Ce/SBA-15 as a heterogeneous ozonation catalyst for efficient mineralization of dimethyl phthalate

Synthesis of surficial-modified green biochar catalyst generated by biogas residue biochar and potential application for catalytic ozonation degradation of ciprofloxacin

This study synthesized novel, green, and easily recoverable surface-modified economical catalysts via hydrothermal treatment (HT) successfully, utilizing biogas residue biochar (BRB), a food waste product from anaerobic fermentation, pyrolyzed at 500 °C for 50 min. Using autoclaves, a total of six solutions were prepared, each having 1 g fine-grinded BRB, surficial modified by adding glycerol (GL) (10 or 20 mL) and SDI water (70 or 60 mL), and heated in an oven at 240 °C, 180 °C, and 120 °C for 24 h. Afterward, the catalysts showed the potential for degradation of widely used emerging pollutants like ciprofloxacin. Taking advantage of catalytic surface modification, the catalytic ozonation degradation was more effective than that of a single ozonation. However, under similar conditions, catalyst amount 0.20 g, ozone dose 15 mg L-1, and ciprofloxacin 80 mg L-1, the performance of the 10 mL GL-180 °C catalyst was excellent. It showed a 92.45%-94.41% optimum removal rate in the 8-10 min interval. After five continuous cycles, the 10 mL GL-180 °C catalyst exhibited excellent stability and reusability. XPS, FT-IR, BET, XRD, and SEM before and after the reaction confirmed the successful synthesis and degradation mechanism. A possible degradation pathway was unrevealed based on a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometer (LC-MS) and scavenger test, proving the significant roles of superoxide radicals (O2•-), hydroxyl radicals (•OH), and singlet oxygen (1O2). Further, Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) analysis confirmed the presence of active oxygen species. Subsequently, 10 mL GL-180 °C showed promising degradation for the actual water environment, such as groundwater (73.55%) and river water (64.74%). This work provides a valuable economic strategy to convert biogas residue biochar into a low-cost catalyst for organic pollutant decomposition.

Phthalate esters: occurrence, toxicity, bioremediation, and advanced oxidation processes

Phthalic acid esters are emerging pollutants, commonly used as plasticizers that are categorized as hazardous endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs). A rise in anthropogenic activities leads to an increase in phthalate concentration in the environment which leads to various adverse environmental effects and health issues in humans and other aquatic organisms. This paper gives an overview of the research related to phthalate ester contamination and degradation methods by conducting a bibliometric analysis with VOS Viewer. Ecotoxicity analysis requires an understanding of the current status of phthalate pollution, health impacts, exposure routes, and their sources. This review covers five toxic phthalates, occurrences in the aquatic environment, toxicity studies, biodegradation studies, and degradation pathways. It highlights the various advanced oxidation processes like photocatalysis, Fenton processes, ozonation, sonolysis, and modified AOPs used for phthalate removal from the environment.

A comprehensive review on metal based active sites and their interaction with O3 during heterogeneous catalytic ozonation process: Types, regulation and authentication

Heterogeneous catalytic ozonation (HCO) was a promising water purification technology. Designing novel metal-based catalysts and exploring their structural-activity relationship continued to be a hot topic in HCO. Herein, we reviewed the recent development of metal-based catalysts (including monometallic and polymetallic catalysts) in HCO. Regulation of metal based active sites (surface hydroxyl groups, Lewis acid sites, metal redox cycle and surface defect) and their key roles in activating O₃ were explored. Advantage and disadvantage of conventional characterization techniques on monitoring metal active sites were claimed. In situ electrochemical characterization and DFT simulation were recommended as supplement to reveal the metal active species. Though the ambiguous interfacial behaviors of O₃ at these active sites, the existence of interfacial electron migration was beyond doubt. The reported metal-based catalysts mainly served as electron donator for O₃, which resulted in the accumulation of oxidized metal and reduced their activity. Design of polymetallic catalysts could accelerate the interfacial electron migration, but they still faced with the dilemma of sluggish Me^(n+m)+/Meⁿ⁺ redox cycle. Alternative strategies like coupling active metal species with mesoporous silicon materials, regulating surface hydrophobic/hydrophilic properties, polaring surface electron distribution, coupling HCO process with photocatalysis and H₂O₂ were proposed for future research.

