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Mehara J, Anania M, Kočovský P, Roithová J. Competing Mechanisms in Palladium-Catalyzed Alkoxycarbonylation of Styrene. ACS Catal 2024; 14:5710-5719. [PMID: 38660606 PMCID: PMC11036401 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.4c00966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Palladium-catalyzed carbonylation is a versatile method for the synthesis of various aldehydes, esters, lactones, or lactams. Alkoxycarbonylation of alkenes with carbon monoxide and alcohol produces either saturated or unsaturated esters as a result of two distinct catalytic cycles. The existing literature presents an inconsistent account of the procedures favoring oxidative carbonylation products. In this study, we have monitored the intermediates featured in both catalytic cycles of the methoxycarbonylation of styrene PhCH=CH2 as a model substrate, including all short-lived intermediates, using mass spectrometry. Comparing the reaction kinetics of the intermediates in both cycles in the same reaction mixture shows that the reaction proceeding via alkoxy intermediate [PdII]-OR, which gives rise to the unsaturated product PhCH=CHCO2Me, is faster. However, with an advancing reaction time, the gradually changing reaction conditions begin to favor the catalytic cycle dominated by palladium hydride [PdII]-H and alkyl intermediates, affording the saturated products PhCH2CH2CO2Me and PhCH(CO2Me)CH3 preferentially. The role of the oxidant proved to be crucial: using p-benzoquinone results in a gradual decrease of the pH during the reaction, swaying the system from oxidative conditions toward the palladium hydride cycle. By contrast, copper(II) acetate as an oxidant guards the pH within the 5-7 range and facilitates the formation of the alkoxy palladium complex [PdII]-OR, which favors the oxidative reaction producing PhCH=CHCO2Me with high selectivity. Hence, it is the oxidant, rather than the catalyst, that controls the reaction outcome by a mechanistic switch. Unraveling these principles broadens the scope for developing alkoxycarbonylation reactions and their application in organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaya Mehara
- Department
of Spectroscopy and Catalysis, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, Nijmegen 6525 AJ, The Netherlands
| | - Mariarosa Anania
- Department
of Spectroscopy and Catalysis, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, Nijmegen 6525 AJ, The Netherlands
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030/8, Prague 2 12843, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Kočovský
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030/8, Prague 2 12843, Czech Republic
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech
Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, Prague 6 16610, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Roithová
- Department
of Spectroscopy and Catalysis, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, Nijmegen 6525 AJ, The Netherlands
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2
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Olivieri D, Tarroni R, Della Ca' N, Mancuso R, Gabriele B, Spadoni G, Carfagna C. Combined Effect of Palladium Catalyst and the Alcohol to Promote the Uncommon Bis‐Alkoxycarbonylation of Allylic Substrates. ChemCatChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202101923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Diego Olivieri
- Department of Industrial Chemistry “T. Montanari” University of Bologna Viale Risorgimento 4 40136 Bologna (BO) Italy
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences University of Urbino “Carlo Bo” Piazza Rinascimento 6 61029 Urbino (PU) Italy
| | - Riccardo Tarroni
- Department of Industrial Chemistry “T. Montanari” University of Bologna Viale Risorgimento 4 40136 Bologna (BO) Italy
| | - Nicola Della Ca'
- Department of Chemistry Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability (SCVSA) University of Parma Parco Area delle Scienze 17 A 43124 Parma (PR) Italy
| | - Raffaella Mancuso
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies Laboratory of Industrial and Synthetic Organic Chemistry (LISOC) University of Calabria Via P. Bucci 12/C 87036 Arcavacata di Rende (CS) Italy
| | - Bartolo Gabriele
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies Laboratory of Industrial and Synthetic Organic Chemistry (LISOC) University of Calabria Via P. Bucci 12/C 87036 Arcavacata di Rende (CS) Italy
| | - Gilberto Spadoni
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences University of Urbino “Carlo Bo” Piazza Rinascimento 6 61029 Urbino (PU) Italy
| | - Carla Carfagna
- Department of Industrial Chemistry “T. Montanari” University of Bologna Viale Risorgimento 4 40136 Bologna (BO) Italy
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3
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Ferrocenylmethylphosphanes and the Alpha Process for Methoxycarbonylation: The Original Story. INORGANICS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/inorganics9070057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The Lucite Alpha process is the predominant technology for the preparation of acrylics. This two-stage process involves the palladium-catalysed formation of methyl propanoate from ethene, CO, and methanol, followed by the oxidative formylation of methyl propanoate into methyl methacrylate. A range of bis-1,2-disubstituted aminomethylferrocenes has been prepared and characterised. These complexes serve as precursors to a variety of bulky ferrocenylmethyldiphosphanes that, in turn, function as ligands in the palladium-catalysed process. We describe the crystal structures of five ligand precursors and provide a rationale for their design. In situ catalyst testing on palladium complexes derived from ferrocenylphosphanes demonstrates that these are highly selective (>99.5%) catalysts for the formation of methyl propanoate from ethene, CO, and methanol and have turnover numbers exceeding 50,000. This article credits those researchers who worked on this project in the early days, who received little or no credit for their achievements and endeavours.
