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Blanco-Caamano P, Navío C, Blanco M, Aleman J. Single walled carbon nanotubes covalently functionalized by a ruthenium complex for photocatalytic oxidations. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 669:495-505. [PMID: 38723538 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/27/2024]
Abstract
The covalent bonding of a ruthenium bipyridine complex derivative with the aromatic network of single walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT) through a stepwise protocol is presented, thus yielding the sample SWNT-Ru. To do that, an-amino decorated phenanthroline is bonded to the nanotube by means of the diazonium chemistry protocol, providing anchoring points for discrete organometallic units as depicted by the solid characterization techniques employed. The hybrid material, able to emit upon excitation, is active in the visible light-driven photocatalytic oxidation of organic sulfides to sulfoxides. SWNT-Ru presents a wide scope being able to convert more than 10 substrates with different characteristics, including added-value chemicals, with a stable performance over more than 6 cycles without metal leaching and enhanced activity compared to related homogeneous complexes. A versatile character is also demonstrated since this hybrid catalyst follows both possible photooxidation mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Blanco-Caamano
- Organic Chemistry Department, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Navío
- IMDEA Nanociencia, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, c/Faraday 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Matías Blanco
- Organic Chemistry Department, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - José Aleman
- Organic Chemistry Department, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Center for Innovation in Advanced Chemistry (ORFEO-CINQA), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid 28049, Spain.
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Gamelas SRD, Tomé JPC, Tomé AC, Lourenço LMO. Advances in photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants in wastewaters: harnessing the power of phthalocyanines and phthalocyanine-containing materials. RSC Adv 2023; 13:33957-33993. [PMID: 38019980 PMCID: PMC10658578 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra06598g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Access to clean water is increasingly challenging worldwide due to human activities and climate change. Wastewater treatment and utilization offer a promising solution by reducing the reliance on pure underground water. However, it is crucial to develop efficient and sustainable methods for wastewater purification. Among the emerging wastewater treatment strategies, photocatalysis has gained significant attention for decomposing organic pollutants in water, especially when combined with sunlight and a recoverable photocatalyst. Heterogeneous photocatalysts have distinct advantages, as they can be recovered and reused without significant loss of activity over multiple cycles. Phthalocyanine dyes, with their exceptional photophysical properties, are particularly valuable for homogeneous and heterogeneous photocatalysis. By immobilizing these photosensitizers in various supports, hybrid materials extend their light absorption into the visible spectrum, complementing most supports' limited UV light absorption. The novelty and research importance of this review stems from its discussion of the multifaceted approach to treating contaminated wastewater with phthalocyanines and materials containing phthalocyanines. It highlights key aspects of each study, including photocatalytic efficiency, recyclability characteristics, investigation of the generation of oxygen species responsible for degradation, identification of the major degradation byproducts for each pollutant, and others. Moreover, the review includes tables that illustrate and compare the various phthalocyanines and supporting materials employed in each study for pollutant degradation. Additionally, almost all photocatalysts mentioned in this review could degrade at least 5% of the pollutant, and more than 50 photocatalysts showed photocatalytic rates above 50%. When immobilized in some support, the synergistic effect of the phthalocyanine was visible in the photocatalytic rate of the studied pollutant. However, when performing these types of works, it is necessary to understand the degradation products of each pollutant and their relative toxicities. Along with this, recyclability and stability studies are also necessary. Despite the good results presented in this review, some of the works lack those studies. Moreover, none of the works mentions any study in wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara R D Gamelas
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro 3810-193 Aveiro Portugal
| | - João P C Tomé
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Departamento de Engenharia Química, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa 1049-001 Lisboa Portugal
| | - Augusto C Tomé
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro 3810-193 Aveiro Portugal
| | - Leandro M O Lourenço
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro 3810-193 Aveiro Portugal
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Single walled carbon nanotubes with encapsulated Pt(II) photocatalyst for the oxidation of sulfides in water. J Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2022.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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González-Muñoz D, Martín-Somer A, Strobl K, Cabrera S, De Pablo PJ, Díaz-Tendero S, Blanco M, Alemán J. Enhancing Visible-Light Photocatalysis via Endohedral Functionalization of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes with Organic Dyes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:24877-24886. [PMID: 33960195 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c04679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The encapsulation of an organic dye, 10-phenylphenothiazine (PTH), in the inner cavity of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) as a breaking heterogenization strategy is presented. The PTH@oSWNT material was microscopically and spectroscopically characterized, showing intense photoemission when illuminated with visible light at the nanoscale. Thus, PTH@oSWNT was employed as a heterogeneous photocatalyst in single electron transfer dehalogenation reactions under visible light irradiation. The material showed an enhanced photocatalytic activity, achieving turnover numbers as high as 3200, with complete recyclability and stability for more than eight cycles. Computational calculations confirm that electronic communication between both partners is established because, upon illumination, an electron of the excited PTH is transferred from the π system of the molecule to the delocalized π-cloud of the SWNT, thus justifying the enhanced photocatalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana Martín-Somer
- Chemistry Department, Módulo 13, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Klara Strobl
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia Cabrera
- Inorganic Chemistry Department, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro J De Pablo
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics and Condensed Matter Physics Center, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergio Díaz-Tendero
- Chemistry Department, Módulo 13, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Matías Blanco
- Organic Chemistry Department, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - José Alemán