Enhanced degradation of dimethyl phthalate in wastewater via heterogeneous catalytic ozonation process: performances and mechanisms

Ozonation process is a promising yet challenging method for the removal of refractory organic matter due to the sluggish reaction for generating hydroxyl radical (˙OH) at a neutral pH condition. Herein, an efficient heterogeneous catalytic ozonation system using CeO₂/Al₂O₃ catalyst was developed to remove dimethyl phthalate (DMP) from wastewater. Under a neutral condition of pH = 6, this system achieved almost 100% DMP removal within 15 min at an optimized catalyst dosage of 30 g L⁻¹ and the ozone flow rate of 22.5 mg min⁻¹. Moreover, the catalytic ozonation system exhibited a stable degradation performance of DMP in a wider pH range (pH = 5–10). The results of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and quantitative tests confirmed the ultrafast conversion of O₃ to ˙OH (0.774 μM min⁻¹) on the surface of CeO₂ based ceramic catalyst. The quenching experiments further supported the predominant role of ˙OH in the mineralization of DMP. These results highlight the potential of using the heterogeneous catalytic ozonation system for the efficient removal of refractory organic matter from wastewater.

An efficient heterogeneous catalytic ozonation system using CeO₂/Al₂O₃ catalyst was developed to remove dimethyl phthalate (DMP) from wastewater.

Enhanced Ozone Oxidation by a Novel Fe/Mn@γ−Al2O3 Nanocatalyst: The Role of Hydroxyl Radical and Singlet Oxygen

Catalytic ozonation is a potential alternative to address the dye wastewater effluent, and developing an effective catalyst for catalyzing ozone is desired. In this study, a novel Fe/Mn@γ−Al2O3 nanomaterial was prepared and successfully utilized for catalytic ozonation toward dye wastewater effluent components (dimethyl phthalate and 1−naphthol). The synthesized Fe/Mn@γ−Al2O3 exhibited superior activity in catalytic ozonation of dimethyl phthalate and 1−naphthol in contrast to Fe@γ−Al2O3 and Mn@γ−Al2O3. Quench and probe tests indicated that HO° contributed to almost all removal of dimethyl phthalate, whereas O3, HO°, and singlet oxygen participated in the degradation of 1−naphthol in the Fe/Mn@γ−Al2O3/O3 system. The results of XPS, FT−IR, and EPR suggested that HO° and singlet oxygen were generated from the valence variations of Fe(II/III)and Mn(III/IV). Moreover, the Fe/Mn@γ−Al2O3/O3 system could also have excellent efficacy in actual water samples, including dye wastewater effluent. This study presents an efficient ozone catalyst to purify dye wastewater effluent and deepens the comprehension of the role and formation of reactive species involved in the catalytic ozonation system.

Cold plasma technology: advanced and sustainable approach for wastewater treatment

Cold plasma has been a potent energy-efficient and eco-friendly advanced oxidation technology which has gained attention in recent decades as a non-thermal approach in diverse forms of applications. This review highlights a comprehensive account of the implementation of this technology in the field of wastewater treatment to resolve certain issues regarding the degradation of numerous aqueous pollutants and water-borne pathogenic microorganisms including viruses up to a significant level. The paper addresses plasma chemistry sources and mechanisms on wastewater treatment and impact on various physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of treated water. Furthermore, studies have revealed that this emerging technology is effective in inactivating SARS-CoV-2 or coronavirus, which serves as a transmission channel for this lethal virus in wastewater. Despite these benefits, the development of cold plasma as a wastewater treatment technique is still hampered by a lack of information like capital investment, proficient application, liveability, and operating cost, thus necessitating additional research for its booming commercialization, as this can be an emerging approach to solving water crises and meeting the demand for fresh or potable water resources.

Efficient catalytic ozonation of bisphenol A by three-dimensional mesoporous CeOx-loaded SBA-16

Herein, we demonstrated the construction of three-dimensional (3D) cerium oxide (CeO_x)/SBA-16 nanocomposites for efficient removal of bisphenol A (BPA) via a catalytic ozonation, with a high BPA mineralization up to 60.9% in 90 min. On one hand, the CeO_x/SBA-16 mesoporous structured materials presented large surface area and uniform pore distribution, which was conducive to the adsorption of transformation by-products (TBPs) and then, the mass transfer. On the other hand, CeO_x/SBA-16 could enhance the ozone utilization efficiency and meanwhile facilitate the formation of OH, the main reactive oxygen species. Through the exploration of dissoluble organic matters and the identification of the reaction intermediates, two BPA degradation pathways were proposed. This approach reported here will benefit the design and construction of mesoporous structured materials for catalytic elimination of hazards to remediate the environment.