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Beletskaya IP, Nájera C, Yus M. Catalysis and regioselectivity in hydrofunctionalization reactions of unsaturated carbon bonds. Part I. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2020. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr4916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Akiri SO, Ojwach SO. Methoxycarbonylation of olefins catalysed by homogeneous palladium(II) complexes of (phenoxy)imine ligands bearing alkoxy silane groups. Inorganica Chim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2019.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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6
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Maffei M, Giacoia G, Mancuso R, Gabriele B, Motti E, Costa M, Della Ca’ N. A highly efficient Pd/CuI-catalyzed oxidative alkoxycarbonylation of α-olefins to unsaturated esters. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcata.2016.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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7
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Warnick EP, Dupuis RJ, Piro NA, Scott Kassel W, Nataro C. Compounds containing weak, non-covalent interactions to the metal in the backbone of 1,1′-bis(phosphino)metallocene ligands. Polyhedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2015.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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8
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Omoto K, Tashiro S, Shionoya M. Host-Guest Interactions by Metal-to-Metal Dative Bonding: Recognition of Ruthenocene by a Metallo-Host. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201500630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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9
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Kinetics and Mechanisms of Homogeneous Catalytic Reactions. Part 12. Hydroalcoxycarbonylation of 1-Hexene Using Palladium/Triphenylphosphine Systems as Catalyst Precursors. Catal Letters 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-014-1335-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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10
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Wang L, Wang Y, Liu C, Lei A. CO/C-H as an Acylating Reagent: A Palladium-Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidative Carbonylative Esterification of Alcohols. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201400612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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11
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Wang L, Wang Y, Liu C, Lei A. CO/C-H as an Acylating Reagent: A Palladium-Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidative Carbonylative Esterification of Alcohols. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:5657-61. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201400612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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12
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Zolezzi S, Moya SA, Valdebenito G, Abarca G, Parada J, Aguirre P. Methoxycarbonylation of olefins catalyzed by palladium(II) complexes containing naphthyl(diphenyl)phosphine ligands. Appl Organomet Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.3137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Zolezzi
- Universidad de Chile; Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas; Santiago 1 Chile
| | - Sergio A. Moya
- Universidad de Santiago de Chile; Facultad de Química y Biología; Santiago Chile
| | - Gonzalo Valdebenito
- Universidad de Chile; Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas; Santiago 1 Chile
| | - Gabriel Abarca
- Universidad de Chile; Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas; Santiago 1 Chile
| | - Jose Parada
- Universidad de Chile; Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas; Santiago 1 Chile
| | - Pedro Aguirre
- Universidad de Chile; Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas; Santiago 1 Chile
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Malkov AV, Derrien N, Barłóg M, Kočovský P. Palladium-Catalyzed Alkoxycarbonylation of Terminal Alkenes To Produce α,β-Unsaturated Esters: The Key Role of Acetonitrile as a Ligand. Chemistry 2014; 20:4542-7. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201304798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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14
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Braunschweig H, Hupp F, Kramer T, Mager J. Structure and Reactivity of Distanna[2]metallocenophanes of Ruthenium and Osmium. Inorg Chem 2013; 52:9060-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ic4012247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Holger Braunschweig
- Institut
für Anorganische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97070 Würzburg,
Germany
| | - Florian Hupp
- Institut
für Anorganische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97070 Würzburg,
Germany
| | - Thomas Kramer
- Institut
für Anorganische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97070 Würzburg,
Germany
| | - Julian Mager
- Institut
für Anorganische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97070 Würzburg,
Germany
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15
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Su YH, Wu Z, Tian SK. Oxidative alkoxycarbonylation of terminal alkenes with carbazates. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:6528-30. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc42994f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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16
