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Friedel-Crafts-Type Acylation and Amidation Reactions in Strong Brønsted Acid: Taming Superelectrophiles. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27185984. [PMID: 36144714 PMCID: PMC9503166 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27185984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we discuss Friedel-Crafts-type aromatic amidation and acylation reactions, not exhaustively, but mainly based on our research results. The electrophilic species involved are isocyanate cation and acylium cation, respectively, and both have a common +C=O structure, which can be generated from carboxylic acid functionalities in a strong Brønsted acid. Carbamates substituted with methyl salicylate can be easily ionized to the isocyanate cation upon (di)protonation of the salicylate. Carboxylic acids can be used directly as a source of acylium cations. However, aminocarboxylic acids are inert in acidic media because two positively charged sites, ammonium and acylium cation, will be generated, resulting in energetically unfavorable charge-charge repulsion. Nevertheless, the aromatic acylation of aminocarboxylic acids can be achieved by using tailored phosphoric acid esters as Lewis bases to abrogate the charge-charge repulsion. Both examples tame the superelectrophilic character.
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Hu L, Zhang D, Huang X, Liu F, Li X, Teng M, Huang G. Metal‐Free Arylsulfonyl Radical Triggered Cascade Cyclization of
Phenyl‐Linked
1,
6‐Enynes
: Synthesis of 2,
3‐Dihydro‐1
H
‐indenes and 10a,
11‐Dihydro‐10
H
‐benzo[b]fluorines. CHINESE J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202200407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lin‐Ping Hu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Yunnan Normal University Kunming Yunnan 650500 China
| | - De‐Run Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Yunnan Normal University Kunming Yunnan 650500 China
| | - Xiao‐Hong Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Yunnan Normal University Kunming Yunnan 650500 China
| | - Feng‐Lin Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Yunnan Normal University Kunming Yunnan 650500 China
| | - Xia Li
- Department of Library Yunnan Normal University Kunming Yunnan 650500 China
| | - Ming‐Yu Teng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Yunnan Normal University Kunming Yunnan 650500 China
| | - Guo‐Li Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Yunnan Normal University Kunming Yunnan 650500 China
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3
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The first synthesis of phenylpropanoid derivative bromophenols including natural products: Formation of an indene derivative compound. Tetrahedron 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2020.131016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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4
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Dogra A, Gupta N. Aluminum‐Based Catalysts for Cycloaddition Reactions: Moving One Step Ahead in Sustainability. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201902613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashima Dogra
- School of ChemistryShoolini University Bajhol, Solan (HP India
| | - Neeraj Gupta
- School of ChemistryShoolini University Bajhol, Solan (HP India
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5
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Wu H, Zhao T, Hu X. Friedel-Crafts Reaction of N,N-Dimethylaniline with Alkenes Catalyzed by Cyclic Diaminocarbene-Gold(I) Complex. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11449. [PMID: 30061755 PMCID: PMC6065310 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29854-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In general, Friedel-Crafts reaction is incompatible with amines due to the Lewis acidity of the catalysts. Recently, we reported that cyclic diaminocarbene-Gold(I) can be used as catalyst for the Friedel-Crafts alkylation between aromatic amines and alkenes. Herein, a systematically theoretical research was performed on this rare Friedel-Crafts reaction. The adopted calculation method is accurate enough to reproduce the crystal structure of the catalyst. It was found that the reactions followed the electrophilic aromatic substitution mechanism. The gold cation can activate the C=C double bond and generate the electrophilic group which can be attacked by the aromatic ring. The para-product is more energy favorable which agrees well with the experimental results. The reaction of α-methylstyrene follows the Markovnikov rule, and the activation energy to generate the branched product of methylstyrene is lower than that producing the linear product. However, the reaction of butanone follows the anti-Markovnikov rule, and the activation energy to generate the branched product of butanone is higher than that producing the linear product. These calculation results reveal the mechanism of this new Friedel-Crafts reaction. It can well explain the high para-selectivity and the substrate-dependent of the product structures in the experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hangzhi Wu
- High School Affiliated to Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Tianxiang Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China
| | - Xingbang Hu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China.