Catalytic effect of γ-Al(OH)3, α-FeOOH, and α-Fe2O3 on the ozonation-based decomposition of diethyl phthalate adsorbed on sand and soil

Diethyl phthalate (DEP) is a pollutant which can be found on soils as a result of its widespread application in plastic industry. Soil contaminated with DEP requires the application of different chemical methods to attain its remediation. Among these methods, ozonation has proven to be effective against toxic soil pollutants. The presence of metal oxides in soil is a possible source of catalytic effect. In this study, it was analyzed the catalytic effect of goethite (α-FeOOH), hematite (α-Fe₂O₃), and gibbsite (γ-Al(OH)₃) in combination with O₃ to achieve DEP decomposition. The DEP elimination efficiency by ozonation on the sand increased according to the following order: without catalyst < γ-Al(OH)₃ < α-Fe₂O₃ < α-FeOOH. Among these three oxides, goethite has the highest OH groups density. The reaction of OH groups and O₃ favors the formation of oxidant species, such as O₂•^- and OH•. The effect of the moisture content, the catalyst concentration, and the type of soil (sand and calcined soil) were also studied. The latter had a significant influence on the total organic carbon (TOC) removal. The mineralization degree was 84% in the O₃-soil system, while only 40% was obtained with O₃-sand (α-FeOOH) in dry sand after 8 h of treatment. Calcined soil promoted the increase of TOC removal due to the presence of different metal oxides, which were active centers for O₃ decomposition. The toxicity tests of the three reaction systems (O₃-sand, O₃-sand (α-FeOOH), and O₃-soil) were evaluated on lettuce seed germination before and after DEP ozonation.

Ce-based catalysts used in advanced oxidation processes for organic wastewater treatment: A review

Refractory organic pollutants in water threaten human health and environmental safety, and advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) are effective for the degradation of these pollutants. Catalysts play vital role in AOPs, and Ce-based catalysts have exhibited excellent performance. Recently, the development and application of Ce-based catalysts in various AOPs have been reported. Our study conducts the first review in this rapid growing field. This paper clarifies the variety and properties of Ce-based catalysts. Their applications in different AOP systems (catalytic ozonation, photodegradation, Fenton-like reactions, sulfate radical-based AOPs, and catalytic sonochemistry) are discussed. Different Ce-based catalysts suit different reaction systems and produce different active radicals. Finally, future research directions of Ce-based catalysts in AOP systems are suggested.

Effect of the type of soil on dimethyl phthalate degradation by ozone

In the present study, ozone was applied for the removal of dimethyl phthalate (DMP) from soil. The effect of several experimental parameters was investigated considering, the initial DMP concentration, ozone flow, the type of soil (sand and agricultural soil) and the presence of α-FeOOH as a potential catalyst in the reaction system with sand. The elimination of DMP using ozone is significantly affected by the type of soil. In the case of sand, conventional ozonation was capable to degrade 74% of the initial DMP concentration (0.5 mg g^-1) after 8 h of the reaction, however, the mineralization degree was below 50%. Under the same experimental conditions, the complete elimination of DMP was achieved when calcined agricultural soil was present reaching a 70% of mineralization. The presence of metal oxides in calcined agricultural soil combined with ozone produced oxidants species which were responsible of incrementing the mineralization degree (around 20% in comparison with the sand). The toxicity tests on lettuce seed demonstrated lower toxicity of DMP byproducts after ozonation. The DMP high removal efficiencies and the lower toxicity of generated byproducts in soil prove the applicability of ozone treatment for soil remediation.

Catalytic ozonation for water and wastewater treatment: Recent advances and perspective

Ozonation process has been widely applied in water and wastewater treatment, such as for disinfection, for degradation of toxic organic pollutants. However, the utilization efficiency of ozone is low and the mineralization of organic pollutants by ozone oxidation is ineffective, and some toxic disinfection byproducts (DBPs) may be formed during ozonation process. Catalytic ozonation process can overcome these problems to some extent, which has received increasing attention in recent years. During catalytic ozonation, catalysts can promote O₃ decomposition and generate active free radicals, which can enhance the degradation and mineralization of organic pollutants. In this paper, the history of ozonation application in water treatment was briefly reviewed. The properties of the ozone molecule, the ozonation types and several ozone-based water treatment processes were briefly introduced. Various catalysts for catalytic ozonation, including homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts, such as metal ions, metal oxidizes, carbon-based materials and their possible catalytic mechanisms were analyzed and summarized in detail. Furthermore, some inconsistent results of previous research on catalytic ozonation were analyzed and discussed. The application of catalytic oxidation for the degradation of toxic organic pollutants, including phenols, pesticides, dyes, pharmaceuticals and others, was summarized. Finally, several key aspects of catalytic ozonation, such as pH effect, the catalyst performance, the catalytic mechanism were proposed, to which more attention should be paid in future study.

