA. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 350:748-52. [PMID: 17027646 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.09.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2006] [Accepted: 09/22/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The glutamate receptor delta2 (GluRdelta2) is selectively expressed in cerebellar Purkinje cells and plays an important role in motor learning, motor coordination, and long-term depression. Delphilin is identified as a GluRdelta2-interacting protein, selectively expressed in Purkinje cell-parallel fiber synapses, and specifically interacts with the GluRdelta2 C-terminus via its PDZ domain. Here, surface plasmon resonance analyses showed that Delphilin PDZ bound to GluRdelta2 C-terminal peptide (DPDRGTSI), but not to its phosphopeptides (DPDRGphosphoTSI and DPDRGTphosphoSI). We showed the incorporation of phosphate into threonine at -2 (-2T) and serine at -1 (-1S) of GluRdelta2 C-terminus by cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) in vitro. In the experiments using heterologous expression system, Delphilin coimmunoprecipitated with GluRdelta2 was dramatically decreased under the condition with forskolin and isobutylmethylxanthine, which led to cAMP-dependent phosphorylation by PKA. Thus, phosphorylation of -2T and/or -1S of GluRdelta2 C-terminus by PKA may regulate the binding of GluRdelta2 to its scaffolding protein, Delphilin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Sonoda
- Department of Molecular Biodefence Research, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Matsuda K, Matsuda S, Gladding CM, Yuzaki M. Characterization of the delta2 glutamate receptor-binding protein delphilin: Splicing variants with differential palmitoylation and an additional PDZ domain. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:25577-87. [PMID: 16835239 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m602044200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The glutamate receptor delta2 (GluRdelta2) is predominantly expressed at parallel fiber-Purkinje cell postsynapses and plays crucial roles in synaptogenesis and synaptic plasticity. Although the mechanism by which GluRdelta2 functions remains unclear, its lack of channel activity and its role in controlling the endocytosis of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionate (AMPA) receptors have suggested that GluRdelta2 may convey signals by interacting with intracellular signaling molecules. Among several proteins that interact with GluRdelta2, delphilin is unique in that it is selectively expressed at parallel fiber-Purkinje cell synapses and that, in addition to a single PDZ domain, it contains a formin homology domain that is thought to regulate actin dynamics. Here, we report a new isoform of delphilin, designated as L-delphilin, that has alternatively spliced N-terminal exons encoding an additional PDZ domain. Although original delphilin, designated S-delphilin, was palmitoylated at the N terminus, this region was spliced out in L-delphilin. As a result, S-delphilin was associated with plasma membranes in COS cells and dendritic spines in hippocampal neurons, whereas L-delphilin formed clusters in soma and dendritic shafts. In addition, S-delphilin, but not L-delphilin, facilitated the expression of GluRdelta2 on the cell surface. These results indicate that, like PSD-95 and GRIP/ABP, delphilin isoforms with differential palmitoylation and clustering capabilities may provide two separate intracellular and surface GluRdelta2 pools and may control GluRdelta2 signaling in Purkinje cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Matsuda
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|