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Sahayaraj S, Knura R, Skibińska K, Starowicz Z, Bulowski W, Gawlińska-Nęcek K, Panek P, Wojnicki M, Iwanek S, Majchrowicz Ł, Socha RP. Tuning the Optical and Electrical Properties of ALD-Grown ZnO Films by Germanium Doping. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:2906. [PMID: 38930276 PMCID: PMC11205108 DOI: 10.3390/ma17122906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
In this work, we report on the fabrication of ZnO thin films doped with Ge via the ALD method. With an optimized amount of Ge doping, there was an improvement in the conductivity of the films owing to an increase in the carrier concentration. The optical properties of the films doped with Ge show improved transmittance and reduced reflectance, making them more attractive for opto-electronic applications. The band gap of the films exhibits a blue shift with Ge doping due to the Burstein-Moss effect. The variations in the band gap and the work function of ZnO depend strongly on the carrier density of the films. From the surface studies carried out using XPS, we could confirm that Ge replaces some of the Zn in the wurtzite structure. In the films containing Ge, the concentration of oxygen vacancies is also high, which is somehow related to the poor electrical properties of the films at higher Ge concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvester Sahayaraj
- CBRTP SA Research and Development Center of Technology for Industry, Ludwika Waryńskiego 3A, 00-645 Warszawa, Poland; (S.S.); (R.K.); (K.S.); (W.B.); or (M.W.); (S.I.)
| | - Rafał Knura
- CBRTP SA Research and Development Center of Technology for Industry, Ludwika Waryńskiego 3A, 00-645 Warszawa, Poland; (S.S.); (R.K.); (K.S.); (W.B.); or (M.W.); (S.I.)
| | - Katarzyna Skibińska
- CBRTP SA Research and Development Center of Technology for Industry, Ludwika Waryńskiego 3A, 00-645 Warszawa, Poland; (S.S.); (R.K.); (K.S.); (W.B.); or (M.W.); (S.I.)
| | - Zbigniew Starowicz
- Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Polish Academy of Sciences, 25 Reymonta, 30-059 Kraków, Poland; (Z.S.); (K.G.-N.); (P.P.)
| | - Wojciech Bulowski
- CBRTP SA Research and Development Center of Technology for Industry, Ludwika Waryńskiego 3A, 00-645 Warszawa, Poland; (S.S.); (R.K.); (K.S.); (W.B.); or (M.W.); (S.I.)
- Faculty of Non-Ferrous Metals, AGH University of Science and Technology, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Gawlińska-Nęcek
- Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Polish Academy of Sciences, 25 Reymonta, 30-059 Kraków, Poland; (Z.S.); (K.G.-N.); (P.P.)
| | - Piotr Panek
- Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Polish Academy of Sciences, 25 Reymonta, 30-059 Kraków, Poland; (Z.S.); (K.G.-N.); (P.P.)
| | - Marek Wojnicki
- CBRTP SA Research and Development Center of Technology for Industry, Ludwika Waryńskiego 3A, 00-645 Warszawa, Poland; (S.S.); (R.K.); (K.S.); (W.B.); or (M.W.); (S.I.)
- Faculty of Non-Ferrous Metals, AGH University of Science and Technology, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
| | - Sylwester Iwanek
- CBRTP SA Research and Development Center of Technology for Industry, Ludwika Waryńskiego 3A, 00-645 Warszawa, Poland; (S.S.); (R.K.); (K.S.); (W.B.); or (M.W.); (S.I.)
| | | | - Robert Piotr Socha
- CBRTP SA Research and Development Center of Technology for Industry, Ludwika Waryńskiego 3A, 00-645 Warszawa, Poland; (S.S.); (R.K.); (K.S.); (W.B.); or (M.W.); (S.I.)
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 8, 30-239 Kraków, Poland
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Rahman MM. Selective and sensitive 4-Aminophenol chemical sensor development based on low-dimensional Ge-doped ZnO nanocomposites by electrochemical method. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.104945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Celeiro M, Vignola Hackbarth F, U. de Souza SMG, Llompart M, Vilar VJ. Assessment of advanced oxidation processes for the degradation of three UV filters from swimming pool water. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2017.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Machado TC, Lansarin MA. Wastewater containing Cr(VI) treatment using solar tubular reactor. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2016; 74:1698-1705. [PMID: 27763350 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2016.344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), which is generated in the electroplating process, is toxic to most organisms and potentially harmful to human health. The method generally used for remediation of wastewater containing Cr(VI) employs chemicals with high toxicity. This work proposes an alternative technology for the treatment of these wastewaters, based on photochemical reduction of Cr(VI) by alcohols under radiation, which is environmentally sustainable and economically viable. Initially, a batch reactor in laboratory scale was used to determine the best experimental conditions and its specific reaction rate was calculated. Based on these results, a tubular reactor (artificial radiation and sunlight) was designed and built in semi-pilot scale. Tests were carried out with real wastewater from an electroplating industry containing Cr(VI). Tests conducted under sunlight showed a higher total Cr(VI) reduction than the tests with artificial radiation. The remediation of Cr(VI) from wastewater was 86.7% after 6 h of reaction under sunlight, indicating the high efficiency of the developed process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiele Caprioli Machado
- Chemical Engineering Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul Rua Luiz Englert s/n-CEP: 90040-040, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil E-mail:
| | - Marla Azário Lansarin
- Chemical Engineering Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul Rua Luiz Englert s/n-CEP: 90040-040, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil E-mail:
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Kassem M. Investigation of structural and textural properties of Ge x MoO3 system, promising catalyst for photocatalytic applications. KINETICS AND CATALYSIS 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s0023158416010055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Machado TC, Lansarin MA, Ribeiro CS. Wastewater remediation using a spiral shaped reactor for photochemical reduction of hexavalent chromium. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2015; 14:501-5. [DOI: 10.1039/c4pp00263f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The application of photochemical reduction of Cr(vi) in the treatment of wastewater from the electroplating industry was studied, and a spiral shaped reactor was designed and constructed (SSR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiele Caprioli Machado
- Chemical Engineering Department
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul
- Porto Alegre
- Brazil
| | - Marla Azário Lansarin
- Chemical Engineering Department
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul
- Porto Alegre
- Brazil
| | - Camila Silva Ribeiro
- Chemical Engineering Department
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul
- Porto Alegre
- Brazil
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