High frequency discharge plasma induced plasticizer elimination in water: Removal performance and residual toxicity

Plasticizers are widely present in water and soil environment, and they can bring enormous threats to environmental safety and human health. A discharge plasma system driven by a high-frequency electric source was used to remove the plasticizer from wastewater; and dimethyl phthalate (DMP) was chosen as the representative of plasticizer. DMP elimination performance at various operating parameters, roles of active species in DMP degradation, DMP decomposition process, and its residual toxicity after decomposition were systematically investigated. The experimental results demonstrated that almost all of the DMP and 80.4% of the total organic carbon (TOC) were removed after 30 min of treatment. The DMP decomposition process fitted well with the first-order kinetic model. Relatively higher applied voltage, lower initial concentration, and alkaline conditions favored its decomposition. •OH was the decisive species for DMP decomposition, in addition to •O₂^- and ¹O₂; while the role of hydrated electrons was negligible. The analysis of DMP decomposition process showed that the molecular structures of the DMP were destroyed, and 3-hydroxy-dimethyl phthalate, monomethyl phthalate, and phthalic acid were detected. Furthermore, the residual toxicity after DMP decomposition was analyzed via seed germination and photobacterium bioassay.

Enhanced mineralization of oxalate by highly active and Stable Ce(III)-Doped g-C3N4 catalyzed ozonation

The degradation of carboxylic acid has been identified as one of the rate-determining steps in the mineralization of organic pollutants by ozonation. In this study, Ce(III)-doped graphitic carbon nitride (Ce-CN) composites with different Ce(III) contents were synthesized and used as catalysts for the ozonation of oxalate. The morphology and structure of the Ce-CN were comprehensively characterized using various techniques such as SEM, XRD, FTIR, and XPS. The results show that the structure of g-C₃N₄ provided an ideal site for the accommodation of Ce(III) and thus facilitated the formation of surface hydroxyl groups. With 2.5%Ce-CN as a catalyst, the degradation efficiency of oxalate was increased by 47.1% after reaction for 30 min. The decomposition of ozone was accelerated in the presence of Ce-CN. Hydroxyl radicals were recorded by electron spin resonance and identified as the major actives species. Under the catalysis of 2.5%Ce-CN, the production of hydroxyl radicals was increased by 40%. The Ce(III) and surface hydroxyl groups that distributed uniformly on the surface of Ce-CN were speculated as the dual catalytic sites for the complexation of oxalate and activation of ozone, respectively. Ce-CN had a high stability and reutilization capability. It is proposed that a complex was formed between surface Ce(III) and oxalate, and this complex could be more easily attacked by the surrounding ozone and hydroxyl radicals than free oxalate. As oxalate is a typical recalcitrant carboxylic acid, the findings from this study are expected to promote the application of ozonation in the removal of organic pollutants.

Promoting surface oxygen vacancies on ceria via light pretreatment to enhance catalytic ozonation

Oxygen vacancies catalyzed ozone into hydroxyl radicals which accelerated organic mineralization. Light pre-treatment of ceria intensifies its oxygen vacancy defect levels which are central to its performance in catalytic ozonation.

A Review on Ultrasonic Catalytic Microbubbles Ozonation Processes: Properties, Hydroxyl Radicals Generation Pathway and Potential in Application

Ozone-based advanced oxidant processes (AOPs) have attracted remarkable attention as an alternative and effective approach for mineralization of refractory organics to innocuous substances. Key issues for ozone-based AOPs mainly focused on how to enhance ozone mass transfer and improve the production of hydroxyl radicals. Unfortunately, great efforts have been made, though, the application of ozone-based AOPs still remained in the laboratory scale due to lack of understanding of mechanisms of these hybrid processes. Besides, obtaining the balance of economical-technical feasibility is a great challenge. Ultrasonic catalytic microbubbles ozonation could be considered as a promising method, despite that there are a few studies that addressed this potential technology. Therefore, in this review, summaries about ozone-based microbubbles process, ultrasonic catalytic ozonation process, and ultrasonic catalytic microbubbles ozonation process have been provided in order to give a novel prospective about these hybrid technologies. The main influential parameters, such as initial pH, ozone dosage, intake flow rate, operating temperature, bubble size distributions, ultrasonic frequency, ultrasonic power density, and natural water constituents have also been well discussed. We truly hope that this paper will bring convenience to researchers that are devoted in the field of application of ozone-based AOPs for mineralizing refractory organics in wastewater.