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Braunschweig H, Damme A, Hammond K, Mager J. Synthesis and Structure of New [3]Silametallocenophanes of Group 8 Metals. Organometallics 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/om300564y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Holger Braunschweig
- Institut für
Anorganische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074, Würzburg,
Germany
| | - Alexander Damme
- Institut für
Anorganische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074, Würzburg,
Germany
| | - Kai Hammond
- Institut für
Anorganische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074, Würzburg,
Germany
| | - Julian Mager
- Institut für
Anorganische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074, Würzburg,
Germany
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18
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Investigation of novel and reinvestigation of known cyclopentadienylphosphanes: News on [1,5] sigmatropic rearrangements. J Organomet Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2010.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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19
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Hamed O, Henry PM, Becker DP. Palladium(II)-catalyzed dicarboxymethylation of chiral allylic alcohols: chirality transfer affording optically active diesters containing three contiguous chiral centers. Tetrahedron Lett 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2010.04.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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20
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Rauf W, Thompson AL, Brown JM. Anilide activation of adjacent C–H bonds in the palladium-catalysed Fujiwara–Moritani reaction. Dalton Trans 2010; 39:10414-21. [DOI: 10.1039/c0dt00378f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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21
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22
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Blanco C, Ruiz A, Godard C, Fleury-Brégeot N, Marinetti A, Claver C. Unprecedent Chemo- and Stereoselective Palladium-Catalysed Methoxycarbonylation of Norbornene. Adv Synth Catal 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.200900025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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23
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Methoxycarbonylation of Styrene Catalyzed by Palladium Complexes with Ferrocene Derivatives Containing Nitrogen and Phosphine Ligands. Catal Letters 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-009-0020-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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24
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Williams D, Shaw M, Green M, Holzapfel C. Aluminum Triflate as a Highly Active and Efficient Nonprotic Cocatalyst in the Palladium-Catalyzed Methoxycarbonylation Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200702889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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25
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Williams DBG, Shaw ML, Green MJ, Holzapfel CW. Aluminum Triflate as a Highly Active and Efficient Nonprotic Cocatalyst in the Palladium-Catalyzed Methoxycarbonylation Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008; 47:560-3. [PMID: 18041799 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200702889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D Bradley G Williams
- Department of Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park, 2006, South Africa.
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26
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Vieira TO, Green MJ, Alper H. Highly Regioselective Anti-Markovnikov Palladium-Borate-Catalyzed Methoxycarbonylation Reactions: Unprecedented Results for Aryl Olefins. Org Lett 2006; 8:6143-5. [PMID: 17165950 DOI: 10.1021/ol062646n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
[Structure: see text] A general, highly efficient and regioselective methoxycarbonylation, by means of a palladium-salicylicborate-catalyzed protocol, of terminal alkyl and aryl olefins is described. The substrates include aliphatic alkenes, allylbenzenes, and styrene derivatives. The yields are very good (60-92%) and the regioselectivity, in favor of the linear ester, is up to quantitative--unprecedented in the case of styrenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago O Vieira
- Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie Curie, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5
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27
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Godard C, Ruiz A, Claver C. Systematic Study of the Asymmetric Methoxycarbonylation of Styrene Catalyzed by Palladium Systems Containing Chiral Ferrocenyl Diphosphine Ligands. Helv Chim Acta 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.200690161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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28
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Gusev OV, Peganova TA, Kalsin AM, Vologdin NV, Petrovskii PV, Lyssenko KA, Tsvetkov AV, Beletskaya IP. Palladium Complexes with Metallocene-Bridged Bidentate Diphosphine Ligands: Synthesis, Structure, and Catalytic Activity in Amination and Cross-Coupling Reactions. Organometallics 2006. [DOI: 10.1021/om050869w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oleg V. Gusev
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov St. 28, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation, and Department of Chemistry, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 119992 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Tat'yana A. Peganova
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov St. 28, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation, and Department of Chemistry, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 119992 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander M. Kalsin