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Niharika P, Satyanarayana G. [Pd]-Catalyzed Intermolecular Coupling and Acid Mediated Intramolecular Cyclodehydration: One-Pot Synthesis of Indenes. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201701622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pedireddi Niharika
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology, Hyderabad; Kandi 502 285 Sangareddy Telangana India
| | - Gedu Satyanarayana
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology, Hyderabad; Kandi 502 285 Sangareddy Telangana India
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7
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Sunke R, Nallapati SB, Kumar JS, Shiva Kumar K, Pal M. Use of AlCl3 in Friedel Crafts arylation type reactions and beyond: an overview on the development of unique methodologies leading to N-heteroarenes. Org Biomol Chem 2017; 15:4042-4057. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ob00468k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
An overview on the development of unique methodologies that highlight the use of AlCl3 in reactions leading to new N-heteroarenes of biological significance is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajnikanth Sunke
- Dr Reddy's Institute of Life Sciences
- Hyderabad Central University
- Hyderabad-500 046
- India
| | - Suresh Babu Nallapati
- Dr Reddy's Institute of Life Sciences
- Hyderabad Central University
- Hyderabad-500 046
- India
| | - Jetta Sandeep Kumar
- Dr Reddy's Institute of Life Sciences
- Hyderabad Central University
- Hyderabad-500 046
- India
| | - K. Shiva Kumar
- Department of Chemistry
- Osmania University
- Hyderabad-500 007
- India
| | - Manojit Pal
- Dr Reddy's Institute of Life Sciences
- Hyderabad Central University
- Hyderabad-500 046
- India
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8
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Gold-catalyzed dehydrative Friedel–Crafts reaction and Nazarov cyclization sequence: an efficient synthesis of 1,3-diarylindenes from propargylic alcohols. Tetrahedron Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2016.08.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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9
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Das BG, Chirila A, Tromp M, Reek JNH, Bruin BD. Co(III)-Carbene Radical Approach to Substituted 1H-Indenes. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:8968-75. [PMID: 27340837 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b05434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A new strategy for the catalytic synthesis of substituted 1H-indenes via metalloradical activation of o-cinnamyl N-tosyl hydrazones is presented, taking advantage of the intrinsic reactivity of a Co(III) carbene radical intermediate. The reaction uses readily available starting materials and is operationally simple, thus representing a practical method for the construction of functionalized 1H-indene derivatives. The cheap and easy to prepare low spin cobalt(II) complex [Co(II)(MeTAA)] (MeTAA = tetramethyltetraaza[14]annulene) proved to be the most active catalyst among those investigated, which demonstrates catalytic carbene radical reactivity for a nonporphyrin cobalt(II) complex, and for the first time catalytic activity of [Co(II)(MeTAA)] in general. The methodology has been successfully applied to a broad range of substrates, producing 1H-indenes in good to excellent yields. The metallo-radical catalyzed indene synthesis in this paper represents a unique example of a net (formal) intramolecular carbene insertion reaction into a vinylic C(sp(2))-H bond, made possible by a controlled radical ring-closure process of the carbene radical intermediate involved. The mechanism was investigated computationally, and the results were confirmed by a series of supporting experimental reactions. Density functional theory calculations reveal a stepwise process involving activation of the diazo compound leading to formation of a Co(III)-carbene radical, followed by radical ring-closure to produce an indanyl/benzyl radical intermediate. Subsequent indene product elimination involving a 1,2-hydrogen transfer step regenerates the catalyst. Trapping experiments using 2,2,6,6-tetra-methylpiperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO) radical or dibenzoylperoxide (DBPO) confirm the involvement of cobalt(III) carbene radical intermediates. Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopic spin-trapping experiments using phenyl N-tert-butylnitrone (PBN) reveal the radical nature of the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Braja Gopal Das
- Homogeneous, Supramolecular and Bio-Inspired Catalysis (HomKat) Group, Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam , Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andrei Chirila
- Homogeneous, Supramolecular and Bio-Inspired Catalysis (HomKat) Group, Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam , Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Moniek Tromp
- Homogeneous, Supramolecular and Bio-Inspired Catalysis (HomKat) Group, Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam , Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joost N H Reek
- Homogeneous, Supramolecular and Bio-Inspired Catalysis (HomKat) Group, Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam , Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bas de Bruin
- Homogeneous, Supramolecular and Bio-Inspired Catalysis (HomKat) Group, Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam , Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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10
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Sumita A, Otani Y, Ohwada T. Tandem buildup of complexity of aromatic molecules through multiple successive electrophile generation in one pot, controlled by varying the reaction temperature. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:1680-93. [PMID: 26699842 DOI: 10.1039/c5ob02240a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
While some sequential electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions, known as tandem/domino/cascade reactions, have been reported for the construction of aromatic single skeletons, one of the most interesting and challenging possibilities remains the one-pot build-up of a complex aromatic molecule from multiple starting components, i.e., ultimately multi-component electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions. In this work, we show how tuning of the leaving group ability of phenolate derivatives from carbamates and esters provides a way to successively generate multiple unmasked electrophiles in a controlled manner in one pot, simply by varying the temperature. Here, we demonstrate the autonomous formation of up to three bonds in one pot and formation of two bonds arising from a three-component electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction. This result provides a proof-of-concept of our strategy applicable for the self-directed construction of complex aromatic structures from multiple simple molecules, which can be a potential avenue to realize multi-component electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akinari Sumita
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Yuko Otani
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Tomohiko Ohwada
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
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Gabriele B, Mancuso R, Veltri L. Recent Advances in the Synthesis of Indanes and Indenes. Chemistry 2016; 22:5056-94. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201503933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bartolo Gabriele
- Laboratory of Industrial and Synthetic Organic Chemistry (LISOC); Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies; University of Calabria; Via Pietro Bucci, 12/C 87036 Arcavacata di Rende (CS) Italy
| | - Raffaella Mancuso
- Laboratory of Industrial and Synthetic Organic Chemistry (LISOC); Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies; University of Calabria; Via Pietro Bucci, 12/C 87036 Arcavacata di Rende (CS) Italy
| | - Lucia Veltri
- Laboratory of Industrial and Synthetic Organic Chemistry (LISOC); Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies; University of Calabria; Via Pietro Bucci, 12/C 87036 Arcavacata di Rende (CS) Italy
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12
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Saulnier S, Golovanov AA, Vasilyev A. A controlled tandem transformation of conjugated enynones with arenes under superelectrophilic activation leading to aryl-substituted dienones and indenes. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra21965a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Under superelectrophilic activation in triflic acid (TfOH) and in the presence of arenes, 1,5-diarylpent-2-en-4-yn-1-ones lead to aryl-substituted indenes with yields up to 97%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Saulnier
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- Institute of Chemistry
- Saint Petersburg State University
- Saint Petersburg
- Russia
| | - Alexander A. Golovanov
- Department of Chemistry
- Chemical Processes and Technologies
- Togliatti State University
- Togliatti
- Russia
| | - Aleksander V. Vasilyev
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- Institute of Chemistry
- Saint Petersburg State University
- Saint Petersburg
- Russia
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