Study of catalytic ozonation for tetracycline hydrochloride degradation in water by silicate ore supported Co3O4

Tetracycline hydrochloride (TCH) degradation by cobalt modified silicate ore (CoSO) catalytic ozonation in aqueous solution was investigated. CoSO catalyst was synthesized by an impregnation method using Co(NO₃)₂ as the precursor and natural silicon ore (SO) as the support. The key catalyst preparation conditions (i.e., impregnation concentration, calcination temperature and time) were optimized. The activity and stability of CoSO catalyst and its catalytic ozonation mechanism for TCH degradation were studied. The results showed that Co₃O₄ was successfully coated on the silicon ore and the CoSO catalyst was highly efficient in catalytic ozonation for TCH degradation. The TCH removal by CoSO/O₃ could reach 93.2%, while only 69.3% by SO/O₃ and only 46.0% by O₃ alone at 25 min. The reaction of TCH degradation followed pseudo-first order kinetics. TOC removal rate by CoSO/O₃ was 2.0 times higher than that by SO/O₃, and 3.5 times higher than that by O₃ alone. The reaction conditions (TCH initial concentration, catalyst concentration, pH and temperature) for catalytic ozonation were systematically investigated. The possible mechanism for the CoSO catalytic ozonation process was proposed, where hydroxyl radical oxidation mainly accounted for the substantial TCH degradation. Furthermore, CoSO showed great durability and stability after seven reaction cycles.

Antibiotic tetracycline hydrochloride was efficiently degraded by CoSO-catalytic ozonation and the catalytic oxidation mechanism was elucidated.

Dimethyl phthalate elimination from micro-polluted source water by surface discharge plasma: Performance, active species roles and mechanisms

Plasticizer pollution brought huge risks to ecological environment and human health. Surface discharge plasma (SDP) was employed to eliminate plasticizer in natural water, with dimethyl phthalate (DMP) as a typical plasticizer. Experimental results showed that DMP degradation efficiency reached 82.8% within 60 min's SDP treatment, and the elimination process fitted well the first-order kinetic model. Low initial DMP concentration, alkaline condition, and low natural organic matter content were all conducive for DMP degradation. The contributions of OH radical and O₂^- to DMP elimination were 91.9% and 78.1%, respectively. Total organic carbon (TOC), UV-vis spectroscopy, and atomic force microscopy analysis demonstrated that DMP molecular structure was destroyed after the SDP treatment, and some small molecular fractions were generated. Approximately 47.8% of TOC and 73.5% of COD were eliminated after 60 min's SDP treatment. Phthalic acid monomethyl ester, phthalic acid, o-phthalic anhydride, acetic acid, formic acid, and oxalic acid were detected as the byproducts. Carbon balance analysis among these intermediates showed that total carbon content was approximately 4.64 × 10^-2 mmol before treatment, and it was 4.578 × 10^-2 mmol after treatment, suggesting that some C-containing intermediates still existed but not detected. DMP degradation pathways in the SDP system were proposed.

Efficiencies and mechanisms of ZSM5 zeolites loaded with cerium, iron, or manganese oxides for catalytic ozonation of nitrobenzene in water

Discharge of industrial wastewater causes water pollution. It is therefore necessary to treat wastewater prior to discharge. Catalytic ozonation processes (COP) using ZSM5 zeolites loaded with metallic (Ce, Fe, or Mn) oxides to remove nitrobenzene from water were investigated. The total organic carbon (TOC) removal by the COP treatment with NaZSM5-38, HZSM5-38, and NaZSM5-100 were increased by 6.7%, 23.1%, and 19.8%, respectively, in comparison with single ozonation efficiency (39.2%). The loadings of Ce, Fe, or Mn oxides increased the catalytic activity relative to ZSM5 zeolites alone. The Ce loaded material (Ce/NaZSM5-38) had the highest TOC removal (86.3%). The different-metallic-oxides loaded zeolites exhibited different chemical processes during the removal of nitrobenzene from water. During COP treatment, NaZSM5-38 zeolites removed nitrobenzene mainly via OH mediated oxidation. HZSM5-38 and NaZSM5-100 zeolites showed powerful adsorption toward nitrobenzene. Both adsorption and direct ozonation contribute the TOC removal in their early uses. The OH mediated oxidation dominates the TOC removal process as the adsorption became saturated after multiple uses. Surface SiO bonds and/or SiO(H)Al structures are the active sites for ZSM5 zeolites. Efficient surface dispersion of the metallic oxides enhances the catalytic activity. This study shows the high potentials of ZSM5 zeolites as catalysts in COP to efficiently treat refractory wastewaters.