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov St. 28, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation, and Department of Chemistry, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 119992 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Nikolai V. Vologdin
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov St. 28, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation, and Department of Chemistry, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 119992 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Pavel V. Petrovskii
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov St. 28, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation, and Department of Chemistry, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 119992 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Konstantin A. Lyssenko
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov St. 28, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation, and Department of Chemistry, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 119992 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Aleksey V. Tsvetkov
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov St. 28, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation, and Department of Chemistry, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 119992 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Irina P. Beletskaya
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov St. 28, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation, and Department of Chemistry, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 119992 Moscow, Russian Federation
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Peganova TA, Vologdin NV, Petrovskii PV, Nesterov ID, Lyssenko KA, Gusev OV. Synthesis and structures of 1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)metallocenyl complexes M(η 5-C5H4PPh2)2Ru(H2O)2(OTs)2 (M = Fe, Ru, or Os). Russ Chem Bull 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-006-0313-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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30
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Application of transition metals in hydroformylation annual survey covering the year 2004. Coord Chem Rev 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2005.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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31
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Pandey PC, Upadhyay BC. Role of palladium in the redox electrochemistry of ferrocene monocarboxylic acid encapsulated within ORMOSIL networks. Molecules 2005; 10:728-39. [PMID: 18007341 PMCID: PMC6147674 DOI: 10.3390/10060728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2004] [Accepted: 01/14/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We report herein the effect of palladium on the redox electrochemistry of ferrocene monocarboxylic acid encapsulated within an organically modified sol-gel glass network (ORMOSIL). It has been found that amount of palladium and its geometrical distribution significantly alter the redox electrochemistry of FcMCA. The geometrical distribution of palladium has been controlled by two methods: (i) palladium is allowed to link within nanostructured network of the ORMOSIL which was subsequently availed from the reactivity of palladium chloride and trimethoxysilane; (ii) palladium powder is encapsulated together FcMCA thus allowing the presence of palladium within the nanoporous domain. The content of palladium is varied by controlling the reaction dynamics of palladium chloride and trimethoxysilane interaction. For this we initially allowed to trigger hydrolysis, condensation and poly-condensation of trimethoxysilane and dimethyldiethoxysilane in acidic medium and subsequently partially dried ORMOSIL film was allowed to interact with palladium chloride. Even with partially dried ORMOSIL derived from trimethoxysilane and dimethyldiethoxysilane undergoes rapid interaction with palladium chloride and the transparent color of ORMOSIL changed to a black colour due to the formation of palladium silicon linkage. The palladium-silicon linkage has been identified by NMR, UV-VIS and transmission electron spectroscopy. The electrochemistry of FcMCA encapsulated within such an ORMOSIL matrix has been studied. Excellent redox electrochemistry of ferrocene monocarboxylic acid having peak potential separation tending to 0 for a multilayered electrode was investigated. The palladium content has been found to affect the redox electrochemistry of ferrocene as well as electrocatalytic efficiency of new ORMOSIL material. The electroanalysis of NADH is reported. The modified electrode is very sensitive to NADH with lowest detection limit of < 1 microM.
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Affiliation(s)
- P C Pandey
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221, India.
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Bianchini C, Oberhauser W, Orlandini A, Giannelli C, Frediani P. Operando High-Pressure NMR and IR Study of the Hydroformylation of 1-Hexene by 1,1‘-Bis(Diarylphosphino)metallocene-Modified Rhodium(I) Catalysts. Organometallics 2005. [DOI: 10.1021/om050241l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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33
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Bianchini C, Meli A, Oberhauser W, Parisel S, Passaglia E, Ciardelli F, Gusev OV, Kal'si AM, Vologdin NV. Ethylene Carbonylation in Methanol and in Aqueous Media by Palladium(II) Catalysts Modified with 1,1‘-Bis(dialkylphosphino)ferrocenes. Organometallics 2005. [DOI: 10.1021/om049109w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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