- Organic Chemistry Department, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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Yu Y, Gong Y, Cao B, Liu H, Zhang X, Han X, Lu S, Cao X, Gu H. One‐pot Synthesis of Pd/Azo‐polymer as an Efficient Catalyst for 4‐Nitrophenol Reduction and Suzuki‐Miyaura Coupling Reaction. Chem Asian J 2021; 16:837-844. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.202100002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanlin Yu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology Soochow University Suzhou 215123 P. R. China
| | - Yuzhu Gong
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology Soochow University Suzhou 215123 P. R. China
| | - Binbin Cao
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology Soochow University Suzhou 215123 P. R. China
| | - Haidong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology Soochow University Suzhou 215123 P. R. China
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology Soochow University Suzhou 215123 P. R. China
| | - Xu Han
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology Soochow University Suzhou 215123 P. R. China
| | - Shuanglong Lu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering Jiangnan University Wuxi 214122 P. R. China
| | - Xueqin Cao
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology Soochow University Suzhou 215123 P. R. China
| | - Hongwei Gu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology Soochow University Suzhou 215123 P. R. China
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Fernández L, Esteves VI, Cunha Â, Schneider RJ, Tomé JP. Photodegradation of organic pollutants in water by immobilized porphyrins and phthalocyanines. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2016. [DOI: 10.1142/s108842461630007x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
New methods for water treatment are required as a result from an increasing awareness in the reduction of the pollution impact in the environment. In the perspective of the photo-oxidation of organic pollutants present in water, the principal incentive for the preparation of heterogeneous photocatalysts is their easy recovery from the reaction mixture, which allows their reuse in successive runs, minimizing the loss of their original photocatalytic properties. Different types of supports can be used in the immobilization of photoactive species, such as porphyrins (Pors) and phthalocyanines (Pcs). This mini-review will consider the different methodologies for the immobilization of Pors and Pcs and their photocatalytic performance in the photodegradation of organic pollutants in water, addressing also their recycling ability in successive water treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Fernández
- QOPNA, and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
- CESAM and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Valdemar I. Esteves
- CESAM and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Ângela Cunha
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Rudolf J. Schneider
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Berlin, D-12205, Germany
| | - João P.C. Tomé
- QOPNA, and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisboa, Portugal
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Gent, B-9000, Belgium
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Abolhosseini Sh. A, Mahjoub A, Eslami-Moghadam M, Fakhri H. Dichloro (1,10-phenanthroline-5,6-dione) palladium (II) complex supported by mesoporous silica SBA-15 as a photocatalyst for degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol. J Mol Struct 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2014.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Catalytic activity of Fe@Ag nanoparticle involved calcium alginate beads for the reduction of nitrophenols. J Mol Liq 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2013.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Heeney MJ, Al-Raqa SA, Auger A, Burnham PM, Cammidge AN, Chambrier I, Cook MJ. Routes to some 3,6-disubstituted phthalonitriles and examples of phthalocyanines derived therefrom: An overview. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2013. [DOI: 10.1142/s108842461330005x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The paper reviews a selection of synthetic pathways that provide access to 3,6-disubstituted phthalonitriles, precursors for the synthesis of 1,4,8,11,15,18,22,25-octasubstituted phthalocyanine derivatives. Early routes using Diels–Alder reactions for the synthesis of 3,6-dialkyl, 3,6-dialkoxymethyl, 3,6-dialkenyl and 3,6-diphenylphthalonitriles are appraised. However, the emphasis of the review focuses on the scope and applications of 2,3-dicyanohydroquinone as a starting material for obtaining 3,6-disubstituted phthalonitriles. The earliest example of the use of 2,3-dicyanohydroquinone concerned its O -alkylation to afford 3,6-dialkoxyphthalonitriles. These are immediate precursors to near-infrared absorbing phthalocyanine derivatives. Triflation of 2,3-dicyanohydroquinone extends the scope of the compound for phthalocyanine synthesis; the bis-triflate derivative is susceptible to S N Ar reactions and readily reacts with thiols to provide 3,6-bis(alkylsulfanyl) and 3,6-bis(arylsulfanyl)phthalonitriles. 3,6-Bis(phenylselenyl)phthalonitrile has also been obtained recently from the same precursor. Phthalocyanine derivatives obtained from them typically show a strongly bathochromically shifted Q-band absorption that is particularly sensitive to the central metal ion. The bis-triflate of 2,3-dicyanohydroquinone is also an ideal precursor for participation in cross-coupling reactions. Examples from the University of East Anglia group and elsewhere are presented which show the application of the nickel-catalyzed Negishi coupling reaction using alkylzinc halide derivatives. Yields of 3,6-dialkylphthalonitriles and 3,6-bis(substituted alkyl)phthalonitriles range from ca. 40 to 70%. Direct comparison for one example shows that the yield from the Negishi coupling method is higher than that using the Suzuki coupling protocol. Examples of the preparation of 3,6-diarylphthalonitriles from 2,3-dicyanohydroquinone bis-triflate using the Suzuki coupling reaction are reported with yields of the order of 65–70%. The review also includes a further application of 2,3-dicyanohydroquinone as a precursor to both monobromo and dibromo derivatives of 3,6-dibutoxyphthalonitrile. These compounds provide opportunities for cross-coupling at the brominated sites to provide more complex derivatives with the potential to serve as precursors of highly substituted phthalocyanine derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J. Heeney
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Shaya A. Al-Raqa
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Aurélien Auger
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Paul M. Burnham
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew N. Cammidge
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Isabelle Chambrier
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J. Cook
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
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Xing R, Wu L, Fei Z, Wu P. Palladium phthalocyaninesulfonate functionalized mesoporous polymer: A highly efficient photocatalyst for degradation of 4-chlorophenol under visible light irradiation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcata.2013.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Ogunbayo TB, Nyokong T. Photocatalytic transformation of chlorophenols under homogeneous and heterogeneous conditions using palladium octadodecylthio phthalocyanine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcata.2011.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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