Heterogeneous catalytic ozonation of ciprofloxacin in aqueous solution using a manganese-modified silicate ore

Manganese-modified silicate ore showed remarkable catalytic oxidation activity for ciprofloxacin degradation and the corresponding mechanism was revealed.

Synthesis of manganese incorporated hierarchical mesoporous silica nanosphere with fibrous morphology by facile one-pot approach for efficient catalytic ozonation

Manganese incorporated fibrous silica nanosphere (MnOx-0.013/KCC-1) was synthesized by one step hydrothermal method for the first time and its catalytic activity for ozonation of oxalic acid was studied. For comparison, manganese loaded MCM-41 (MnOx-0.013/MCM-41) was prepared by impregnation method. Various characterizations showed that the morphological, structural and textural properties of MnOx-0.013/KCC-1 were well preserved. Ozonation and catalytic ozonation by MnOx-0.013/KCC-1 and MnOx-0.013/MCM-41 led to 4, 85 and 60% reduction in TOC respectively. Furthermore, 0.05 and 1.2mgL(-1) leaching of Mn was detected from MnOx-0.013/KCC-1 and MnOx-0.013/MCM-41, which are approximately 2.0 and 42.0% of the total Mn present in MnOx-0.013/KCC-1 and MnOx-0.013/MCM-41 respectively. The high catalytic activity was attributed to the generation of hydroxyl radical. Surface hydroxyl groups investigated by using phosphates and ATR-FTIR were believed to be the active sites. Our proposed method of synthesis can be generalized for the synthesis of other metal oxides incorporated fibrous silica for environmental catalysis and other catalytic reactions.

Magnetic pyrite cinder as an efficient heterogeneous ozonation catalyst and synergetic effect of deposited Ce

Heterogeneous catalytic ozonation was emerged to be a promising alternative in the mineralization of various persistent organic pollutants in recent decades. Magnetic pyrite cinder (PyC), which was employed as the catalyst in our investigation, was further deposited by Ce (Ce-PyC) to enhance its catalytic activity in the degradation of aqueous reactive black 5 (RB5). The results showed that additional 17.39%, 42.12% mineralization efficiency was obtained by O3/PyC, O3/Ce-PyC, respectively, in the degradation of RB5 compared to that of O3 alone under identical experimental condition. The reaction mechanism involved the enhanced mineralization of aqueous RB5 at the catalyst-solution interface via hydroxyl radicals produced by the reaction between O3 and catalyst surface. Besides surface hydroxyl, surface Ce(Ⅲ) was crucial for Ce-PyC in the enhanced generation of hydroxyl radicals. More surprisingly, it was found that both PyC and Ce-PyC could exert quite stable catalytic activity in a wide pH range from 3 to 10, which was supposed to be combined with inherently comprised various metal oxide, such as Fe2O3, Fe3O4, MnO2 and CuO. Ozone utilization evaluation demonstrated that PyC and Ce-PyC facilitated effective ozone decomposition, as ozone utilization efficiency (mgTOC/mgO3) of O3/PyC and O3/Ce-PyC increased 64.0%, 155.0%, respectively, compared to that of O3 alone. This investigation provided an effective alternative in the resource utilization of PyC, which was traditionally characterized as a waste material.

Production of clinoptilolite nanorods by glow discharge plasma technique for heterogeneous catalytic ozonation of nalidixic acid

This study investigates nalidixic acid degradationviaheterogeneous catalytic ozonation using clinoptilolite nanorods (CNs) as a novel nanocatalyst.

Low-temperature NOx(x = 1, 2) removal with ˙OH radicals from catalytic ozonation over a RGO–CeO2nanocomposite: the highly promotional effect of oxygen vacancies

CeO₂grown on a reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite (RGO–CeO₂) was successfully synthesized by a facile alkaline hydrothermal method with the addition of ethylene glycol.

Efficient mineralization of benzoic and phthalic acids in water by catalytic ozonation using a nickel oxide catalyst

NiO increased the mineralization degree in benzoic and phthalic acid ozonation.